Ultimate Strength Design

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

Types of columns:

a. Tied Column – the reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars and separate lateral
ties.
b. Spiral Column – the reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars enclosed by a
closely spaced spiral (enclosing a circular concrete core).
c. Composite Column – the reinforcement consists of a structural steel shape
thoroughly encased reinforced with both longitudinal (vertical) and spiral
reinforcements.

Tied Column Spiral Column

Composite Column

Design of Column 1
 Ultimate Strength Design

SPECIFICATIONS:

Tied Column:
 ρb = 0.01 to 0.08
 Minimum numbers of bars
o 4 – 16 mm Ø for square column
o 6 – 16 mm Ø for round column
 Lateral Ties – 10 mm Ø for longitudinal bars 32 mm Ø of smaller and 12 mm Ø
for longitudinal bars larger than 32 mm Ø.
 Spacing of ties: (Use the smallest value)
o Not more than 16 bar Ø
o Not more than 48 tie Ø
o Least dimension of column
 When there are more than four vertical bars, additional ties shall be provided so
that every longitudinal bars will be held firmly in its designed position. No bar
shall be more than 150 mm from such laterally supported bar.
 The reinforcement for tied column shall be protected by a covering of concrete cast
monolithically with the core for which the thickness shall not be less than 40 mm.

Spiral Column:
 ρb = 0.01 to 0.08
 Minimum number of bar is 6 – 16 mm Ø
 Minimum spiral = 10 mm Ø
 Clear spacing between spirals should not exceed more than 80 mm and not less
than 25 mm.
 Ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the volume of concrete core.
 Ag  fc '
o  s  0.45  1
 Ac  fy
D 2
o Ag 
4
Dc 2
o Ac 
4
o Volume of spiral reinforcement = As π Dc
Dc 2 S
o Volume of concrete core =
4
o Dc = D – 80 (Ø of concrete core)
vol.of spiral reinforcem ent
o s 
vol. of concrete core
AsDc
o s 

 Dc 2 S
4
4 As
o S (Spacing of Spiral), As = Area of spiral bar
Dc  s

Design of Column 2
 Ultimate Strength Design

Length of Column, Lu:

 is the unsupported clear length or height of concrete column between the
floor slab, beams or other members which supports the column laterally.
 For flat slab construction, it is the clear distance between the floor and the
lower extremity of the capital or drop panel, which ever is the smaller
value.
 For beam and slab construction, it is the clear distance between the floor
and the underside of the deeper beam framing into the column in each
direction at the next higher floor level.
 It is equivalent to the length which produces the greatest ratio of length to
the radius of gyration for rectangular columns.

Radius of Gyration, r :
A. Rectangular Column:
r = 0.30 x the overall dimension of the member in the direction under
consideration.

B. Circular Columns
r = 0.25 x Ø of column

Lu
Slenderness Ratio, :
r
Lu M
a. When is less than 34  12 1 , the effect of slenderness ratio is neglected.
r M2
Where: M1 = smaller design end moment
M2 = larger design end moment
M1
 1 for short axially loaded columns.
M2
Lu M
b. When > 34  12 1 , the effect of slenderness ratio should be considered.
r M2

Reduction Factors:
a. For Tied Column , Ø = 0.70
b. For Spiral Column, Ø = 0.75

Essential Formula:
 2 EI
Pc  , Axial Force Capacity
KLu2
K = effective length factor

 For both ends with fixed joints, K = 0.5

 For an upper roller end and fixed lower end, K = 1.0
 For both hinged ends, K = 1.0
 For One end fixed, other end free, K = 2.0

Design of Column 3
 Ultimate Strength Design

EcIg
EI  (Conservative)
2.51  d 

 IcIg 
   ( Es  Ise )
EI   5 
(Accurate)
1  d

Where:
Ig = gross moment of inertia of concrete parallel to the weakest direction of
concrete section.
Es = Modulus of elasticity of Steel (200,000 MPa)

Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, 4700 fc ' MPa

ßd = Ratio of factored dead load moment to the factored total load moment
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross-
section.

Axial Load and Minimum Eccentricity (SHORT COLUMN):

Column with purely axial loads seldom occur in actual practice, there is always a moment
acting on the columns.

M  Pe
M
e , (eccentricity)
P
eb = Balanced eccentricity

Actual Equivalent
Loading Eccentric Load
Allowable Eccentricity:

A. Tied Column = 15 + 0.03h (mm)

B. Spiral Column = 15 + 0.025h (mm)
Where;
h = overall thickness of the member

Design of Column 4
 Ultimate Strength Design

Design Formula:
Po = Ultimate load capacity (yield – point strength) of tied or spiral column
when eccentricity is zero.
Po  0.85 fc '  Ag  Ast   fyAst
Ag = gross area of column in mm2
Ast = area of longitudinal (vertical) steel bars in mm2
Po  0.85 fc '  Ag  gAg   fygAg

Po  Ag 0.85fc' 1  g   fyg 
Pn = nominal or theoretical axial load when there is eccentricity
Pu = Factored applied axial load at a known eccentricity
Pu  1.4D.L.  1.7 L.L.
Pu = Ø(0.80) Po, for tied column, Ø = 0.70
Pu = Ø(0.85) Po, for spiral column, Ø = 0.75

Concrete Area Required Ag:

a. Tied Column
Pu  Ø0.80 Po

Pu  Ø(0.80) Ag 0.85fc' 1  g   fyg 

Pu
Ag 
Ø(0.80)0.85fc' 1  g   fyg 
b. Spiral Column
Pu  Ø0.85 Po

Pu  Ø(0.85) Ag 0.85fc' 1  g   fyg 

Pu
Ag 
Ø(0.85)0.85fc' 1  g   fyg 

Design Procedure for Short Column:

M1
I. (Column carrying NO Moment,  1)
M2

 Determine the ultimate Axial Loading, Pu = 1.4D.L. + 1.7L.L.

 Decide to use ρg = 0.01 to 0.08
 Determine the amount of the gross concrete area, Ag

Design of Column 5
 Ultimate Strength Design

 Solve for the dimension of the column based on the gross concrete area.
 Decide to use a section to which it conforms to the gross area and the
dimension acquired above.
 Obtain the steel area, As = ρg Ag
 Decide the use a desired main bar size which conforms to the required steel
area.
 Check for the actual steel ratio, ρ, if it still within the range of 0.01 to 0.08.
 Check Slenderness ratio and radius of gyration.
Lu M
must be less than 34  12 1 for short column.
r M2
 Determine the spacing of the 10mm Ø tie bar and decide the design
spacing.
 Finally, check the Axial Force Capacity of the column which must be
greater then the design axial force.
 Draw the details of the designed column.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Design an axially loaded square tied column for a service dead load of 1300 KN
and a service live load 1000 KN for an industrial building having an unsupported
length of column of 2.75 m and braced against sideways. The column carries no
moment with fc’ = 27.5 MPa and fy = 413.5 MPa.

Solution: With ρg =0.02, the column would be 450 x 450 mm square having 8# -
28 mm Ø main bars spaced at 448 mm On Centers.

Design of Column 6
 Ultimate Strength Design

M1
II. (Column carrying small Moment, ≠ 1)
M2
 Determine the ultimate Axial Loading, Pu = 1.4D.L. + 1.7L.L.
 Determine also the ultimate moment, Mu = 1.4D.L. + 1.7L.L.
 Solve for the eccentricity, e = Mu / Pu
Pu
 Then solve for the Ultimate Load Capacity, Po =
Ø(0.80 or 0.85)
 Obtain the amount of the gross concrete area, Ag
 Decide for the section dimension of the column which shall conform to the
gross area of the concrete column, Ag.
 Check the minimum eccentricity, e. If the actual eccentricity is less than the
allowable eccentricity, then treat the column as short column.
 Determine then the required steel area using the formula of Po of Pu.
 Decide to use a desired number and size of main bar.
 Check the actual concrete and steel ratio, ρ, which must be within the range
of 0.01 to 0.08.
 Determine the spacing of the 10mm Ø tie bar and decide the design
spacing.
 Draw the details of the designed column.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Design an axially loaded round spiral column for a service dead load of 1300 KN
and a service live load 1000 KN for an industrial building having an unsupported
length of column of 2.75 m and braced against sideways. The column carries no
moment with fc’ = 27.5 MPa and fy = 413.5 MPa.

Solution: With ρg =0.03, the column would be 450 mm Ø round spiral column
having 8# - 28 mm Ø main vertical bars with 10mm Ø spiral spaced at 59 mm On
Centers.

Design of Column 7