20071112-Nair T.R.higgins Lecture Notes

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© R. Shankar Nair 2007
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will
be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Thank you!
Nair 1 Nair 2
A New Approach A New Approach

to to
Design for Stability Design for Stability
as reflected in the
R. Shankar Nair Stability and Analysis Provisions
of the
Teng & Associates, Inc.
2005 AISC Specification
Nair 3 Nair 4
ØWhat is stability? ØWhat is stability?

ØHow have we been designing for it? ØHow have we been designing for it?
ØWhy do we need to change? ØWhy do we need to change?
ØThe new approach
Nair 5 Nair 6
1
ØWhat is stability?
ØHow have we been designing for it?
ØWhy do we need to change?
What is stability?
ØThe new approach
These are the AIA

“learning objectives”
Nair 7 Nair 8
Buckling Buckling
P P
No No
P displacement P displacement
y y
P P P P
Nair 9 Nair 10
Buckling Buckling
Pcr Pcr Pcr
Pcr P
y No y
P displacement
…until y
bifurcation Buckling of this type
y is a theoretical
Pcr Pcr Pcr Pcr
y y
abstraction …it does
not happen in real
structures
Nair 11 Nair 12
2
Amplification Amplification
P
F
No y F
P displacement
y F y
P P
y
Nair 13 Nair 14
Amplification F
y0 Amplification
P F
tP
tP
F
hou
hou
y0
P
P
F
ith
ith
Wit
Wit
y F
W
W
P
F
F y y0 y
y
P P
F
y P P
y
Nair 15 Nair 16
F
y0 Amplification F
y0 Amplification
F F While buckling
is a theoretical
y0 y0 abstraction that
P does not happen in
P Constant P real structures…
F
F F
y y y
y0
F F
P P P P
y y
Nair 17 Nair 18
3
F
y0 Amplification F
y0 Amplification
F While buckling F y0 may be the
is a theoretical result of either a
y0 abstraction that y0 lateral load …
does not happen in
P real structures… P
F Amplification F
y y
( y >y0 )
F is real F
P P P P
y y
Nair 19 Nair 20
P
y0 Amplification
Initial imperfection y0 y0 may be the Buckling
result of either a
y0 lateral load … Amplification
P or an initial
imperfection y
y0
y
Due to lateral
P P
load or initial
imperfections
y
Nair 21 Nair 22
P P
Buckling Buckling
Amplification Amplification
y y
y0 y0
Buckling is not a “real” Failure of a frame or member loaded
phenomenon because there is in compression always involves
always a y0 lateral displacement and flexure
Nair 23 Nair 24
4
P P P
Pure
compression;
no flexure
y y
Perfect column Perfect column

(plumb, straight) (plumb, straight)
Nair 25 Nair 26
P P P P
AFy π2EI
4L2
Pure Pure
compression; compression;
no flexure no flexure
-- until failure -- or failure
by yield y by buckling y

Nair 27 Nair 28
P P P P
Pure Pure
compression; compression;
no flexure no flexure
-- until failure at AFy -- until failure at AFy
by yield y by yield y
or buckling 2
or buckling 2
at π EI at π EI
4L2 4L2
Nair 29 Nair 30
5
y0 y0
P y P
P
Load causes
y
compression y
y0 and flexure y0
Real column Real column

(out of plumb) (out of plumb)
Nair 31 Nair 32
y0 y0
y P y P
P P
Load causes Load causes

compression y
compression y
and flexure y0 and flexure y0
…the flexure increases
more rapidly than the
Real column Real column compression
(out of plumb) (out of plumb)
Nair 33 Nair 34
y0
y Failure of a “real” member loaded
Pn in “pure” compression is by:
P
…not crushing in compression (AFy)
Load causes
compression y
and flexure y0
…the flexure increases
more rapidly than the
Real column compression
(out of plumb) …until the strength limit
Nair 35
6
Failure of a “real” member loaded Failure of a “real” member loaded
in “pure” compression is by: in “pure” compression is by:
…not crushing in compression (AFy) …not crushing in compression (AFy)
…not buckling (π2EI/(KL)2) …not buckling (π2EI/(KL)2)
…but compression & flexure
y0
y
Pn y0 Pn
P
Initial imperfection y0
Load causes Load causes

compression y
compression y
and flexure y0 P and flexure y0
…the flexure increases …the flexure increases
more rapidly than the y more rapidly than the
Real column compression compression
(out of plumb) …until the strength limit …until the strength limit
Nair 39 Nair 40
P
P
Pn
Idealized
y0 Load causes Actual

y
compression y
and flexure y0 y
…the flexure increases y0
more rapidly than the Failure of a frame or member
compression loaded in compression always
…until the strength limit
Initial
condition P involves flexure
Nair 41 Nair 42
7
P Capturing F
“actual” y0 P
response
requires
Idealized second-order
analysis 2nd-order
Actual analysis
P Linear
analysis
y F
y0 y y
y0
Failure of a frame or member (due to
lateral load)
loaded in compression always
involves flexure
Nair 43 Nair 44
y0 P P
Initial imperfection y0 No lateral load

Neglect initial imperfections
2nd-order 2nd-order
analysis* analysis
P Linear P Linear
analysis* analysis
y y y
y0 0
(due to *with
initial imperfection
imperfection) included in
the analysis
Nair 45 Nair 46
P P
Second-order Second-order CORRECT

analysis analysis
Linear analysis Linear analysis
y y
0 y0 0 y0
Nair 47 Nair 48
8
P
For correct prediction of response:
Ø Second-order analysis
Second-order CORRECT Ø Correct y0 (including imperfections)
analysis
Linear analysis
y
0 y0
Correct prediction of response also
requires correct y0
... including initial imperfections
Nair 49 Nair 50
For correct prediction of response: For correct prediction of response:

Ø Second-order analysis Ø Second-order analysis
Ø Correct y0 (including imperfections) Ø Correct y0 (including imperfections)
The second-order analysis can be either: The second-order analysis can be either:
Ø Rigorous second-order analysis or Ø Rigorous second-order analysis or
Ø Amplified first-order analysis Ø Amplified first-order analysis
…apply multiplier of the form 1/(1-P/Pcr)
to the results of first-order analysis
Nair 51 Nair 52
Second-order analysis Second-order analysis

(either rigorous or by P
(either rigorous or by P
amplification) is not amplification) is not
enough enough
…must also have

correct y0
y y
y0 y0
Due to lateral Due to lateral

load or initial load or initial
imperfections imperfections
Nair 53 Nair 54
9
Typical residual
(either rigorous or by (either rigorous or by
P stress in a rolled
section = 0.3 Fy
enough enough
…must also have …must also have

correct y0 correct y0
y
y0
…must also adjust …must also adjust
for stiffness Due to lateral
for stiffness
reduction due to load or initial reduction due to
inelasticity imperfections inelasticity
Nair 55 Nair 56

Typical residual Typical residual
(either rigorous or by (either rigorous or by
stress in a rolled stress in a rolled
section = 0.3 Fy section = 0.3 Fy
enough enough
… part of section … part of section
…must also have yields when stress …must also have yields when stress
correct y0 due axial force & correct y0 due axial force &
flexure reaches flexure reaches
0.7 Fy 0.7 Fy
…must also adjust …must also adjust
for stiffness for stiffness … then stiffness
reduction due to reduction due to decreases
inelasticity inelasticity
Nair 57 Nair 58
Compression Member Strength Compression Member Strength

Perfect
P For perfect member (no Yielding
member—
imperfection, no residual no
stress): AFy Buckling
imperfections
or residual
stresses
Pn = lesser of { π2EI/L2
AFy
Pn
P
L/r
Nair 59 Nair 60
10
Yielding Adjusted for Yielding Adjusted for

imperfections & imperfections &
AFy Buckling inelasticity AFy Buckling inelasticity
This is the
“compressive
Pn Pn strength for
flexural
buckling” in the
Specification
(Chapter E)
L/r L/r
Nair 61 Nair 62
Compression Member Strength P
Pn
Yielding Adjusted for
imperfections &
AFy Buckling inelasticity
y y0
Load causes
Failure by compression y
Pn compression and flexure y0
and flexure …the flexure increases
NOT more rapidly than the
BUCKLING compression
L/r …until the strength limit
P
Nair 63 Nair 64
Compression Member Strength
Yielding Adjusted for

imperfections &
How have we been designing
AFy Buckling inelasticity
for stability?
Failure by
Pn compression
and flexure
NOT
BUCKLING
L/r
Nair 65 Nair 66
11
Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach (pre-2005)
ØFind P & M in members from second- ØFind P & M in members from second-
order analysis* neglecting imperfections order analysis* neglecting imperfections
and inelasticity and inelasticity
ØCheck member capacity using column
curve (strength equation) that includes
effects of imperfections and inelasticity
*The 2nd-order analysis may consist of either rigorous 2nd-order *The 2nd-order analysis may consist of either rigorous 2nd-order
analysis or 1st-order analysis adjusted by B1 and B2 analysis or 1st-order analysis adjusted by B1 and B2
Nair 67 Nair 68
Compression Member Strength Conventional design approach (pre-2005)
Adjusted for ØFind P & M in members from second-

Yielding imperfections & order analysis* neglecting imperfections
AFy inelasticity (in and inelasticity
Buckling Specification)
ØCheck member capacity using column
curve (strength equation) that includes
Pn effects of imperfections and inelasticity
*The 2nd-order analysis may consist of either rigorous 2nd-order

analysis or 1st-order analysis adjusted by B1 and B2
L/r
Nair 69 Nair 70
Applied Applied Include

Loads Loads imperfections &
Neglect Neglect inelasticity in
2nd-ORDER
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
imperfections imperfections member

& inelasticity & inelasticity capacity
in analysis in analysis calculations
Member Member Member
P&M P&M Capacity
Nair 71 Nair 72
12
Applied Include Applied Include

Loads imperfections & Loads imperfections &
Neglect 2nd-ORDER inelasticity in Neglect inelasticity in
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
imperfections member imperfections member
& inelasticity capacity & inelasticity capacity
in analysis calculations in analysis calculations
Member Member Member Member
P&M Capacity P&M Capacity
Do these compensate? Do these compensate?

THEY DO NOT.
Nair 73 Nair 74

Neglect inelasticity in Neglect inelasticity in
2nd-ORDER
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
This error causes This error causes Gives correct
understatement of understatement of member capacity
member demand member demand
Nair 75 Nair 76
Conventional design approach (pre-2005)
Applied Include y0
Loads imperfections & Structure braced
against sidesway
Neglect inelasticity in
2nd-ORDER
… y0 will not greatly

ANALYSIS
imperfections member affect P & M in frame
& inelasticity capacity members
in analysis calculations
Member Member
P&M Capacity
This error causes Important only in
understatement of structures subject to
member demand sidesway
Nair 77
13
y0 Applied Include
Structure braced Loads imperfections &
against sidesway
2nd-ORDER
… y0 will not greatly
ANALYSIS
affect P & M in frame imperfections member
members & inelasticity capacity
Member Member
y0 Structure not braced P&M Capacity
against sidesway
… y0 will significantly …understates member
Initial imperfection y0 affect P & M in frame demand in structures
members subject to sidesway
Nair 80

2nd-ORDER
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS

…understates member …understates member
demand in structures Compensate demand in structures Compensate
subject to sidesway by using K>1 subject to sidesway by using K>1
Nair 81 Nair 82
P P
Consider a Consider a
cantilever column cantilever column
… apply conventional
analysis/design approach
Nair 83 Nair 84
14
P Second-order analysis indicates:
Axial force = P
Applied Include Base moment = 0
Loads imperfections &
Neglect 2nd-ORDER inelasticity in
imperfections ANALYSIS member
& inelasticity capacity
Member Member
P&M Capacity
…understates member
demand in structures Compensate
subject to sidesway by using K>1
Nair 85 Nair 86
P Second-order analysis indicates: P Second-order analysis indicates:

Axial force = P Axial force = P
Base moment = 0 Base moment = 0
Design member for force P and Design member for force P and
zero moment, using column zero moment, using column
strength equation (which includes strength equation (which includes
effect of initial imperfection) effect of initial imperfection)
with K=2
P
Nair 87 Nair 88

P
Adjusted for
Yielding imperfections & Yielding
AFy inelasticity (in AFy y0

Buckling Specification) Buckling
initial
Pn Pn
P
L/r L/r
Nair 89 Nair 90
15
P Second-order analysis indicates: P Second-order analysis indicates:
Design member for force P and Design member for force P and
with K=2 with K=2
y0
initial
P P
Nair 91 Nair 92
P P Second-order analysis indicates: P P Second-order analysis indicates:

y0 y0
initial Design member for force P and initial Design member for force P and
L
with K=2 … same result as with K=2 … same result as
y0 y0
including y0 in the analysis including y0 in the analysis
initial initial
2L
1000
P P
Nair 93 Nair 94
P P Second-order analysis indicates: P P Second-order analysis indicates:

y0 y0
initial Design member for force P and initial Design member for force P and
L
L zero moment, using column L zero moment, using column

500 strength equation (which includes 500 strength equation (which includes
with K=2 … same result as with K=2 … same result as
y0 y0
sam
including y0 in the analysis including y0 in the analysis

initial initial
e
2L 2L
1000 1000
P P
Nair 95 Nair 96
16
Applied Include
Loads
Neglect 2nd-ORDER
imperfections &
inelasticity in … appears to work,
ANALYSIS
imperfections
& inelasticity
member
capacity
but there are problems
Member Member
P&M Capacity
Nair 97 Nair 98
y0
P Second-order analysis indicates: y P
Axial force = P
Base moment = 0 P
Design member for force P and

zero moment, using column
strength equations that include
effect of initial imperfection, Fails by
with K=2
compression y
y0
and flexure
Real column
(out of plumb)
Nair 99 Nair 100

P Second-order analysis indicates:
Axial force = P
Applied Include
Base moment = 0
Loads imperfections &
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
imperfections member
… the conventional design & inelasticity capacity
process does not indicate in analysis calculations
the correct moment at the Member Member
base P&M Capacity
Understates Compensate
moment in column design
by using K>1
Nair 101 Nair 102
17
Applied This process gives Applied This process gives

Loads correct column sizes Loads correct column sizes
Neglect 2nd-ORDER Neglect but
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
imperfections imperfections under-designed beams
& inelasticity & inelasticity and connections
in analysis in analysis
Understates Compensate Understates Compensate
moment in column design moment in column design
by using K>1 by using K>1
Nair 103 Nair 104
… indicates incorrect … indicates incorrect

design moments design moments
… requires calculation of K--
Nair 105 Nair 106

“Sidesway uninhibited” alignment chart
for column effective length—
… indicates incorrect
design moments

how??
Nair 107 Nair 108
18
“Sidesway uninhibited” alignment chart “Sidesway uninhibited” alignment chart
for column effective length— for column effective length—
The Commentary to the AISC The Commentary to the AISC
Specification lists nine conditions for the Specification lists nine conditions for the
applicability of this chart. applicability of this chart.
Ø 8. All columns buckle simultaneously.
Nair 109 Nair 110
“Sidesway uninhibited” alignment chart OK for

P/2 P P P/2
alignment
The Commentary to the AISC chart
Specification lists nine conditions for the I/2 I I I/2
applicability of this chart.
Ø 8. All columns buckle simultaneously.
Ratio of π2EI
column force P to
(KL)2
must be same for all columns
in a story
Nair 111 Nair 112
P/2 P P P/2 OK for P/2 P P P/2 OK for

alignment alignment
I/2 I I I/2
chart I/2 I I I/2
chart
P/2 P P P/2 P P
NG for NG for
alignment alignment
I/2 I I I/2 I/2 I I I/2
chart chart
Nair 113 Nair 114
19
NG for NG for
Moment-resisting frame alignment Moment-resisting frame alignment
chart chart
Moment-resisting frame
Moment-resisting frame Moment-resisting frame
Nair 115 Nair 116

Forget for column effective length—
Moment-resisting frame about
it !! The Commentary to the AISC
Specification lists conditions required for

the applicability of these charts.
Few real-world buildings meet the

Brace
conditions for applicability of the

alignment chart.
Brace
Nair 117 Nair 118

… indicates incorrect
design moments

how ?
Nair 119 Nair 120
20
Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach
… indicates incorrect Applied Include

design moments Loads imperfections &
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
… requires calculation of K-- & inelasticity capacity
how indeed? in analysis calculations
Member Member
P&M Capacity
Nair 121 Nair 122
Conventional design approach Conventional design approach (pre-2005)
Applied Include … indicates incorrect

Loads imperfections & design moments
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
& inelasticity capacity … requires calculation of K--
in analysis calculations how?
Member Member
P&M Capacity … sometimes,
too conservative
Nair 123 Nair 124
… indicates incorrect Applied Include

design moments Loads imperfections &
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
… requires calculation of K-- & inelasticity capacity
how? in analysis calculations
Member Member
… sometimes, P&M Capacity
too conservative …understates member
Nair 125 Nair 126
21
Applied Include … indicates incorrect

Loads imperfections & design moments
Include
Neglect 2nd-ORDER inelasticity in
imperfections ANALYSIS member
& inelasticity capacity … requires calculation of K--
in analysis calculations how?
Member Member
P&M Capacity … sometimes,
too conservative
K=1 Nair 127 Nair 128

Direct Analysis Method
Include Include
2nd-ORDER
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
…understates member …understates member
demand in structures Compensate demand in structures Compensate
subject to sidesway by using K>1 subject to sidesway by using K>1
K=1 Nair 129
K=1 Nair 130
Direct Analysis Method

Stability and Analysis Provisions
Applied Include
Loads imperfections & of the
Include inelasticity in
2nd-ORDER
2005 AISC Specification

ANALYSIS
& inelasticity capacity for Steel Buildings
Member Member
P&M Capacity
Use K=1
Nair 131 Nair 132
22
CHAPTER B CHAPTER C
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
B1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

“The design of members and
connections shall be consistent with the
intended behavior and the assumptions
made in the structural analysis.”
Nair 133 Nair 134
CHAPTER C Effects to be considered:
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Ø Flexural, shear and axial deformations of

members
…specifies that the design of the structure for

stability must consider various effects.
Nair 135 Nair 136
Effects to be considered: Effects to be considered:

Ø Member deformations Ø Member deformations
Ø All component and connection Ø Other deformations
deformations that contribute to lateral Ø P- Δ effects
displacement
Nair 137 Nair 138
23
Ø Other deformations Ø Other deformations
Ø P- Δ effects Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects Ø P- δ effects
Ø Geometric imperfections
…member shape imperfections
δ (out-of-straightness)
…node position imperfections
(out-of-plumbness)
Nair 139 Nair 140

Ø Other deformations Ø Other deformations
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects
Ø P- δ effects Ø Geometric imperfections
Ø Geometric imperfections Ø Residual stresses
Ø Stiffness reductions due to
When the analysis has considered all these
residual stresses
effects, members can be designed using
the provisions for individual members
(Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I)
Nair 141 Nair 142

Ø Member deformations Any method of Ø Member deformations General analysis
Ø Other deformations analysis and Ø Other deformations requirements
Ø P- Δ effects design that Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects considers all Ø P- δ effects
Ø Geometric imperfections these effects is Ø Geometric imperfections
Ø Residual stresses permissible Ø Residual stresses
When the analysis has considered all these When the analysis has considered all these
effects, members can be designed using effects, members can be designed using
the provisions for individual members the provisions for individual members
(Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I) (Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I)
Nair 143 Nair 144
24
Effects to be considered: APPENDIX 7
Ø Member deformations DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
Ø Other deformations
Ø P- Δ effects Spec presents
Ø P- δ effects approaches
Ø Geometric imperfections that consider
Ø Residual stresses these effects
When the analysis has considered all these

effects, members can be designed using
the provisions for individual members
(Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I)
Nair 145 Nair 146
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
APPENDIX 7 Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD Ø Geometric imperfections
Ø Residual stresses
Applicable to all types of structures

Does not distinguish between
…Braced frames
…Moment frames
…Shear wall systems
…Combinations
Nair 147 Nair 148
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
Ø Geometric imperfections Ø Geometric imperfections
Ø Residual stresses Ø Residual stresses
Use second-order elastic analysis that Use second-order elastic analysis that
considers both P-Δ and P-δ effects. considers both P-Δ and P-δ effects. Options:
… any general second-order analysis method
Nair 149 Nair 150
25
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects
Ø Geometric imperfections
First-order analysis
Ø Residual stresses
amplified by B1 and B2
Use second-order elastic analysis that is
considers both P-Δ and P-δ effects. Options:
… any general second-order analysis method Second-order analysis
… amplified first-order analysis (B1 & B2 )
Nair 151 Nair 152
Use second-order elastic analysis that Use second-order elastic analysis that
considers both P-Δ and P-δ effects. Options: considers both P-Δ and P-δ effects. Options:
…any general second-order analysis method …any general second-order analysis method
…amplified first-order analysis (B1 & B2 ) …amplified first-order analysis (B1 & B2 )
Exception: P-δ effects can be neglected when
member axial loads are below a specified level.
Nair 153 Nair 154
Apply “notional loads”:

Ni = 0.002 Yi
Nair 155 Nair 156
26
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects
Y3 Ø Geometric imperfections
N3 Ø Residual stresses
Y2
N2
Y1 Apply “notional loads”:
N1 Ni = 0.002 Yi
The 0.002Yi notional load is equivalent to an
initial out-of-plumbness of 1/500
Ni = 0.002 Yi
Nair 157 Nair 158
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects
Y3 Y3 Ø Geometric imperfections
N3 1 Ø Residual stresses
Y2 Y2
N2
500
Y1 Y1 Apply “notional loads”:

N1 Ni = 0.002 Yi
The 0.002 coefficient corresponds to an initial
Ni = 0.002 Yi Equivalent out-of-plumbness of 1/500
structure
… lower value can be used if justified by the
actual anticipated out-of-plumbness
Nair 159 Nair 160
Apply “notional loads” Apply “notional loads”

Logically, these notional loads should be Logically, these notional loads should be
additive to other lateral loads in all cases. additive to other lateral loads in all cases.
But in a concession to past practice, the
notional loads can be treated as a minimum
lateral load when Δ/Δ0 < 1.5
Nair 161 Nair 162
27
Alternative: Instead of applying notional loads

to account for geometric imperfections…
the designer may model imperfections
directly in the analysis.
Nair 163 Nair 164
Use reduced flexural and axial stiffnesses Use reduced flexural and axial stiffnesses
EI* and EA* in the analysis EI* and EA* in the analysis
EI* = 0.8 τb EI
EA* = 0.8 EA
Nair 165 Nair 166
EI* = 0.8 τb EI EI* = 0.8 τb EI
EA* = 0.8 EA EA* = 0.8 EA
τb depends on level of axial stress in member; τb can be taken as 1 in all cases if additional
τb = 1 when P < 0.5 Py notional load of 0.001Yi is applied.
Nair 167 Nair 168
28
EI* = 0.8 τb EI EI* = 0.8 τb EI
EA* = 0.8 EA EA* = 0.8 EA
The EI and EA adjustments also account for
the effects of member out-of-straightness on
the stiffness of the overall structure
Nair 169 Nair 170
Ø P- Δ effects
Ø P- δ effects Applied Include
Ø Geometric imperfections Loads imperfections3
Ø Residual stresses Include & inelasticity3 in
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
or B1 & B2
Rigorous
imperfections1 member
& inelasticity2 capacity
Design members using the provisions for in analysis calculations
individual members (Chapters D, E, F, G, H, I),
with K=1 for computing compression strengths Member Member
P&M Capacity
K=1
1Notional 3The usual column
loads or direct modeling
2Reduced EI & EA strength formulas
Nair 171 Nair 172
APPENDIX 7 APPENDIX 7
Applicable to all types of structures

MAY be used in all cases
Does not distinguish between
…Braced frames MUST be used when Δ/Δ0 > 1.5
…Moment frames
…Shear wall systems
…Combinations
Nair 173 Nair 174
29
APPENDIX 7 CHAPTER C
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
C2. CACULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS

MAY be used in all cases 2. Design Requirements DIRECT ANALYSIS
METHOD
Can use Appendix 7 in all cases
MUST be used when Δ/Δ0 > 1.5
Can use C2.2a or C2.2b if Δ/Δ0 < 1.5
When Δ/Δ0 < 1.5 EFFECTIVE
2a. Design by Second-Order Analysis LENGTH
there are other options… METHOD
2b. Design by First-Order Analysis
FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS METHOD
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EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD
Generally similar to the method in the Perform second-order elastic analysis

1999 Specification use nominal geometry
use nominal stiffness
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Perform second-order elastic analysis

use nominal geometry
First-order analysis use nominal stiffness
amplified by B1 and B2
is
Second-order analysis
Nair 179 Nair 180
30
Perform second-order elastic analysis Perform second-order elastic analysis

use nominal geometry use nominal geometry
use nominal stiffness use nominal stiffness
Apply notional loads, Ni = 0.002 Yi Apply notional loads, Ni = 0.002 Yi
as a minimum lateral load as a minimum lateral load …(NEW)
Nair 181 Nair 182
Perform second-order elastic analysis Perform second-order elastic analysis

Apply notional loads, Ni = 0.002 Yi Apply notional loads, Ni = 0.002 Yi
as a minimum lateral load as a minimum lateral load
Determine K factors for columns in moment Determine K factors for columns in moment
frames by sidesway buckling analysis frames by sidesway buckling analysis.
(Exception: Use K=1 if Δ/Δ0 < 1.1)
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Perform second-order elastic analysis

Applied Include
use nominal geometry
Loads imperfections3
Include & inelasticity3 in
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
or B1 & B2
Rigorous
Apply notional loads, Ni = 0.002 Yi imperfections1 member

as a minimum lateral load but neglect capacity
inelasticity in calculations
Determine K factors for columns in moment analysis
Member Member
frames by sidesway buckling analysis P&M Capacity
Design individual members using K from K>1
step 3 for computing compression strengths 1Notional loads 3The usual column
strength formulas
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31
EFFECTIVE LENGTH METHOD
CHAPTER C
Applied Include
Loads imperfections3 STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Include & inelasticity3 in
2nd-ORDER
ANALYSIS
or B1 & B2
Rigorous
but neglect capacity C2. CACULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS
inelasticity in calculations 2. Design Requirements DIRECT ANALYSIS
analysis METHOD
Member Member Can use Appendix 7 in all cases
P&M Capacity Can use C2.2a or C2.2b if Δ/Δ0 < 1.5
K>1 EFFECTIVE
METHOD
1Notional loads 3The usual column 2b. Design by First-Order Analysis
strength formulas FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS METHOD
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FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS METHOD FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS METHOD
Can be used only when P < 0.5 P y in all Perform first-order elastic analysis
columns whose flexural stiffness contributes use nominal geometry
to the lateral stability of the structure use nominal stiffness
Nair 189 Nair 190
Perform first-order elastic analysis Perform first-order elastic analysis

Apply additional lateral loads: Apply additional lateral loads:
Ni = 2.1(Δ/L) Yi > 0.0042 Yi Ni = 2.1(Δ/L) Yi > 0.0042 Yi
Apply B1 multiplier to full moment in all
beam-columns
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32
Perform first-order elastic analysis

use nominal geometry … is the Direct Analysis Method
by the back door
Apply additional lateral loads:
Ni = 2.1(Δ/L) Yi > 0.0042 Yi … uses mathematical manipulation
to get roughly the same results
Apply B1 multiplier to full moment in all as the DAM for typical structures
beam-columns
Design individual members using K=1 for
computing compression strengths
Nair 193 Nair 194
CHAPTER C DIRECT EFFECTIVE FIRST

ANALYSIS LENGTH ORDER
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Limitations --- Δ/Δ0 <1.5 Δ/Δ0 <1.5
P/Py <0.5
C2. CACULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS

2. Design Requirements DIRECT ANALYSIS
METHOD
Can use Appendix 7 in all cases
Can use C2.2a or C2.2b if Δ/Δ0 < 1.5
EFFECTIVE
METHOD
2b. Design by First-Order Analysis
FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS METHOD
Nair 195 Nair 196
DIRECT EFFECTIVE FIRST DIRECT EFFECTIVE FIRST

ANALYSIS LENGTH ORDER ANALYSIS LENGTH ORDER
Limitations --- Δ/Δ0 <1.5 Δ/Δ0 <1.5 Limitations --- Δ/Δ0 <1.5 Δ/Δ0 <1.5
P/Py <0.5 P/Py <0.5
Analysis Second- Second- First- Analysis Second- Second- First-
Order Order Order Order Order Order
(but apply
B1 to
moment
in beam-
columns)
Nair 197 Nair 198
33
P/Py <0.5 P/Py <0.5
Geometry Nominal Nominal Nominal Geometry Nominal Nominal Nominal
EI & EA Reduced Nominal Nominal
Nair 199 Nair 200

P/Py <0.5 P/Py <0.5
EI & EA Reduced Nominal Nominal EI & EA Reduced Nominal Nominal
Notional 0.002 Yi 0.002 Yi >0.0042Yi Notional 0.002 Yi 0.002 Yi >0.0042Yi
Load minimum* minimum additive Load minimum* minimum additive
K for Sidesway
member K=1 buckling K=1
Pn analysis
*additive when Δ/Δ0 >1.5 Nair 201

P/Py <0.5 P/Py <0.5
EI & EA Reduced Nominal Nominal EI & EA Reduced Nominal Nominal
Notional 0.002 Yi 0.002 Yi >0.0042Yi Notional 0.002 Yi 0.002 Yi >0.0042Yi
Load minimum* minimum additive Load minimum* minimum additive
K for Sidesway K for Sidesway
member K=1 buckling K=1 member K=1 buckling K=1
Pn analysis Pn analysis
34
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD —the right way!
Applied Include
Loads imperfections3
Include
2nd-ORDER
& inelasticity3 in … summary of how DAM
ANALYSIS
or B1 & B2
Rigorous
& inelasticity2 capacity accounts for basic Spec
Member Member
requirements for stability
P&M Capacity design
K=1
1Notional 3The usual column
loads or direct modeling
2Reduced EI & EA strength formulas
Nair 205 Nair 206
Design for stability must Design for stability must

account for: account for:
P-Δ and P-δ effects P-Δ and P-δ effects

Out-of-plumbness
Nair 207 Nair 208
Design for stability must Design for stability must

account for: account for:
P-Δ and P-δ effects P-Δ and P-δ effects

Out-of-plumbness Out-of-plumbness
Member out-of-straightness Member out-of-straightness
-- effect on member strength -- effect on member strength
-- effect on structure stiffness -- effect on structure stiffness
Residual stresses
-- effect on member strength
Residual stresses
-- effect on structure stiffness
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35
Stability Design Features of Direct Stability Design
Requirements: Analysis Method: Requirements:
P-Δ and P-δ effects Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects

analysis*
Residual stresses Residual stresses
*Rigorous or B1-B2
Nair 211 Nair 212
Features of Direct Stability Design Features of Direct Stability Design

Analysis Method: Requirements: Analysis Method: Requirements:
Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects
analysis* analysis*
Notional loads or Member out-of-straightness Notional loads or Member out-of-straightness
direct modeling -- effect on member strength direct modeling -- effect on member strength
Usual column
strength formulas
*Rigorous or B1-B2 *Rigorous or B1-B2
Nair 213 Nair 214
Features of Direct Stability Design Features of Direct Stability Design

Analysis Method: Requirements: Analysis Method: Requirements:
Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects
analysis* analysis*
Notional loads or Member out-of-straightness Notional loads or Member out-of-straightness
direct modeling -- effect on member strength direct modeling -- effect on member strength
Usual column Usual column
strength formulas strength formulas
Stiffness -- effect on member strength Stiffness -- effect on member strength
reductions reductions
*Rigorous or B1-B2 *Rigorous or B1-B2
Nair 215 Nair 216
36
Features of Direct Stability Design
Analysis Method: Requirements:
Second-order P-Δ and P-δ effects

analysis*
Out-of-plumbness
Notional loads or Member out-of-straightness … a word about loading
direct modeling -- effect on member strength
Member out-of-straightness
Usual column
strength formulas
Residual stresses
Stiffness -- effect on member strength
reductions
Residual stresses
*Rigorous or B1-B2
Nair 217
W2/ W1 =α
W2 W2
Non-linear
W1 response W1
indicated by
Load
Load
2nd-order
analysis
R1 R2 R1 R2
R2/R1 >α
Member force or moment Member force or moment
Nair 219 Nair 220
WLRFD WLRFD
Design by Design by
W ASD
LRFD ASD
Load
Load
Cannot use RASD
RLRFD RASD RLRFD
Nair 221 Nair 222
37
WLRFD WLRFD
Design by Design by
W ASD W ASD
ASD ASD
Load
Load
Design by ASD for this force
Cannot use RASD will yield smaller member
than design by LRFD
RASD RLRFD RASD RLRFD

RASD is smaller than RLRFD by more than the usual RASD is smaller than RLRFD by more than the usual
ASD to LRFD load factor ASD to LRFD load factor
Nair 223 Nair 224
1.6 W ASD 1.6 W ASD Analyze

Multiply Multiply
by 1.6 Design by by 1.6 Design by
W ASD W ASD
ASD ASD
Load
Load
R1.6 ASD
Nair 225 Nair 226
1.6 W ASD Analyze 1.6 W ASD Analyze

Multiply Multiply
by 1.6 Design by by 1.6 Design by
W ASD W ASD
ASD ASD
Load
Load
Divide Divide
by 1.6 by 1.6
R1.6 ASD R1.6 ASD
RASD RASD
DESIGN DESIGN
Nair 227 Nair 228
38
Members Shankar Nair Chairman Members Shankar Nair Chairman
Greg Deierlein Vice-Chairman Greg Deierlein Vice-Chairman
of Bill Baker of Bill Baker
AISC Reidar Bjorhovde AISC Reidar Bjorhovde
TC-10 Charlie Carter TC-10 Charlie Carter
(Stability) Shu-Jin Fang (Stability) Shu-Jin Fang
Jim Fisher Jim Fisher
Ted Galambos Ted Galambos
Larry Griffis Much of the early Larry Griffis
Jerry Hajjar work on the 2005 Jerry Hajjar
Todd Helwig stability provisions Todd Helwig
Richard Henige was done under Richard Henige
Leroy Lutz the leadership of Leroy Lutz
Clint Rex former TC-10
Clint Rex
Steve Thomas Steve Thomas
Don White chairman Don White
Ron Ziemian Joe Yura Ron Ziemian
Nair 229 Nair 230
Looking ahead… Looking ahead…
The paper in the 2007 NASCC proceedings The paper in the 2007 NASCC proceedings
(for this presentation) includes a model (for this presentation) includes a model
specification written exclusively around the specification written exclusively around the
Direct Analysis Method. Direct Analysis Method.
That model specification is a tentative

preview of the stability section of the 2010
AISC Specification.
Nair 231 Nair 232
Thank you
Questions
This concludes the

American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education System Program
Nair 233
39

20071112-Nair T.R.higgins Lecture Notes

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20071112-Nair T.R.higgins Lecture Notes

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“SEAoNY” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on

A New Approach A New Approach

ØWhat is stability? ØWhat is stability?

These are the AIA

Perfect column Perfect column

Perfect column Perfect column

Real column Real column

Load causes Load causes

…not crushing in compression (AFy) …not crushing in compression (AFy)

…not buckling (π2EI/(KL)2) …not buckling (π2EI/(KL)2)

…but compression & flexure

Load causes Load causes

y0 Load causes Actual

Initial imperfection y0 No lateral load

Second-order Second-order CORRECT

For correct prediction of response: For correct prediction of response:

Second-order analysis Second-order analysis

…must also have

Due to lateral Due to lateral

…must also have …must also have

Second-order analysis Second-order analysis

Compression Member Strength Compression Member Strength

Yielding Adjusted for Yielding Adjusted for

Compression Member Strength P

Compression Member Strength

Yielding Adjusted for

Compression Member Strength Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

Adjusted for ØFind P & M in members from second-

*The 2nd-order analysis may consist of either rigorous 2nd-order

Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

Applied Applied Include

imperfections imperfections member

Applied Include Applied Include

Do these compensate? Do these compensate?

Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

Applied Include Applied Include

Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

… y0 will not greatly

Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

Applied Include Applied Include

imperfections member imperfections member

P Second-order analysis indicates: P Second-order analysis indicates:

Compression Member Strength Compression Member Strength

AFy inelasticity (in AFy y0

P P Second-order analysis indicates: P P Second-order analysis indicates:

P P Second-order analysis indicates: P P Second-order analysis indicates:

L zero moment, using column L zero moment, using column

including y0 in the analysis including y0 in the analysis

Design member for force P and

Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

Applied This process gives Applied This process gives

Conventional design approach (pre-2005) Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

… indicates incorrect … indicates incorrect

… requires calculation of K--

Nair 105 Nair 106

Conventional design approach (pre-2005)

… requires calculation of K--

Nair 107 Nair 108

Nair 109 Nair 110

“Sidesway uninhibited” alignment chart OK for

P/2 P P P/2 OK for P/2 P P P/2 OK for

Nair 113 Nair 114

Nair 115 Nair 116