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Kyle J.Norton
II. Classification
ADHD is classified with coexistence of Disruptive behavior disorder
Although any disorder can be co-existed with ADHD, disruptive behaviour
disorder is one of most common one, including
a. Oppositional defiant disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder is defined as a behavior of defiance and
disobedience to the authority
b. Conduct disorder
Conduct disorder is defined as long-term (chronic) behavior problems,
including Defiant or impulsive behavior such as aggression, destruction of
property, stealing, etc.
c. Antisocial personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder is defined as a characteristic of persistently
disregard and violation of the rights of others, such as deceit, manipulation,
etc.
2. Symptoms
2.1. Children who have symptoms of hyperactivity may:
a. Fidget and squirm in their seats
b. Talk nonstop
c. Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight
d. Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time
e. Being constantly in motion
f. Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities.
g. Sleep Complaints(I)
B. Predominantly inattentive
1. Predominantly inattentive is defined as a condition of a child with serious
inattention problems, as they do cause any problem with others, but sit quiet
and ignore others with six or more symptoms in the inattention category.
Researchers found that Children with the disorder have Low levels of
cortisol.
2. Symptoms
a. Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch
from one activity to another
b. Have difficulty focusing on one thing
c. Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless they are doing
something enjoyable
d. Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or
learning something new
e. Have trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often
losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or
activities
f. Not seem to listen when spoken to
g. Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly
h. Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others
i. Struggle to follow instructions(1)
IV. Causes
1. Heredity
ADHD can be an inherited form the parent as a result of abnormal genes,
according to the study of "Quantitative and Molecular Genetics of ADHD"
by Asherson P, Gurling H., researchers indicated that there is consistent
evidence of monoamine neurotransmitter involvement with the best
evidence coming from genetic markers in or near the dopamine D4 and D5
receptor genes. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified new
association findings, including genes involved in cell division, cell adhesion,
neuronal migration, and neuronal plasticity(2)
2. Perinatal factors
Perinatal factors such as miscarriage symptoms, premature delivery
symptoms, severe flu attacks (cold with fever, without virus confirmation),
tobacco abuse, alcohol abuse (to become drunk), minor congenital
malformations, neonatal seizures and hospitalizations may cause ADHD to
the new born, according to the study of "[Perinatal factors associated with
attention deficit/hyperactivity diagnosis in Colombian Paisa children].
[Article in Spanish]" by Pineda DA, Puerta IC, Merchán V, Arango CP,
Galvis AY, Velásquez B, Gómez M, Builes A, Zapata M, Montoya P,
Martínez J, Salazar EO, Lopera F., posted in PubMed(3)
4. Environmental influences
In a study of 200 children with ADHD (149 males and 51 females) and 286
healthy controls (135 males and 151 females). The ADHD DSM-IV
diagnosis was obtained using the DICA and BASC evaluation instruments,
and the children's mothers or grandmothers filled out a questionnaire on
each child's exposure to prenatal, neonatal, and early childhood risk factors,
conducted by
University of San Buenaventura, researchers indicated that the risk of
developing ADHD must include these environmental factors as covariates(5)
5. Brain injure
The behavioural and cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have
features in common with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
according to the study of "Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain
injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)" by Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, Schöll M., PubMed(6)
6. Refined Sugar
In the study of A total of 107 students participated, and eight boys and one
girl (8.4% of the total) categorized as high risk for ADHD according to
diagnostic criteria, conducted by Graduate School of Education, Dankook
University, posted in PubMed(7), researchers indicated that children who
consumed less sugar from fruit snacks or whose vitamin C intake was less
than RI was at increased risks for ADHD (P < 0.05). However, no significant
association was observed between total volume of simple sugar intake from
snacks and ADHD development.
8. Toxic Substances
Toxic substances may be considered as a substantial contribution to the
etiology of ADHD, as a result of affecting the dopamine system, according
to the study of "Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder: brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors
and the dopamine hypothesis" by Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M, Nigg J,
Lanphear B, Stefanatos GA, Volkow N, Taylor E, Casey BJ, Castellanos FX,
Wadhwa PD., posted in PubMed(9)
10. Etc.
2. Thyroid disorders
Children who are experience the symptoms of dementia and depression,
dysfunction of cerebellum and cranial nerves as a result of hypothyroidism
(lacks sufficient thyroid hormone) may be risk of misdiagnosis as the
symptoms are similar of those in ADHD (10)
3. Epilepsy
Epilepsy is defined as condition of chronic neurological disorders
characterized by seizures and with recurrent symptoms as a result of
mutations in several genes. ADHD occurs frequently in children with
epilepsy. The factors associated with increased risk of ADHD include the
onset age of epilepsy, the types of seizures or epileptic syndromes, the
epileptiform EEG discharges, and the effects of antiepileptic drugs(11)
6. Eenuresis
Nocturnal enuresis (MNE) or bedwetting is defined as condition of
involuntary urination while asleep inchildren at which bladder control
usually occurs. Researchers at Duzce University School of Medicine said
that monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and attention deficit and
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are multifactorial disorders and biological,
social, and psychological factors may play significant roles in the
development of both. Children with enuresis display a higher prevalence of
ADHD compared to the normal population, in a study of A total of 64
children between the ages of 6 and 13 years (14)
7. Schizophrenic
Schizophrenia is defined as a serve mental disorder characterized by a
breakdown of thought processes and by poor emotional responsiveness,
including symtoms similar to those of ADHD.
and both associated with deficits in inhibition and working memory, but the
hypothesis that working memory is a primary deficit in schizophrenia, but
secondary to the inhibitory deficit in ADHD.(15)
13. Etc.
2. Artificial ingredients
a. Artificial colors
Food color is any substance added in to the food to preserve its favors or to
simulate a natural state of the foods with an aim to make customers to buy
them. Although, they have been tested by the government food body to
ensure its safety, but unfortunately, it has interfered the neurological
processes, such as the behavior, personality and learning ability of children
with or without autism if taken in high dose.
It is said that some artificial ingredient such as FD & C Red No. 2 dye have
shown to promote cancerous growth. Researcher found that removing the
artificial colors from the autistic children diet, improve in attention deficit
and hyperactivity behaviors dramatically.
b) Artificial flavors
Artificial flavors are any synthesized chemical added to manufactured foods
to change or make its taste better such as banana - isoamyl acetate;
cinnamon - ethyl cinnamate; orange - octyl acetate and pineapple - methyl
butyrate; pear. It causes nervous tension including mental concentration,
behavior, lost of energy and weakened immune response.
It is said that long-term usage can increase your risk of cancer,
cardiovascular disease and other degenerative conditions to children's central
nervous system.
c) Artificial preservatives
Artificial preservatives are a group of chemical substances, such as BHT,
nitrates, sulfites, sulfur dioxide, BHA, etc. added to food, sprayed on the
outside of food, or added to certain medications with the purpose of
preventing food from spoiling or discoloring. It causes allergic reactions in
children, resulting in skin rashes or facial swelling and worsening asthma.
d) Artificial Addictive
Artificial addictive is defined as substances, adding to foods from the
manufacture with the purpose of preservation, coloring, texture and flavor.
Studies found that artificial additive can cause several types of cancer and
tumor. Many of them have negative impacts in children with ADHD.
i) Olestra
Olestra is a fat substitute used in crackers and potato chips. It is type of
additive can not be absorbed by the digestive system, leading to diarrhea,
loose stools, abdominal cramps.
ii) Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
MSG is used as a flavor enhancer in many cooking and preservative foods. It
is said that MSG can cause sensitive neurons to die. leading to headache,
nausea or vomiting.
e) Artificial sweeteners
Artificial sweeteners is a synthesis sugar substituted substance. It has been
used increasingly in replacing natural sugar in a wide range of products
traditionally containing sugar. Studies found that artificial sweetener may
increase risk of bladder and brain cancers.
i) Sucralose
It is 600 times as sweet as sugar and has been used in beverages, frozen
desserts, chewing gum, baked goods, etc. and belongs to a class of chemicals
called organochlorides. Some of them are considered toxic to our health.
ii) Lead acetate
It is an artificial sugar substitute made from lead, it causes lead accumulated
in the body, leading to nervous symptoms.
iii) Aspartame
It is 200 times as sweet as sugar and can be used as a tabletop sweetener,
frozen desserts, gelatins, etc. Researchers found that aspartame may increase
the risk of brain damage and cancer.(26)
3. Trans Fat
Trans fat has been proven to inhibit the function of nerve function as Diets
high in fat, especially trans and saturated fats, adversely affect cognition,
while those high in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and fish are associated with
better cognitive function and lower risk of dementia(29). trans fat is the
hydrogenated oil found in many commercial mayonnaise, margarine, and
peanut butter etc. and can cause cholesterol building up in the arteries,
leading to less blood circulation to the central nervous system.
4. Yeast extract
It is also known as processed yeast products and has been used as food
additives or flavourings under the name of monosodium glutamate (MSG). It
contains glutamic acid which is classified as exitotoxins, and can cause brain
damage in some studies.
5. Casein
Casein is a protein found in milk and foods containing milk, such as cheese,
butter, yogurt, etc. Studies found besides promoting cancer, it also increases
the risk of bad cholesterol building up in the arteries, leading to heart
diseases and stroke. Casein after intake can also be broken down to
casomorphins, an chemical agent which is known to interfere with the
function of neurotransmitter in transmitting information and decrease the
immune response to foreign bacteria and virus invasion.
7. Refine products
Refined products with little fiber release sugar in the blood stream quickly,
causing the responses of pancreas to produce high level of insulin to
neutralize it in a short period of time, that interferes with the normal function
of central nervous system in controlling the concentration, focus and
behaviour for children with ADHD.
8. Etc.
B. During pregnancy
1. Alcohol
Moderate in take of alcohol can be helpful in enhancing the circulatory and
nervous functions, but excessive intake of alcohol during pregnancy can
increase the risk of low birth weight and birth defect including ADHD. In
this prospective study of alcohol and other substance use during pregnancy,
a cohort of 650 women was interviewed at each trimester of pregnancy
demonstrated between prenatal maternal alcohol use and growth and
morphologic abnormalities in the offspring. Low birth weight, decreased
head circumference and length, and an increased rate of fetal alcohol effects
were all found to be significantly correlated with exposure to alcohol during
the first 2 months of the first trimester(34). Other sugested that alcohol
consumption during pregnancy may associated to neuropsychological
deficits of the offdpring, as Prenatal alcohol exposure may have its primary
effect on brain growth, reflected by smaller forehead widths, and may
suppress neural crest migration to the branchial arches, reflected by deficits
in ear length and mandibular dimensions(35)
2. Drugs
It is not always possible to isolate the effect of marijuana exposure from
other possible confounders on pregnancy outcome, but some studies
suggested it might have subtle negative effects on neurobehavioural
outcomes, including sleep disturbances, impaired visual problem solving,
hyperactivity, impassivity, inattention, and increased delinquency.(32)
Other researchers point out that Prenatal marijuana use was significantly
related to increased hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention symptoms as
measured by the SNAP, increased delinquency as measured by the CBCL,
and increased delinquency and externalizing problems as measured by the
TRF. The pathway between prenatal marijuana exposure and delinquency
was mediated by the effects of marijuana exposure on inattention symptoms.
These findings indicate that prenatal marijuana exposure has an effect on
child behavior problems at age 10.(33)
3. Smoking
Smoking during pregnancy cause the exposure of nicotine to the fetal
neuroteratogen of which may lead to lower executive function proficiency,
according to the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function(37)
4. Etc.
b. Nervous system
Protein is essential for the brain in transmitting information between
themselves and cells in the other parts of the body, thus reducing the blood
sugar levels from rising too rapidly after a meal, reducing the risk of nervous
symptoms cause of anxiety, stress and depression, etc., according to the
study of "The planar polarity protein Scribble1 is essential for neuronal
plasticity and brain function" by Moreau MM, Piguel N, Papouin T, Koehl
M, Durand CM, Rubio ME, Loll F, Richard EM, Mazzocco C, Racca C,
Oliet SH, Abrous DN, Montcouquiol M, Sans N.(47)
c. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to
synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in
information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the
body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study
of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional
words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent
AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(48)
2. Buckwheat
a. Antioxidant activity
in the investigation of buckwheat samples (Xingku No.2 and Diqing) grown
at three locations were analyzed for free and bound phenolic content and its
antioxidant effects found that additionally, growing conditions and the
interaction between variety and environment may have more contribution
than variety to individual phenolics and antioxidant properties of tartary
buckwheat. Environmental parameters such as higher altitudes may also
have an increasing effect on rutin and phenolic acids. according to
"Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of tartary buckwheat from
different locations" by Guo XD, Ma YJ, Parry J, Gao JM, Yu LL, Wang M.
(49)
b. Anti-fatigue properties
In the evaluation of tartary buckwheat extracts (TBE) and its anti-fatigue
effect found that tartary buckwheat extracts had anti-fatigue properties,
which extended the exhaustive swimming time of mice, effectively
inhibiting the increase of BLA, decreasing the level of BUN, increasing the
tissue glycogen content and the activities of SOD and GPx of mice,
according to "Anti-fatigue properties of tartary buckwheat extracts in
mice" by Jin HM, Wei P.(50)
c. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to
synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in
information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the
body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study
of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional
words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent
AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(51)
3. Lentils
a. Omega 3 fatty acid
The omega 3 fatty not only helps to maintain the ratio of Omega 6 fatty acid
that reduces the risk of over production of prostaglandin hormones
(according to the study of "Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka)
fish oil on dysmenorrhoea" by Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi
MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S.(52), it also helps to prevent of oxidation bad
cholesterol (LDL), thus reducing the risk of free radical cause of
cardiovascular disease, according to the study of "Fish oil for the treatment
of cardiovascular disease" by Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard
AZ.(53)
b. Folate
Folate beside is important for the production of red blood cells, and for the
proper development of the brain, it also helps to enhance the replication and
maintain DNA and RNA, thus reducing the risk of birth defects, in a study of
"Go folic!" by Bland J.(54) researchers state that in order to prevent neural
tube defects (NTDs), and proactively prevent new cases of spina bifida and
hydrocephalus, it is essential that women take folic acid well before
becoming pregnant. Through the use of social networks, and the voice of
healthcare professionals, it is hoped that more women than ever before will
receive the Go Folic! message and start taking the 400mcg/day required to
ensure the development of a healthy brain and spine.
4. Tomato
a. Lycopene
Lycopene, one of the powerful antioxidant in tomatoes, not only helps the
immune system in neutralizing the forming of free radicals in the body and
according to Harvard investigation as it found that men who ate more than
10 servings tomato-based foods daily (like cooked tomatoes and tomato
sauce,) had a 35 percent lower risk of developing prostate cancer than those
who ate the least amount of these foods. The benefits of lycopene was more
pronounced with advanced stages of prostate cancer. Also according to the
study of "Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with lycopene in the TRAMP
model" by Konijeti R, Henning S, Moro A, Sheikh A, Elashoff D, Shapiro A,
Ku M, Said JW, Heber D, Cohen P, Aronson WJ.(55)
b. Detoxification
Liver is a second defense that helps to clean out the toxins accumulation in
the blood body. If the liver is over work, it can cause liver congestion,
leading to lower of bile production or weaken carbohydrate metabolism.
Since tomato contains high amount of Vitamins A and C, it not only supports
liver function but stimulates the liver's function in detoxification of toxins.,
according to the study of "Effects of dried fish on antioxidant levels in rat
liver" by Anilakumar KR, Khanum F, Krishna KR, Viswanathan KR. (56)
b. Vitamin B complex
Beef contains high levels of vitamin B complex, including niacin, thiamin,
riboflavin and B6, which aid each other for the body's metabolism,
according to the article of "Vitamin B Complex", posted in the American
cancer society, the author wrote that B vitamins are essential for growth,
development, and a variety of other bodily functions. They play a major role
in the activities of enzymes, proteins that regulate chemical reactions in the
body(III), the formation of red blood cell formation and promoting the
effectiveness of nervous system, according to the study of "The effect of 90
day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress" by
Stough C, Scholey A, Lloyd J, Spong J, Myers S, Downey LA., posted in
PubMed (58).
c. Zinc
In the assessment of zinc and its effect on thyroid hormone and testosterone
levels found that exercise decreases thyroid hormones and testosterone in
sedentary men; however, zinc supplementation prevents this decrease.
Administration of a physiologic dose of zinc can be beneficial to
performance, according to "Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid
hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with
oral zinc" by Kilic M.(59)
6. Chicken
6. 1. Vitamin B complex
a) Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of very important vitamin in
metabolism of energy by helping the transforming of fats, proteins and
carbohydrates and high dose riboflavin appears to be useful alone or along
with beta-blockers in the prevention of migraine, according to the study of
"Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A
randomized controlled trial" by Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. (60)
b) Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels,
according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory
properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or
anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher
T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components
of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study
of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous
and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by
Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP,
Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and
high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of
dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted
in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher
indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates,
niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the
entire lipid profile.
c) Vitamin B6
c. 1. Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the
developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it
also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking
down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of
"Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by
pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)
c.2. It also plays a pivotal role as a methyl donor in the basic cellular process
of methylation, through which methyl groups are transferred from one
molecule to another, resulting in the formation of a wide variety of precess,
including regulation of gene expression, protein function, and RNA
metabolism. When levels of B6 are inadequate, it may cause faulty
Methylation with high levels of homocysteine that can cause variety of
disease, including cervical dysplasia, faulty detoxification and impaired
DNA repair, etc., according to the study of "Back To Life Natural Health
Center - Healthcare Through Natural
Methods"(http://www.backtolifehealth.com/Methylation.htm)
d) Vitamin B12
In the evaluation of vitamin B12 in Turnip greens found that vitamin Bi2
was present in the
leaves of a higher plant in amounts. there is no evidence supporting the
synthesis of vitamin Bi2 by a higher plant. Was it produced by soil
microorganisms and subsequently absorbed via the plant roots? There is
ample proof of such synthetic activity by certain microorganisms and of
vitamin B12 activity in soil , but no evidence that the vitamin B]2molecule
is absorbed by the plant from the soil. Could it have been produced by
bacteria living epiphytically
on the turnip leaf? Ericson and Lewis ('54) postulated such a relationship in
their studies of vitamin Bt2 compounds found in certain algae, according to
"STUDIES OF VITAMIN B12IN TUENIP GREENS" by LOUISE F.
GEAY ANDLOUISE J.
DANIEL(http://jn.nutrition.org/content/67/4/623.full.pdf)
6.2. Protein
Protein beside is important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin,
and blood, it also enhances the nervous system in information transmitting
between cells and cells of the other parts of the body, thus reducing the risk
of nervous tension, (according to the study of "The planar polarity protein
Scribble1 is essential for neuronal plasticity and brain function" by
Moreau MM, Piguel N, Papouin T, Koehl M, Durand CM, Rubio ME, Loll
F, Richard EM, Mazzocco C, Racca C, Oliet SH, Abrous DN, Montcouquiol
M, Sans N, posted in PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660256)
6.3. Iron
Beside as a mineral in carrying life-giving oxygen to human blood cells and
maintaining robust health as an essential protein component for metabolism,
it also helps in synthesis of a number of essential neurotransmitters like
dopamine, nor-epinephrine, along with serotonin. acccording to the study of
"Brain Iron Dysregulation and the Risk of Ageing White Matter
Lesions" by Gebril OH, Simpson JE, Kirby J, Brayne C, Ince PG., posted in
PubMed, researchers found that The mRNA expression using QPCR
suggests a pattern that favours decreased intracellular iron influx, increased
ferrous oxidation and increased iron export from the cells. Iron metabolism
seems to be changed in brains with WML, increased elemental iron in these
brains and in turn increased production of free oxidative radicals could
represent a potentiating factor for the development of ageing WML.
7. Flaxseed
a. Omega 3 fatty acids
Besides well known for its benefits for the maintenance of a healthy cardio-
vascular system, according to the study of "Omega-3 Fatty acids for
cardiovascular disease prevention" by Defilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Jacobson
TA, posted in PubMed(I) and proper ratio of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acid and
prevent blood clotting, it also extends the portion of your cycle in which you
are fertile, by promoting natural ovulation, according tothe study of
"Postpartum ovarian activity in multiparous Holstein cows treated with
bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation" by
Carriquiry M, Dahlen CR, Weber WJ, Lamb GC, Crooker BA., posted in
pubMed (61)
b. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to
synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in
information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the
body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study
of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional
words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent
AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(62)
8. Salmon
a. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight
by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis,
energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary
proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood
glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon
secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for
nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of
elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert
beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome,
cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of
increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal
impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive,
and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more
attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins
in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(63)
9. Etc.
2. Treatments
Cognitive behavioral therapy and medication may be at least partially
helpful in the treatment of children with ADHD or with ASD, if it is not
accompanied with diet and nutrition as in Children with Autism, researchers
said, according to the study "Effectiveness of nutritional interventions on
the functioning of children with ADHD and/or ASD. An updated review
of research evidence" by Martí LF., posted in PubMed(a)
2.1. Cognitive behavioral therapy
The aims of behaviour theory is to help the ADHD children to overcome the
emotional, behavioural and cognitive dysfunction through a goal-oriented,
systematic procedure. It is said that this types of treatment have proven to be
successful in treating mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse,
and psychotic disorders in some degrees.
2.2. Exercise
Research is demonstrating that acute exercise facilitated performance in the
Stroop Test, particularly in the Stroop Color-Word condition. Additionally,
children in the exercise group demonstrated improvement in specific WCST
performances in Non-perseverative Errors and Categories Completed (10)
2.7. Medication
Stimulants are used to treat and manage ADHD. All stimulants involved the
increasing levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated
with pleasure, movement, and attention.
a. Methylphenidate , including Biphentin®, Concerta® or Ritalin®)
a. 1. Methylphenidate is a piperidine compounds used to treat ADHD by
increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
byreleasing medication in the body over a period of time to prvide a
paradoxically calming and attention effect on individuals with ADHD. Some
researchers have found the beneficial effects of methylphenidate for both
boys and girls. Methylphenidate therefore would appear to be as useful a
treatment for ADD girls as for ADD boys.(22)
a.2. Side Effects are not limit to
a.2.1. It can be addictive
a.2.2. the medication of can cause nervousness including dizziness,
agitation, anxiety and irritability
a.2.3. It may also cause gastrointestinal disorders including stomach ache,
nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, etc.
a.2.4. Do not use the medication if you have high blood pressure or any form
of heart disease
a.2.5. The medicine is easy to abuse and toxicity
As therapeutic use increases, the risk increases of unintentional overdoses,
medication errors, and intentional overdoses caused by abuse, misuse, or
suicide gestures and attempts. Side effects during therapy, which include
nervousness, headache, insomnia, anorexia, and tachycardia, increase
linearly with dose. Clinical manifestations of overdoses include agitation,
hallucinations, psychosis, lethargy, seizures, tachycardia, dysrhythmias,
hypertension, and hyperthermia(23)
a.2.6. Etc.
c. Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse®)
c.1. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is the medicine used in children
with and without previous exposure to stimulant medication in the treatment
of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a significantly less
active form to dextroamphetamine. As LDX reduced the core symptoms of
ADHD with more severe adverse events in stimulant-naïve than previous-
exposure subjects. Future controlled studies with larger samples should
address the impact of previous stimulant exposure on other ADHD
treatments(25)
c.2. Side effects are not limit to
c.2.1. The medication can cause nervous tension, including mild irritability,
nervousness, restlessness, dizziness, trouble sleeping, etc.
c.2.2. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate can also cause digestive disorders,
including, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, dry mouth, nausea,
stomach pain; vomiting, etc.
c.2.3. It may be subject to abuse cause as increased risk for impairment in
driving behaviors.(26)
c.2.4. Etc.
2.8. Etc.
IX. In Nutritional Supplement perspective
1. Caffeine (Adult only, please)
Some researchers suggested that caffeine administration cause a significant
improvement in the attention deficit of the 6-OHDA in lesioned rats(30) and
demonstrate a selective spatial learning deficit in SHR which can be
attenuated by pre-training administration of caffeine. In addition, the present
findings indicate that the spatial learning deficit in SHR is not directly
related to hypertension(31)
3. Antioxidants
Antioxidants have been proven to be effective in fighting against the
forming of free radicals of which can damage to the DNA of the cells,
particular to brain cells. Some researchers suggested that oxidative stress
may be a factor underlying the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD),
major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) as a result of of
reduced levels of Glutathione (GSH), a major free radical scavenger in the
brain(41)
4. Vitamin B complex
It is also known as B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and
B12). B vitamins beside play a major role in regulating chemical reactions in
the body, it also have been linked to improve neurodegenerative and
cerebrovascular disease. Study showed that B-vitamin deficiency and/or
hyperhomocysteinemia can cause a variety of neurological and vascular
deficits in animals.(45)
5. Protein
Proteins beside serve as a fuel source, they also are essential nutrients for
the human body and as one of the building blocks of the body, protein
deficiency can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation,
including learning disability.
7. Trace minerals
Trace minerals are micronutrients that have played a vital role in the body's
function but with a small amount. Zinc is an essential mineral that is
naturally present in some foods and as an essential cofactor of more than 100
enzymes, including metalloenzymes and metalloenzyme complexes, which
are necessary in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins and
nucleic acids. In recent studies estimate its prevalence to three of ten
hyperactive children, and there are data that about 4% of children have the
complete frame of the disorder, researchers suggested that children with
ADHD have low levels of zinc in their bodies compared to children without
ADHD may be a result of zinc deficiency (42). In a controlled comparison
group study, (Konofal et al. 2004) showed that iron deficiency was
correlated to ADHD symptoms severity, hypothesizing that iron
supplementation may improve symptoms of ADHD in those subjects with
low ferritin levelsmitter dopamine of which may help children with ADHD.
(43)
c. Tardive dyskinesia
Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) has exerted the activity as an antioxidant in
scavenging free radicals for tardive dyskinesia (TD) in in schizophrenia
patients by significantly decreased the AIMS(Abnormal Involuntary
Movement Scale) total score in patients with TD, according to the study of
"Extract of Ginkgo biloba treatment for tardive dyskinesia in
schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" by
Zhang WF, Tan YL, Zhang XY, Chan RC, Wu HR, Zhou DF., posted in
PubMed(69)
d. Etc.
2. Panax ginseng
a. Antioxidant activity
In the evaluation of the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from the
rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and its antioxidant effect found
that antioxidant activity exhibited Panax japonicus polysaccharides (PJP)
had a good potential for antioxidant, according to "Optimization of
polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer by RSM and its anti-
oxidant activity" by Wang R, Chen P, Jia F, Tang J, Ma F.(70)
b. Antipsychotic effect
In the investigation of Panax quinquefolium (PQ) and its significant
neuroactive properties for its antipsychotic potential found that PQ blocked
ketamine induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance paradigm.
In the chronic studies, PQ reduced the ketamine induced enhanced
immobility in the forced swim test and did not show extra-pyramidal side
effects in bar test and wood block test of catalepsy. These behavioural effects
were compared with standard drugs haloperidol and clozapine. Further PQ
reduced DA and 5-HT content after chronic treatment, but not after acute
administration, according to "Evaluation of the Antipsychotic Potential of
Panax quinquefolium in Ketamine Induced Experimental Psychosis
Model in Mice" by Chatterjee M, Singh S, Kumari R, Verma AK, Palit G.
(71)
c. Neuroprotective effect
In the analyzing Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and its beneficial effects in
cerebral ischemia and inhibition of the inflammatory cascade in sepsis found
that Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) partially inhibited the activation of nuclear
factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway from 6 h to 72 h after ischemia and reperfusion
onset, as determined by the expression of total and phosphorylated NF-
κB/p65, inhibitor protein of κB (IκB)-α, and IκB-kinase complex (IKK)-α.
All these results indicate that suppression of local inflammation after
cerebral ischemia might be one mechanism that contributes to the
neuroprotection of GRb1, according to "Suppression of local inflammation
contributes to the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with
cerebral ischemia" by Zhu J, Jiang Y, Wu L, Lu T, Xu G, Liu X.(72)
d. Immunological activities
In the study of Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (designated as
WGOS) with a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 were obtained
from warm-water extract of Panax ginseng roots, found that WGOS were
potent B and T-cell stimulators and WGOS-1 has the highest
immunostimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation among those purified
fractions. It is hoped that the WGOS will be developed into functional food
or medicine, according to "Structural characterization and
immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides isolated
from the Panax ginseng roots" by Wan D, Jiao L, Yang H, Liu S.(73)
e. Etc.
3. Skullcap
a. Liver diseases
In the evaluation of the anti-proliferative effects on human hepatoma HepG2
and Hep3B cells of each fraction of Pheophorbide a, a major antitumor
component purified from Scutellaria barbata, found that pheophorbide a
induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells, a viral-induced hepatoma cell line.
However, it was found to be non-toxic in normal human liver cells WRL-68.
DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 cell cycle arrest, as well as suppression of the
anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and
activation of pro-caspase 3 and pro-caspase 9 were observed when Hep3B
cells were treated with 40 microg/mL (i. e., 67.5 microM) pheophorbide a
for 48 hours, according to "Pheophorbide a, a major antitumor
component purified from Scutellaria barbata, induces apoptosis in
human hepatocellular carcinoma cells" by Chan JY, Tang PM, Hon PM,
Au SW, Tsui SK, Waye MM, Kong SK, Mak TC, Fung KP.(74)
b. Antioxidants
In the Comparisons of Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and
Scutellaria racemosa: genome size, antioxidant potential, found that
Antioxidant potential studies showed that there were no significant
differences in the 3 Scutellaria species. Phytochemical analyses detected and
quantified the flavonoids baicalin, baicalein, scutellarin, and wogonin as
well as the human neurohormones melatonin and serotonin in leaf and stem
tissues from S. baicalensis, S. lateriflora, and S. racemosa, according to
"Comparisons of Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and
Scutellaria racemosa: genome size, antioxidant potential and
phytochemistry" by Cole IB, Cao J, Alan AR, Saxena PK, Murch SJ.(75)
c. Neurodegeneration diseases
In the study of flavones isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis root exhibit
strong neuroprotective effects on the brain, found that Baicalein, the main
flavone present in Scutellaria baicalensis root, strongly inhibited aggregation
of neuronal amyloidogenic proteins in vitro and induces dissolution of
amyloid deposits. It exerts strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory
activities and also exhibits anti-convulsive, anxiolytic, and mild sedative
actions. Importantly, baicalein, and also another flavone: oroxylin A,
markedly enhanced cognitive and mnestic functions in animal models of
aging brains and neurodegeneration, according to "Flavones from root of
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi: drugs of the future in
neurodegeneration?" by Gasiorowski K, Lamer-Zarawska E, Leszek J,
Parvathaneni K, Yendluri BB, Błach-Olszewska Z, Aliev G.(76)
d. Anxiolytic activity
In the investigation of the phytochemistry and biological activity of
Scutellaria lateriflora L. (American skullcap) which has been traditionally
used as a sedative and to treat various nervous disorders, found that these
compounds may play a role in anxiolytic activity since baicalin and
baicalein are known to bind to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA
receptor and since GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, according
to "Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties" by Awad R,
Arnason JT, Trudeau V, Bergeron C, Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Merali Z.
(77)
e. Etc.
4. Gotu Kola
a. Locomotor activity
In the investigation of the asiatic acid, a triterpenoids isolated from Centella
asiatica and its inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) properties,
excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) and locomotor activity. found that
asiatic acid having an effect on AChE, a selective GABA(B) receptor
agonist and no sedative effect on locomotor, according to "Inhibitory effect
of asiatic acid on acetylcholinesterase, excitatory post synapticpotential
and locomotor activity" by Nasir MN, Abdullah J, Habsah M, Ghani RI,
Rammes G.(78)
b. Cognitive effects
In the assessment of the role of "Brahmi" (Bocopa monnieri and Centella
asiatica) and its effect on the loss of memory, cognitive deficits, impaired
mental function found that both plants possess neuroprotective properties,
have nootropic activity with therapeutic implications for patients with
memory loss. The field has witnessed exciting patent activity with most
inventions aiming at either (i) improving the methods of herbal extraction or
(ii) enrichment and purification of novel compounds from brahmi or (iii)
providing novel synergistic formulations for therapeutics in various human
ailments, according to "Exploring the role of "Brahmi" (Bocopa
monnieri and Centella asiatica) in brain function and therapy" by
Shinomol GK, Muralidhara, Bharath MM.(79)
c. Antioxidant capacity
In the identification of antioxidant effects of C. asiatica was exposed to
various fermentations: no fermentation (0 min), partial fermentation (120
min) and full fermentation (24 h). Total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric-
reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of C. asiatica, found that C. asiatica
herbal teas should be prepared at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain the optimum
antioxidant capacity. Multiple brewing steps in C. asiatica herbal tea are
encouraged due to the certain amount of antioxidant obtained, according to
"Antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of fermented Centella
asiatica herbal teas" by Ariffin F, Heong Chew S, Bhupinder K, Karim AA,
Huda N.(80)
d. Etc.
5. Chamomile
a. Anti-allergic activity
The methanol extract of Matricaria recutita L. has shown anti-allergic
activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells, according to the
study of "Anti-allergic activity of German chamomile (Matricaria
recutita L.) in mast cell mediated allergy model" by Chandrashekhar VM,
Halagali KS, Nidavani RB, Shalavadi MH, Biradar BS, Biswas D,
Muchchandi IS.(81)
b. Neuroprotective activity
German chamomile methanol extract (GCME) has shown shown the ability
to treat neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in lipid peroxidation
(LPO) and increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),
glutathione (GSH), and total thiol levels, against AlF₄⁻- and may be used to
treat oxidative brain damage, according to the study of "Neuroprotective
activity of Matricaria recutita against fluoride-induced stress in rats" by
Ranpariya VL, Parmar SK, Sheth NR, Chandrashekhar VM.(82)
c. Anxiety
Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy has exerted the modest
anxiolytic activity in patients with mild to moderate generalized anxiety
disorder, according to the study of "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy
for generalized anxiety disorder" by Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I,
Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J.(83)
d. Etc.
6. Hawthorn
a. Neuroprotective effects
In the investigation of the neuroprotective effects on PC12 cells from the
methanol extracts of Spatholobus suberectus, Uncaria rhynchophylla,
Alpinia officinarum, Drynaria fortunei, and Crataegus pinnatifida found that
The CPE, SSE, and URE presented neurogrowth effects and neuroprotective
activities on H(2)O(2)-induced PC12 cell death at 0.5-5.0 μg/mL. The CPE
represents a promising medicinal plant source for the treatment of H(2)O(2)-
induced neurodegenerative disease, because of its useful phytochemical
characteristic, according to "Phytochemical characteristics, free radical
scavenging activities, and neuroprotection of five medicinal plant
extracts" by Chang CL, Lin CS, Lai GH.(84)
b. Immunomodulatory effect
In the determination of sheds more light on the extract's mechanism of
neuroprotection, especially its immunomodulatory effect found that
Hawthorn extract helped alleviate pro-inflammatory immune responses
associated with I/R-induced injury, boosted IL-10 levels, and increased
Foxp3-positive T(regs) in the brain, which may have aided in suppression of
activated inflammatory cells. Such treatment also minimizes apoptotic cell
death by influencing STAT-3 phosphorylation and Bcl-xL expression in the
brain. Taken together, the immunomodulatory effect of Hawthorn extract
may play a critical role in the neuroprotection observed in this MCAO-
induced stroke model, according to "Immunomodulatory effect of
Hawthorn extract in an experimental stroke model" by Elango C,
Devaraj SN.(85)
b. Avenanthramides
The ingredients of avenanthramides and phenolic acids in oat protect the
LDL cholesterol against the forming of free radicals by inducing the
functions of copper and selenium against oxidation, according to the study
of "Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and
act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL
resistance to oxidation" by Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, Collins FW,
Samuel P, Blumberg JB., posted in PubMed(89)
c. Immune system
Selenium in Oat improves the immune system in fighting the foreign
invasion of virus and bacteria causes of infection and inflammation,
according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR,
McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed(90)
8. Etc.
2. Treatment
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, the TCM formula with main function in nourishing the
kidney and liver, improves vision used for patient with above symptoms and
for deficiency of both liver Yin and kidney-Yin. Ingredients include
a. Shu Di Huang
The bitter, sweet, bitter and warm herb has been used in as diuretic agent and
to enhance heart function (small doses constrict the blood vessels and large
doses dilate the blood vessel), decrease blood sugar, etc., as it clears Heat
and cools the Blood (Sheng) as it nourishes Yin and Blood, tonifies the
Essence, strengthens the Marrow, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart,
kidney, and liver channels.
b. Shan Zhu Yu
Shan Zhu Yu or Shan Yu Rou is also known as Asian Cornelian Cherry Fruit.
The sour, acrid and slightly warm herb has been used in TCM to treat
impotence, spermatorrhea, instant sweating, sore or week knees, chronic
lower back pain, frequent urination, incontinence, etc., as it tonifies the
Liver and the Kidneys, benefits the Liver and the Kidneys, etc., by
enhancing the functions of kidney and liver channels.
c. Shan Yao
Shan Yao or Huai Shan is also known as Dioscorea. The sweet and neutral
herb has been used in TCM as antibiotic , anti-inflammatory and anti aging
agent and to lower blood sugar, improve digestive system, promote
urination, etc. as it tonifies the spleen and stomach and kidney yang and yin,
etc., by enhancing the functions of kidney, lung and spleen channels.
d. Ze Xie
Ze Xie is also known as Alism. The sweet, bland and cold herb has been
used in TCM as anti-pyretic, diuretic, anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic,
hypotensive agent and to lowers blood lipids: total cholesterol, inhibits
hardening of main artery, etc., as it drains deficient kidney fire, promotes
urination, drains damp-heat, etc., by enhancing the functions of kidney and
bladder channels.
e. Fu Ling
Fu Ling, fu shen or fu ling pi is also known as Poria. The bland, sweet and
neutral herb has been used in TCM as as diuretics and to treat urinary
difficulty, diarrhea, water retention, headache, dizziness, palpitations, etc., as
it eliminates Water, strengthens the Spleen, calms the Mind, etc., by
enhancing the functions of heart, spleen, lung and kidney channels.
f. Mu Dan Pi
Mu Dan Pi or Dan Pi is also known as peony bark. The acrid, bitter and
mildly cool has been used in TCM as anti micro organism, anti
inflammatory agent and to enhance circulation, CNS as it clears heat, fire of
yin deficiency, blood stasis and cools the blood, etc., by enhancing the
functions of heart, liver and kidney channels.
g. Gou Qi Zi
The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti aging and anti
cancer agent and to enhance the immune system, lower blood lipids, elevate
level of testosterone, protect the liver function, prevent fatty liver, simulate
estrogens, etc., as it nourishes and tonifies the liver, lung and kidney, etc., by
enhancing the functions of liver, lung and kidney channels.
h. Ju Hua
Ju Hua is also known as chrysanthemum flower. The nsweet, bitter and
slightly cold herb has been used in TCM as anti inflammatory, antibiotic,
anti Antipyretic agent and to treat liver and kidney deficiency resulting in
dizziness, blurry vision, pain and weakness in lower back and knees, tears
induced by wind blowing, as it disperses wind, clears heat and wind-heat,
et., by enhancing the functions of liver and lung channels.
b. Bai Zhu
Bai Zhu is also known as Bighead atractylodes rhizome. The aromatic,
slightly acrid and sweet herb has been used in TCM to treat children
drooling, Meniere's disease, constipation, chronic back painm, acute
infection of intestine, dizziness, palpitation, edema, instant sweating, etc., as
it tonifies the spleen, augments qi, dries dampness, atabilizes the exterior,
etc., by enhancing the functions of spleen and stomach channels.
d. Huang Qi
Huang Qi or Bei Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet herb has
been used as diuretic agent and to lower blood pressure, increase blood
pressure, lessens proteinuria, improve endurance, protect liver function,
regulate blood sugar, etc. as it tonifies Qi, raises Yang, strengthens the
Defensive-Qi and the Exterior, expels toxins, etc. by enhancing the functions
of lung and spleen channels.
e. Dang Shen
Dang Shen is also known as codonopsis root. The sweet and neutral herb
has been used in TCM to enhance the immune and cetral nervous systems
and blood coagulation, reduce fatigue, increases red and white blood cells,
white blood cells, raise blood sugar, etc., as it tonifies the Middle,
strengthens Qi, promotes generation of Body Fluids, nourishes Blood, etc.,
by promoting the functions of lung and spleen channels.
f. Long Yan
Long Yan or Long Yan Rou is also known as Longan. The aromatic and
neutral herb has been used in TCM to treat neurasthenia, forgetfulness,
palpitation, insomnia, etc., as it tonifies heart and spleen, nourishes blood,
calms spirit, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart and spleen channels.
g. Da Jiao
Da Jiao or Da Zao also known as black jujube. The sweet and warm herb
has been used in TCM to treat improves cAMP(cyclic adenosine mono
phosphate) and strength of muscles, calms the central nervous system,
inhibits histamine, IgE, and 5-HT, cell mutation and cancer cells, etc., as it
tonifies the Middle Burnner, strengthens Qi, nourishes Blood, calms the
Mind, regulates the nature of other herbs, etc., by enhancing the functions of
stomach , spleen channels.
h. Dang Gui
Dang Qui is also known as Angelica Root. The sweet, bitter, acrid and warm
herb has been used in TCM to regulate the menses, lower lipids, reduce
platelet coagulation and swelling, expel pus, relieve pain, etc/, as it tonifies
and moves Blood, calms pain, moistens the Intestines, etc., by enhancing the
function of heart, liver and spleen channels.
i. Yuan Zhi
Yuan Zhi is also known as Turkey Tails. The sweet, bland and slightly cold
herb has been used in TCM as antibiotic property, anti-viral property, and
anti-tumor agent and to get rid of dampness, transform phlegm, treat lung
disease, insomnia, mental confusion, seizures, palpitations, anxiety,
restlessness, etc., as it calms the spirit, quiets the heart, expels phlegm, clears
the heart orifices, etc., by enhancing the functions of liver, spleen and lung
channels.
j. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has
been used in TCM as anti allergy, anti inflammation, anti ulcer, anti
convulsion and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength,
palpitation and short of breath, cough with abundance of phlegm, stomach
and solar plexus pain, etc., as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, moistens
the Lungs, calms cough, deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12 channels.
k. Sheng Jiang
Sheng Jiang is also known as Fresh Ginger root. The acrid and cool herb
has been use in TCM as an anti inflammation, anti coagulation of platelets,
anti allergy, anti tumors, etc, and to promote flowing of bile, protect liver,
stimulate cardiac function, inhibit platelet coagulation, prevent dizziness,
improve auto-immune function,etc., as it promotes sweating, releases the
Exterior; warms the Middle Burner and the Lungs, stops vomiting, calms
cough by enhancing the functions of lung, spleen and stomach channels.
l. Mu Xiang
Nu Xiang is also known as costus root. The acrid, bitter and warm hrtb has
been used in TCM to treat flatulence and pain in the abdomen, diarrhea,
bronchitis, digestive tract infection: yeast infection, dysentery, and lack of
appetite, etc,, as it promotes the movement of Qi, alleviates pain, regulates
stagnated Qi in the intestines, strengthens the spleen and prevents stagnation,
etc., by enhancing the functions of gallbladder, large intestine, spleen and
stomach channels.
2. Treatment
Kong Sheng Zhen Zhong Dan
A formula from Confucius to treat students with above symptoms and
enhance education achievement by tonifying kidney, heart and benefiting the
brain.
a. Shi Chang Pu
Shi Chang Pu is also known as Sweetflag Rhizome. The pungent, aromatic
and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat deafness, dizziness, poor
memory, dulled sensation, seizures, etc., as it opens orifices,expel phlegm,
quiets spirit, -harmonize middle burner, etc., by enhancing the functions of
heart ans stomach channels.
b. Yuan Zhi
Yuan Zhi is also known as Turkey Tails. The sweet, bland and slightly cold
herb has been used in TCM as antibiotic property, anti-viral property, and
anti-tumor agent and to get rid of dampness, transform phlegm, treat lung
disease, insomnia, mental confusion, seizures, palpitations, anxiety,
restlessness, etc., as it calms the spirit, quiets the heart, expels phlegm, clears
the heart orifices, etc., by enhancing the functions of liver, spleen and lung
channels.
c. Long gu
Long gu is also known as keel. The sweet, sour and neutral herb has been
used in TCM to treat mood, palpitation, excessive dreams, irritability,
seizures, dizziness, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. as it calms spirit/heart and
calms liver, anchors floating Yang, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart,
liver, large intestine and kidney channels.
Recommended E books
Dr. Joseph Mercola's Complete Guide
To Weight Loss, Preventing Diseases, Premature Aging,
And Living Healthy And Longer
Author notes: All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information
and education only, please consulting with your doctor or related field
specialist before applying.
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