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1. Differential Comm.
D+
RXD
TXD
D-
In above diagram
Left side is a driver, right side is a receiver. Interface will provide 2 signals from driver. D+ is
primitive signal, reverse signal is D-. (If TXD = 0V, D+ = 0V, D- = 5V. If TXD = 5V, D+ = 5V, D- =
0V.)
D+ - D- > 0.2V, RXD = 5 V
D+ - D- <- 0.2V, RXD = 0 V
0.2V > D+ - D- > -0.2V, accept wrong coder.
In UART communication type, waiting mode always keep on “high” potential. So in differential
communication, RXS must keep on “high” potential, even there are not any connections and signals.
So D+ - D- > 0.2V.
TXD
D+
D-
RXD
5V
150K~200K
Ohm
RXD
150K~200K
Ohm
GND
IC design house add 150K~200K pull high and pull low resistances in Differential receiver IC D+
and D- to avoid above problems. Refer Figure 5, D+ keep in 5V, D- keep in 0V, so D+ - D- > 0.2V,
RXD do not accept low signals. But it will cause another problems after perform this design.
2. Signal and Noise
Phase Noise
Phase noise equation is S’(t) = a(t)sin(2πft + θ +θnt), θnt is a phase noise. Phase noise are usually
occurred in reflection. As below diagrams, in signal transmission, every node compare with (Zt) and
(Zo) impedances.
1. Zt = Zo, no reflect.
2. Zt > Zo, there is a reflection into the transmission line, noise adding to signal now. It’s dispersal
reflection.
In ideal, Zt = Zo , that’s mean no phase noise, there are no reflections. But that’s impossible, so we
choice Zt < Zo to decrease phase noise effect. According differential communication model, we add a
termination to decrease phase noise effect. But signal become weak in this change, so you must refer
different situation to decide how to add a termination resister.
RXD
D-
In above diagram, we suggest add a termination that from 100Ω~150Ω(MOXA use 120Ω) as we
know. But it will cause another questions. In below diagram, there are 150KΩ~200KΩ pull high/low
resister inside IC. if you add a 120Ω termination resister, and signal damp out in the data line, D+ - D- =
5V * 120 / (150K + 150K + 120) = 0.002V. This result different D+ - D- > 0.2. We add a 1KΩ pull
high/low resisters to fix this problem. In this time, final result will become D+ - D- = 5V * 120 / (1K + 1K
+ 120) = 0.28V.
5V
150K~200K
Ohm
RXD
150K~200K
Ohm
GND
5V
150K~200K
Ohm
RXD
150K~200K
Ohm
GND
Is this a good solution? In above diagram, we add impedance in this circuit, and it will cause a
distributive current. This current can increase D+ and D- signals. In below diagram, pink is D+, blue is
D-. We can make an assumption that impedance is small. D+ - D- always under 0.2V, and no signals
in data line.
No pull high/low
What situation cause above effects? One is pull high/low impedance too small, the other one is so
many device have pull high/low resister in this network topology. All pull high/low resister are parallel
connections in this situation.
TI and Linear supply a fail safe method to fix above pull high/low problem. It is use a current sense to
correct receiver structure. If there are not any current cross D+ and D- (this mean no signal) in receiver,
it will accept high signal. If current cross the data line, we can refer the result that is D+ - D- to
determine high/low potential. This method can fix above problems. If some of devices don’t use this IC
that design in fail safe base, maybe cause above problems.
According above data, there are not any solution can fix all problems. You must understand system’s
characters then according above solutions to fix your problems.
3. 2 wire RS-485 standard
Differential Communication’s almost be used in RS-485. We may describe RS-485 structure as
below diagram. There are six RS-485 devices connected in this diagram. Every RS-485 interface
function diagram in next one. LTXD/LRXD pair UART LTXD/LRXD, D+/D- represent differential +/-.
When TEN = ‘1’, it will enable transmission, LTXD transfer differential signals to D+/D-. REN = ’0’, it
enable receiver, LRXD transfer signals that convert from D+/D- to UART. In RS-485 applications, TEN
and REN always connected.
V CC V CC
LR X D 0 1 8 8 1 LR X D 3
TE N 0 2 R V C C 7 7 V CC R 2 TE N 5
3 E NR D- 6 6 D - E NR 3
LTX D 0 4 E NT D+ 5 5 D + E NT 4 LTX D 3
T GND G ND T
V CC V CC
LR X D 1 1 8 8 1 LR X D 4
TE N 1 2 R V C C 7 7 V CC R 2 TE N 4
3 E NR D- 6 6 D - E NR 3
LTX D 1 4 E NT D+ 5 5 D + E NT 4 LTX D 4
T GND G ND T
V CC V CC
LR X D 2 1 8 8 1 LR X D 5
TE N 2 2 R V C C 7 7 V CC R 2 TE N 3
3 E NR D- 6 6 D - E NR 3
LTX D 2 4 E NT D+ 5 5 D + E NT 4 LTX D 5
T GND G ND T
REN
D+
LRXD
D-
LTXD
TEN
In RS-485 applications, because D+/D- are connected in all devices and RS-485 can’t detect data
collision. If there are over 2 devices send data to data line, it will cause a problem that is data crash .
The network topology that used in RS-485, default setting is “ receiver mode”. It is changed when data
transfer, and back to receiver mode after finish data transmit. There are kinds of transmission/receiver
as follows.
SW
Use SW to control Transmission/Receiver, enable transmission before data transfer. After data
transfer, it will enable receiver. Because no hardware effort happened, we have a benefic that is easy
to design. Disadvantage is SW will polling data until data transfer finish, so system has heavy loading.
Enable time longer than data, so data collision happen frequency. This application can’t used in
converter.
(1. D+, 2. D-. 3. TEN, 4. LTXD, above no termination register, below has 120Ω register)
HW
1. We just only send low signal, then get below wave form.
(1. D+, 2. D-. 3. TEN, 4. LTXD, above no termination register, below has 120Ω termination
register)
There is a problem in this wave form. When status change from transmit to receive, D+/D- are in
low/high status. After transmission enable, D+ - D- less than -0.2V are happened in portion of data
transfer. Because it is receiver status, so you will accept a few low signals. Maybe you accept wrong
data in receiver.
(1. D+, 2. D-. 3. TEN, 4. LTXD, above no termination register, below has 120Ω register)
(1. D+, 2. D-. 3. TEN, 4. LTXD, above no termination register, below has 120Ω register)
1. HW enable, packet all data
Because enable signal will packet all data, so spend less time to enable transmission and integrate
signals. The defect is not easy to implement. Because data transfer from UART influence parameters
that include baud rate, data bit, parity and stop bit, hardware must detect software setting then make
sure these parameters. But it’s complex to detect and modify start bit. If there are any design that
support ADDC inside the UART, it can provide a correct enable signal to fix this problem. But this
application still can’t be used on converter.
(1. D+, 2. D-. 3. TEN, 4. LTXD, above no terminator, below has 120Ω terminator)
4. Topology
Star
B
A Z C
Device A send a signal to C. we can make an assumption to ignore impedance. The input
impedance that on device A /B are Z. When device A export a signal, Zt is Z/2, Zo is Z. But after signal
cross the node D, Zt change to Z, Zo change to Z/2, this is reflecting status. Phase noise bigger than
old. If we add a 120 ohm register (Z>>120) on C, device A send a signal to B, before signal cross node
D, Zt <= 120, Zo = Z, it’s reverse reflection. But after the signal cross node D, Zt <= 120, Zo = Z, it’s
reflection. Start topology is bad for phase noise.
Daisy Chain
A B C
L
Above is Daisy chain structure. We make an assumption to ignore distance L in ideal, and no
impedance on the line. Device A send a signal to device C, result the same as Star. There is a
reflection occur after pass device B, but we can add a termination register on device C to fix this
problem. Zt always < Zo, so it decrease phase noise effect in Star topology. Below diagram is the
Star Topology and Star signal.
Because it’s hard to build Daisy chain, so there are many variations in RS-485. We suggest use
Star to build a network, then connect all Star networks by single connection. In below diagram, we just
add a termination register in left/right zone, it can decrease phase noise.
H
A
I
B
J
C D E F G
150K~200K
Ohm
RXD
150K~200K
Ohm
GND
+5V
REN
Bias
Resistor
D+
LRXD
D-
LTXD
Bias
Resistor
TEN
In proper idle voltage status, bias resistors must be applied to force the data lines to idle condition. Bias
resistors are a pullup resistor on the D+ line ( typically to 5 voltages) and a pulldown (to ground) on the D-. In
above diagram, we place bias resistors on a transceiver in a two wires configuration. If apply in an RS-485 four
wires configuration, the bias resistors should be placed on the receiver line. The bias resistors are dependent on
termination and number of nodes in the system. The purpose is keep different voltage that under net work always
over 0.2V.
Example. 10 nodes without termination resistors
T
Master
R
T R T R T R
Slave Slave Slave
Each RS-485 node has 100K ohm impedance. 10 nodes in parallel give a load of 10K ohm. There are least
200mV between data line, so we need 20μA bias current to flow through the load. To create this bias from a DC
5V supply, this network need 250K ohm resistance or less is require. Subtract 10K ohm that is already a part of
the load, we are left with 240K ohm. Placing half of this value as a pull high to 5V, half as pull low to ground gives
a maximum bias resistor 120K ohm for each of the two biasing resistors.
Master R
T R T R T R
V C C
1 8
2 R V C C 7 10£[ TX D -
TE N 3 E N R D - 6 10£[ TX D +
L TX D 4 E N T D + 5
T GND
V CC
R 24
V C C
10K
LR X D 1 8
2 R V C C 7 10£[ R X D -
3 E N R D - 6 10£[ R X D +
4 E N T D + 5
T GND
RS-422
In another exception, we assume this application just only use single master and slave on 4 wires
RS-485, refer below diagram. It’s a pair in this type, so you can ignore collision problem when you
enable transmission. So you can always enable Transmission.
T
Master
R
T R
Slave
V C C
V C C
1 8
2 R V C C 7 10£[ TX D -
3 E N R D - 6 10£[ TX D +
L TX D 4 E N T D + 5
T GND
V CC
R 24
V C C
10K
LR X D 1 8
2 R V C C 7 10£[ R X D -
3 E N R D - 6 10£[ R X D +
4 E N T D + 5
T GND
It’s different to determine RS-422 or 4 wires RS-485 by every corporation. Some determine 4 wires
RS-485 is RS-422. Actually, the applications that are used in 4 wires RS-485 almost used on RS-422,
too. But there is an exception, if the environment is abominable, 4 wires RS-485 TXD+/- will keep the
status in floating mode, if there are not any data accepted. In this situation, it will interfere with data
transfer. We almost suggest customer modify influence in a critical environment. Because in this
environment, even device shutdown or unconnected, device still accept wrong data possibly.
Specifying compliance to RS-422 only establishes that the signal between the specified devices
will be compatible. The RS-422 standard only defines the characteristic requirements for the balanced
line drivers and receivers. RS-422 interfaces are typically used when the data rate or distance criteria
cannot be met with RS-232. The RS-422 standard allows for operation of up to 10 receivers from a
single transmitter. The standard does not define operations of multiple tristated transmitters on a link.
The RS-422 interfaces between the Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication
Equipment or in any point-to-point interconnection of signals between digital equipment. It employs the
electrical characteristics of balanced-voltage digital interface circuits.
The balanced voltage digital interface circuit will normally be utilized on data, timing, or control
circuits where the data bound rate is up to 10 Mbit/s. While the balanced interface is intended for use at
the higher data bound rate, it may ( in preference to the unbalanced interface circuit ) generally be
required if any of the following conditions prevail:
Inversion of signals may be required, i.e. plus to minus MARK may be obtained by inverting the cable
pair.
Applications of the balanced voltage digital interface circuit are shown in Figure 1.
1. Electrical Characteristics:
The balanced voltage digital interface circuit consists of three parts: the generator (G), the
balanced interconnecting cable, and the load. The load is comprised of one or more receivers (R) and
an optional cable termination resistance (RT). The balanced voltage interface circuit is shown in Figure
2.
2. Environmental Constraints:
Balanced voltage digital interface conforming to this standard will perform satisfactorily at data
bound rates up to 10 Mbit/s providing that the following operational constraints are satisfied:
The common mode voltage at the receiver is less than 7 volts (peak). The common mode voltage
is defined to be any uncompensated combination of generator-receiver ground potential difference, the
generator offset voltage (Vos), and longitudinally coupled peak noise voltage measured between the
received circuit ground and cable within the generator ends of the cable short-circuited to ground.