Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Constituents 18
Analytical 22
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
Limit Tests
International Status 27
A l o e Ve r a L e a f J u i c e
Nomenclature 28
Definition
Identification 28
Macroscopic Identification
Organoleptic Characterization
Constituents 28
Analytical 29
Maltodextrin Assay
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (1H NMR)
Limit Tests
4000 BCE Recorded in Ancient Egypt as a “sanctuary plant of immortality” and used as a funerary gift to the pharaohs.
2200 BCE The earliest documented medicinal use of aloe is found on a Sumerian clay tablet.
1550 BCE The Ebers Papyrus, one of the earliest medical works known, describes the healing benefits of aloe for both
internal and external conditions.
356–323 BCE Alexander the Great reportedly conquers the island of Socotra to secure the trade of Aloe perryi throughout
Asia.
Approximately 51 BCE Referred to as “the plant of Cleopatra” by ancient Egyptians, allegedly regarding its use as a beauty aid.
27 BCE–14 CE Aloe vera is introduced into Greco-Roman medicine during the reign of Augustus.
1st century CE “Aloes” are mentioned in the Holy Bible as the substance used with myrrh to anoint the body of Jesus.
41–68 Dioscorides, in his De Materia Medica, writes the first in-depth report of the pharmacologic actions of aloe.
23–129 Pliny reports on the use of aloe for leprous sores and, when topically applied, to reduce perspiration.
618–907 Aloe vera is used medicinally in China, both topically, for dermatitis, and orally.
9 century
th
Aloe is recorded in Anglo-Saxon “leech books.”
960-1279 The official materia medica of the Song Dynasty describes the use of whole ground leaf for the treatment of
sinusitis, fever, skin conditions, and seizures in children.
14th–16th centuries In Europe, aloe is considered a purgative and a topical treatment of wounds and various skin conditions.
1492 Christopher Columbus, upon setting sail for the New World, writes in his journal, “All is well, aloe is on board.”,
introducing aloe to the Americas.
1650–1742 Aloe vera is first imported to London and included as “Barbados aloe” in the London Pharmacopoeia (1650) and
in the London Dispensatory in 1742.
1650–present Aloe latex (inspissated juice) is included in the majority of pharmacopoeias worldwide.
1753 The botanical name Aloe perfoliata var. vera is created by Linnaeus.
1768 Nicolaas Laurens Burman establishes Aloe vera as a separate species. About ten days later Philip Miller
independently classifies it as A. barbadensis; precedent is given to the earlier publication establishing the
nomenclature as Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.
1810-1820 A variety of aloe preparations are entered into the Massachusetts and the United States Pharmacopeias.
1851 Edinburgh chemists Smith and Smith extract a cathartic principle from aloe and name it aloin.
1867 The “juice” of A. barbadensis (syn. A. vera) is included in the British Pharmacopoeia.
1912 The first commercial aloe vera farm in the US is started in Florida.
1935 Collins and Collins report on the use of Aloe vera to treat radiation burns, stimulating modern research into the
potential benefits of Aloe vera for a variety of skin conditions.
1959 Aloe is included in the US FDA list of approved food additives.
1975–present Aloe “juice” (exudate) is included in the European Pharmacopoeia.
Present Aloe vera products are approved for therapeutic purposes in Australia, Canada, India, and Korea, among other
countries.
use throughout the world, various purgative preparations or mashed. For internal consumption, it is common in
derived from Aloe species were found in Britain (as early as traditional healing practices worldwide to both maintain
the 10th century) (Flückiger and Hanbury 1879). Later, the the slimy yellow exudate and to rinse it off with cold water
topical uses of aloe for wounds and various skin conditions to reduce the bitterness. This is rarely specified in the
were reported (Park and Lee 2006). Aloe was included in the ethnobotanical literature. With the exception of the aloe
London Pharmacopoeia at least as early as 1650 in not less latex, use of aloe vera predominantly implies the use of the
than 21 official preparations (Felter and Lloyd 1898). inner leaf or its juice, with or without the exudate. Dried
latex and traditional inner leaf preparations that include
Modern Uses of Aloe Vera Leaf
exudate are typically used for a short duration, thus limiting
Contemporary use of aloe vera leaf in folk medicine
exposure to the laxative and potentially carcinogenic
practices is broadly documented. Traditionally, the leaf is
compounds. Conversely, many of the modern aloe vera
“filleted” and the fillet (inner leaf) is used either whole
leaf juice products are consumed more regularly, making
4 American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® • Aloe Vera Leaf • 2012
the removal of the phenolic compounds desirable, as for fresh inner leaf (Collins and Collins 1935). Subsequent
example dictated by IASC. When reviewing the traditional scientific evaluation of the efficacy of the various topical
and scientific literature, care must be taken to denote the uses of aloe has produced mixed results. A number of studies
specific preparations being discussed. and reviews support the use of external preparations of aloe
vera for the prevention and treatment of radiation burns,
Topical Use of Aloe Vera Leaf
dermatitis, genital herpes, psoriasis, skin inflammation,
Traditionally, the inner leaf is prepared for topical use by
sepsis, and wound healing (Akhtar and Hatwar 1996; Bosley
filleting (removing the rind) and mashing the colorless
et al. 2003; Chitra et al. 1998a, 1998b; Jia et al. 2008;
transparent mass into a liquidy pulp. This is applied to the
Maenthaisong et al. 2007; Moghbel et al. 2007; Ulbricht et
skin directly (e.g., to boils and infections), with or without
al. 2007; Vogler and Ernst 1999; Yun et al. 2009). However,
a gauze. Alternatively, the inner leaf may be exposed by
some studies report negative effects (e.g., Gallagher and
removing the top leaf rind and spiny edges, while leaving the
Gray 2003; Marshall 1990; Richardson et al. 2005; Vogler
back rind intact. These preparations may or may not include
and Ernst 1999). Such contradictory findings may stem
various amounts of the exudate, with the latter sometimes
from various reasons, from limitations in study designs
removed by rinsing in cool water (Upton 2012, personal
and outcome measures to variations in composition of the
communication to AHP, unreferenced).
preparations used — partially due to lack of quality control
Popular topical uses of the inner leaf of aloe species,
in the manufacturing process (Borrelli and Izzo 2000; Choi
including aloe vera, today include treatment of abrasions,
and Chung 2003; Maenthaisong et al. 2007; Vogler and
burns, cancers (as a poultice), inflammation, psoriasis, skin
Ernst 1999). In a published analysis of commercial products
irritations and fungal infections, UV-radiation damage; as
(Bozzi et al. 2007), several products exhibited very low levels
an emollient; and as a common cosmetic ingredient (Iwu
of acetylated polysaccharides (also known as acemannan),
1993; WHO 1999). Throughout tropical and subtropical
which are recognized as the major bioactive constituents of
regions where aloe vera is found, the peeled fresh inner
aloe vera preparations that do not include the latex.
leaf pulp is applied to inflamed eyes and used for all kinds
of skin inflammations, sores, and burns (Iwu 1993; Morton Internal Uses of Aloe Vera Leaf
1977; Pole 2006). In addition to these, there are numerous Numerous internal uses of aloe vera leaf juice are reported
other, less common, topical uses of aloe vera throughout in India, Pakistan, Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South
its areas of distribution, including treating cuts, contusions, America, and the South Pacific. Indications for internal
headache, sprains; as a poultice; and as a sunscreen and hair use include diabetes, coughs and sore throat, kidney pains,
conditioner (Barcroft and Myskja 2003; Honychurch 1986; digestive problems, stomach ulcers, and jaundice. The
Thomas 1997). In Ayurveda, a traditional medical system in juice is also used as a mild laxative and for relief of difficult
India, aloe vera is commonly used in sunburn, minor cuts, childbirth. Mixed in rum, the juice of aloe vera leaf is used
insect bites, as a wound healing agent, anti-inflammatory, as a carminative; with sugar, to relieve asthma and other
and in the treatment of frostbite and psoriasis (Agarwal bronchial afflictions, and with milk for dysentery in children
and Sharma 2011). Use of fresh aloe vera leaf in India also (Katewa et al. 2004; Morton 1961, 1977; Qureshi and Bhatti
extends to eye trouble: the fresh pulp, rinsed in cold water 2008; Thomas 1997; Yetman and Van Devender 2002).
and mixed with a small amount of burned alum, is wrapped Modern Ayurvedic practitioners use the fresh or powdered
in muslin fabric and applied to sore eyes (Kirtikar and Basu inner leaf of aloe as a general tonic for the circulatory,
2006). In Northwest Mexico, the traditional use of aloe vera digestive, excretory, and female reproductive systems; and
leaf includes topical application of the juice for burns, cuts, specifically in the treatment of fever, constipation, obesity,
bruises, and rashes (Yetman and Van Devender 2002). In inflammatory skin conditions, lymphadenitis, conjunctivitis,
addition, in Mexico, aloe vera is the most widely used topical joint inflammation, jaundice and hepatitis, menstrual
application for the treatment of abscesses in intravenous dysregulation, and tumors (Frawley and Lad 1986; Grover
drug users (Pollini et al. 2010). In the US Virgin Islands, et al. 2002). In the Caribbean, peeled leaf and juice of aloe
apart from the widespread topical use of aloe vera inner leaf vera are consumed, with or without salt, to treat colds, sore
for burns, the leaf pulp is applied as a dressing on wounds to throat, and constipation, and to “keep the blood good”
draw out infection (Upton 2012, personal communication (Eldridge 1975; Upton 2012, personal communication to
to AHP, unreferenced). External use of the peeled leaf or AHP, unreferenced). Aloe vera was reported as the third most
juice is recorded in the Bahamas for treatment of bruises, widely used botanical medicine in Jamaica (Picking et al.
boils, carbuncles, sunburn, and cuts (Eldridge 1975). In the 2011). Healers from the Dominican Republic report the use
Dominican Republic, in addition to many of the mentioned of aloe vera for the treatment of uterine fibroids, menstrual
uses, aloe vera leaves are applied to the fingers of children dysregulation, as an abortifacient, and for “cleansing the
to prevent sucking, rubbed on breasts to encourage weaning, body” (Ososki et al. 2002).
and rubbed on the body to prevent perspiration, to conceal Various preparations of aloe vera leaf have been studied
the human scent during hunting, and as an insect repellant for a range of internal uses, including ulcers (Feily and
(Honychurch 1986; Morton 1977; Thomas 1997). Namazi 2009; Klein and Penneys 1988; Vogler and Ernst
Clinical interest in the external application of aloe vera 1999; WHO 1999), irritable bowel syndrome (Boudreau
began in the 1930s with a publication of a case report of and Beland 2006; Störsrud et al. 2009), atherosclerosis (Patel
a successful treatment of radiation burns with macerated and Mengi 2008), hyperlipidemia (Kim et al. 2009), diabetes
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® • Aloe Vera Leaf • 2012 5
(Grover et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2009), and HIV infection and antifungal activities (Habeeb et al. 2007; Nidiry et al.
(Kahlon et al. 1991; McDaniel and McAnalley 1987). Aloe 2011; Rosca-Casian et al. 2007). Potential mechanisms
vera “gel” (inner leaf juice) was shown in a randomized, associated with the anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to be of benefit in include inhibition of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin
ulcerative colitis (Langmead et al. 2004). In addition, in F2 (Robson et al. 1982), antibradykinin activity (Bautista-
a small double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, Pérez et al. 2004), and modulation of cyclooxygenase and
freeze-dried aloe vera concentrate reduced the symptoms lipoxygenase (Das et al. 2011; Vázquez et al. 1996).
of interstitial cystitis (Czarapata 1995). Studies on internal
Listings in Official Compendia
use of various “gel” (i.e., inner leaf or its juice) products
While dried aloe latex has been widely recognized as an
suggest anti-inflammatory (Störsrud et al. 2009), antioxidant
official drug throughout the world, other preparations
(Liu et al. 2007; Yu et al. 2009), hepatoprotective (Chandan
from aloe vera are generally not included in international
et al. 2007), hypoglycemic (Bunyapraphatsara et al. 1996;
pharmacopoeias. The World Health Organization developed
Kim et al. 2009; Yongchaiyudha et al. 1996), hypolipidemic
a monograph on aloe vera “gel” (i.e., inner leaf juice) (WHO
(Kim et al. 2009), immunomodulatory (Yu et al. 2009), and
1999), citing numerous references of its use for wound
vulnerary effects (Atiba et al. 2011), as well as promotion of
healing and burn treatment, noting, however, that, as of
increased fat metabolism (Misawa et al. 2008). Preparations
the time of the writing, no uses of the “gel” were supported
derived from the plant and described as “freeze-dried juice
by clinical data. In a monograph developed under the
… heated for 15 minutes at 80 degrees” or “liquid Aloe vera
Canadian regulatory agency Health Canada, external use of
extract” have demonstrated in vitro bactericidal activity
the inner leaf was approved for minor abrasions, burns, cuts,
against a number of pathogenic organisms, including
and for wound healing (NHPD 2006). The inner leaf of aloe
Candida albicans and Streptococcus spp. (Lorenzetti et al.
vera is included as a remedy for burns in the Thai Herbal
1964; Robson et al. 1982). In other studies, aloe vera and its
Fundamental Public Health Drug List (Maenthaisong et al.
constituents have also been shown to possess antibacterial
2007). Preparations of aloe vera, as well as other aloe species
2a. 2b.
Figure 2 Historical illustrations of Aloe spp.
Image sources: (2a) Medicinal Plants (Bentley and Trimen 1880); (2b) Medizinal Pflanzen (Kohler 1890).
Note: Aloe vulgaris Lam. is a former synonym of Aloe vera.
surface markedly convex. The following layers or zones can Microscopic Identification
be distinguished: outer epidermal layer with thick cuticle; The leaf of aloe vera consists of the following tissues:
green chlorenchyma layer; brown or reddish-brown ring of epidermis, chlorenchyma, vascular bundles, and colorless
vascular bundles from the parenchymatous sheath of which inner parenchyma. The microscopic anatomy of Aloe leaves
the bitter, yellow sap exudes; and central parenchyma tissue is fairly constant regardless of the species. Some species may
appearing as a mucilaginous clear “gel” and occupying be distinguished by microscopic analysis of the leaf surface
much of the leaf’s diameter (Evans 2002; Longo 2002; Panda (Cutler 2004; Li et al. 2003).
2004; Surjushe et al. 2008). The cuticle, the epidermis,
and the chlorenchyma constitute the rind. Some sources Epidermis
(e.g., Barcroft and Myskja 2003) further separate the inner In transverse section, the leaf epidermis on both the adaxial
parenchyma into “mucilage” and “gel” layers. and abaxial surfaces consists of a single, uniform layer of
cells, approximately 25–40 µm thick, covered with a waxy
Species Differentiation thick cuticle, approximately 6–8 µm. The epidermal cells
Several other species of Aloe are used globally, including are arranged in parallel with the long axis of the leaves
for manufacturing of juice products. The distinguishing and contain few chloroplasts. Both surfaces of epidermis
morphological characteristics of Aloe vera compared to have sunken stomata, with guard cells surrounded by 4–5
some other common Aloe species are provided in Table 2. epidermal cells.
Occasionally, other, less common species, mainly occurring
in continental Africa and Madagascar, enter the juice Chlorenchyma
market (Grace 2011). Just below the epidermis, there are usually 8–10 layers
(the number of layers can vary) of hexagonal-to-rounded
Organoleptic Characterization (inner leaf) chloroplast-containing chlorenchyma cells, approximately
Taste: Mild, bland. 50–60 µm wide. Some idioblasts, with needle-shaped oxalate
Aroma: Faint, characteristic. crystals, are also present. Chlorenchyma in Aloe species is
not differentiated into spongy and palisade layers.
Texture: Very slimy, tacky.
(continued page 11)
Table 2 Macroscopic characteristics of Aloe vera leaf compared to leaves of other Aloe species occurring in trade worldwide
Leaf size and form 40-60 cm long, 10 cm Up to 100 cm long, 15 cm 50-60 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, Up to 35 cm long,
broad at base broad at base sickle-shaped, frequently approximately 7.5 cm
recurved wide
“Teeth” (color, size, and Pale teeth, 2 mm long, Dark brown, both along 3-5 mm long, along the Pale brown, ~4 mm long,
location) 10-20 mm apart the margins and on the margins, 5-20 mm apart along the margins, 6 mm
upper and/or lower leaf apart
surfaces
Based on Carter et al. 2011; van Wyk and Smith 2003.
5b. 5c.
5d. 5e.
removing the rind to yield the leaf “fillet” in the process “Preparations”). Drying aloe vera juices begins with
called “filleting.” Filleting can be done either by hand concentrating the juice to a higher level of solids by utilizing
or mechanically. According to some researchers (e.g., evaporators of various kinds, which increase solids content
Ramachandra and Rao 2008; Waller et al. 2004), hand of the juice from as low as 0.46% to a range of 10%–20%.
filleting is the best way to ensure absence of the rind and Subsequent drying methods include spray-drying, freeze-
latex. With hand filleting, the lower inch of the base of drying, and belt-drying. The resulting products are typically
the leaf, the leaf tip, spines along the leaf margin, and top sized at 10–80 mesh.
and bottom rinds are removed manually. For mechanical Drying at a temperature of 60 ºC reportedly resulted in
filleting, several machine types are used. In one of them, only minor alterations in physiochemical properties of an
the leaf is placed on a conveyor belt and passes through inner leaf product (Miranda et al. 2009). Drying at higher
a set of knives, while rollers firmly press against the rind, temperatures resulted in changes in the average molecular
expressing the inner leaf. If the tension of the rollers is too weight of acetylated polysaccharides from 45 kDa to 75 and
high, excessive concentrations of the phenolic compounds, 81 kDa in samples dried at 70 ºC and 80 ºC, respectively
which reside in the vascular layer, can result; if the roller (Femenia et al. 2003). However, Chang et al. (2006)
tension is too low, some inner leaf material will be discarded reported that drying at 70 ºC resulted in the maximum
and wasted. In other types of machines, the leaf may be fed preservation of polysaccharides, with total concentrations
through the filleter by hand. To further reduce the chance of decreasing—at temperatures below 70 ºC due to the activity
contamination of the inner leaf material with the phenolic of the natural enzymes present in aloe vera, and at higher
compounds of the exudate, the inner leaf “fillets” are then temperatures due to thermal degradation.
rinsed in flowing water (He et al. 2005).
After filleting, the inner leaf material is subjected to Storage and Stability
depulping, usually followed by pasteurization. Subsequent Whole aloe vera leaves can begin degrading within six hours
processing may include enzymatic treatment, filtration, after harvest (Ramachandra and Rao 2008). The juices,
dearation, decolorization by activated carbon, and addition if not preserved, degrade over a relatively short period of
of preservatives. During all processing stages, adherence to time due to enzymatic and microbial activity and oxidation.
proper sanitary procedures is critical, as aloe pulp and juice Dried juice concentrates are more stable; however, they
provide a rich medium for the growth of bacteria, which are also prone to degradation if exposed to humidity and
may affect the chemical composition of the material and the heat. For these reasons, stabilizing agents and preservatives
characteristics of the finished product. are typically added to aloe vera leaf juices during the
Pasteurization manufacturing process. Sodium sulfite or sodium benzoate
Pasteurization is typically performed in production of both are used to prevent microbial growth. Sorbate, citrate, or
types of aloe vera leaf juices as soon as the liquid material ascorbate are added to prevent oxidation. Citric acid is
is obtained, in order to reduce bacterial degradation of the commonly used to adjust pH to < 4.6. In one study of aloe
key juice constituents (i.e., acetylated polysaccharides), vera inner leaf products, the addition of 1% citric acid and
which can happen very rapidly. However, pasteurization, 1000 ppm of sodium benzoate was optimal for stabilizing
particularly if prolonged, can also have a detrimental effect the juice (Hemalatha et al. 2008).
on the structure of the polysaccharides, which are also prone Liquid products should be refrigerated after opening
to thermal degradation. and protected from agitation, as aloe vera leaf juices are
sensitive to oxidation.
Dry Concentrates
Aloe vera leaf juices are frequently marketed as dried
concentrates, either as powder or flakes (also see
Constituents
Aloe vera leaves contain a diverse array of compounds,
including anthraquinones (e.g., aloe-emodin), anthrones
and their glycosides (e.g., 10-(1,5’-anhydroglucosyl)-aloe-
emodin-9-anthrone, also known as aloin A and B), chromones,
carbohydrates, proteins, glycoproteins, amino acids, organic
acids, lipids, and minerals (see Table 4). The profile of these
constituents varies greatly depending on the part of the leaf
and the type of processing the material undergoes. The
bitter, yellow-colored exudate, which appears after the leaf
is cut, contains approximately 80 phenolic constituents, the
most abundant being aloins A and B. The inner parenchyma
tissue of aloe vera leaves contains a large amount of water
(ca. 98.5%), and the remaining solid material consists of
Figure 11 Certification seal of the International Aloe Science carbohydrates, organic acids, and small amounts of other
Council
compounds, such as proteins, vitamins, lipids, and amino
acids (primarily arginine, asparagine, serine, aspartic acid,
18 American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® • Aloe Vera Leaf • 2012
Table 4 Compounds identified in Aloe vera leaf
10 OH
HO
O
OH
OH
12a. 12b. OH
Figure 13b HPTLC chromatogram of Aloe vera leaf and leaves of other Aloe species (UV 366 nm, derivatized)
Discussion of the chromatogram
The standards aloin A and aloin B (lanes 1 and 2, respectively) faint, diffuse zone of red fluorescence (Rf 0.79) due to aloe emodin
show zones of yellow fluorescence (Rf 0.43) and aloe emodin can be detected (this is detected more clearly in all of the samples
(lane 2) shows a zone of dark red fluorescence (Rf 0.79). The in the pre-derivatized UV 366 nm image above, 13a). A zone of red
chromatograms obtained with the test solutions show in the lower fluorescence due to chlorophyll is seen at the solvent front (not
part (Rf 0.30) a light blue fluorescent zone and in the central part detectable in the inner leaf samples on lanes 12, 13 and 14).
(Rf 0.43) a yellow fluorescent zone due to aloin. In some samples a
Lane 1: Aloin A
Lane 2: Aloe emodin, aloin B
Lane 3: Aloe vera fresh whole leaf
Lane 4: Aloe vera fresh outer leaf
Lane 5: Aloe vera fresh whole leaf
Lane 6: Aloe vera fresh whole leaf
Lane 7: Aloe vera fresh whole leaf
Lane 8: Aloe ferox fresh whole leaf
Lane 9: Aloe arborescens fresh whole leaf
Lane 10: Aloe vera fresh inner leaf
Lane 11: Aloe vera fresh inner leaf
Lane 12: Aloe vera fresh inner leaf
Lane 13: Aloe vera fresh inner leaf
Lane 14: Aloe ferox fresh inner leaf
Lane 15: Aloe arborescens fresh inner leaf
Figure 14b HPTLC chromatogram of Aloe vera leaf, leaves of other Aloe species, and Aloe spp. products (UV 366 nm, derivatized)
Discussion of the chromatogram
The standards aloin A (lanes 1 and 22) and aloin B (lanes 2 and dark red fluorescence (Rf 0.79) due to aloe emodin is detected in
23) show zones of yellow fluorescence (Rf 0.43) and aloe emodin few samples. This zone of aloe emodin is more easily detected in
(lanes 3 and 24) shows a zone of dark red fluorescence (Rf 0.79). the pre-derivatized UV 366 nm image (Figure 14a). A zone of red
The chromatograms obtained with most of the test solutions show fluorescence due to chlorophyll is seen at the solvent front in the
in the lower part (Rf 0.30) a light blue fluorescent zone. This zone unprocessed leaf samples, the Aloe ferox juice (lane 15), and the
is not detected in the Aloe vera juice and flakes (lanes 11 and two Aloe vera leaf extracts (lanes 17 and 18).
21, respectively). In the central part (Rf 0.43) a yellow fluorescent
zone due to aloin is detected in most samples, except for some
of the processed Aloe vera products (juices, tablets, and flakes
on lanes 11, 12, 20, and 21, respectively). A faint, diffuse zone of
Identification Acetylated
≥ 5% dry weight
polysaccharides
Aloe vera leaf juice is a cloudy to transparent liquid. ≤ 10 ppm in 1.0% aloe vera leaf juice
solids solution, analyzed by HPLC or
Organoleptic Characterization Aloin A & B
other fit-for-purpose methodology
Charcoal-Filtered Liquid (single strength) approved by the IASC
Color: Colorless to caramel-colored. Must be listed on label and analysis
Maltodextrin
Aroma: Odorless to mildly vegetative. must meet label claims.
Taste: Tasteless to slightly bitter. Solids ≥ 1.0% in single-strength leaf juice
Charcoal-Filtered Dry Concentrate (flakes or powder) Ash ≤ 40%
Color: Beige.
Aroma: Odorless to mildly vegetative.
Taste: Tasteless to slightly bitter. Constituents
Note: The organoleptic characteristics of aloe vera leaf juice products can
vary considerably, depending on the processing techniques and additives The solids content of aloe vera leaf juice varies depending
used. on the processing techniques. The solids fraction contains
mainly carbohydrates, organic acids, and mineral salts
(Waller et al. 2004), with most of the other components
removed during processing. The typical composition of
aloe vera leaf juice is provided in Table 2. For a more
detailed discussion of aloe vera polysaccharides and other
constituents, see the Aloe Vera Leaf monograph.
Glucose 6.76
Sorbate 0.17
Ethanol 0.00
Maltodextrin 0.00
A na ly t i ca l 1b.
Maltodextrin is an acceptable carrier used in spray-dried of 1a. Aloe vera leaf juice with and without maltodextrin (left to right:
aloe vera leaf juice products (typical ratio 1:1). Maltodextrin 0%, 10%, 25%, 50% weight of maltodextrin) prior to color
is also reported as one of the most prevalent adulterants of reaction with iodine.
aloe vera leaf juice products used to artificially enhance 1b. Aloe vera leaf juice with and without maltodextrin showing
polysaccharide values. This colorimetric assay can be color reaction after the addition of iodine.
used as an initial screening tool for identifying potentially
adulterated aloe vera juice ingredients. The following assay Reagents
was modified from a commonly known starch detection Iodine Solution: In 250-mL volume flask, dissolve 10 g
method. The assay should be performed with a control that potassium iodide (KI) in 25 mL water. Add 3.175 g iodine
is free of maltodextrin. (I2) and dilute to 250 mL.
Volume of 0.1 mg/ Volume of 25-µg/ Volume of 5-µg/ Volume of 1-µg/ Volume of 0.2%
Standard label Volume of
ml stock standard mL standard mL standard mL standard acetic acid in
(µg/mL) methanol (mL)
solution (mL) (mL) (mL) (mL) water (mL)
Std-25 1 – – – 2 1
Std-10 1 – – – 5 4
Std-5 – 1 – – 2 2
Std-1 – – 1 – 2 2
Std-0.2 – – – 1 2 2
30
20 aloin A
aloin B
20
10
0 10
-10 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 min 0 2 4 6 8 10
Calculations 30
peak area (y-axis). Calculate the slope (m), intercept (b) and 0
The concentration of aloin A or aloin B in the prepared Figure 3 Typical HPLC chromatogram of aloe vera leaf juice
sample is calculated by the following equation:
3a. Non-decolorized aloe vera leaf juice.
Equation 5 3b. Aloe vera leaf juice after decolorization.
Cv = (Ialoin A/B – b) / m
aloe vera leaf juice of 10 mg/mL (1% w/vol). Lower strengths
where: indicate that other agents (e.g., carriers) have been added
Cv = concentration of aloin A or B in the sample vial, µg/ during the drying process. The following formula can be
mL; used to determine the total aloin concentration in single-
Ialoin A/B = integrated area of the aloin A or B peak in the strength preparations:
sample; Equation 8
b = intercept of the calibration curve;
m = slope of the correlation curve. C1x = Cs * Ds * S
Nucleus 1
H LOD, mg/mL LOQ, mg/mL
Citric acid Naturally present or added as pH regulator and 2 x CH2, multiplet (N=4) 2.5-3.0
preservative
same position from sucrose. The formula for quantitation of IMDX = integration area of anomeric proton resonance of
maltodextrin is shown in the Equation 5. maltodextrin (5.4 ppm);
Equation 5
INic = sum of integration areas of the 4 aromatic CH peaks
CMDX = (WNic * IMDX * NNic * MWMDX monomer)
of the nicotinamide standard;
/ (INic * NMDX * MWNic * Wsample) * 100%
Wsample = weight of sample, mg.
Equation 9
where:
CGlu = 5.90 * (WNic * (Ia + Ib)) / (INic * Wsample) * 100%
CICL = concentration of isocitrate lactone in the sample,
% weight;
where: WNic = weight of added internal standard (nicotinamide),
CGlu = concentration of glucose in the sample, % weight;
mg;
Unexpected Components:
The 1H-NMR method can also identify and quantify the
presence of unexpected compounds which might prove
harmful if present at high concentration. One example of
this is the observation of methanol (CH3, singlet, at 3.3 ppm)
in some aloe vera leaf juice materials.
Limit Tests
Solids Content: Not less than 1.0% in single-strength (1×)
juice, determined by drying a 10-gram
sample of the liquid at 105 ºC for 24 hours
(Wang and Strong 1995).
where:
Cv = concentration of aloin A or B in the sample vial, µg/ accompanying the material, such as certificate of analysis
mL; (COA). Pure aloe vera inner leaf juice powder is usually
Ialoin A/B = integrated area of the aloin A or B peak in the
designated as having 200× strength, based on the standard
sample; value of the solids content in aloe vera inner leaf juice of
b = intercept of the calibration curve; 5 mg/mL (0.5% w/vol). Lower strengths indicate that other
m = slope of the correlation curve. agents (e.g., carriers) have been added during the drying
process. The following formula can be used to determine
Determine the concentration of total aloin (Ct, µg/mL) in the total aloin concentration in single-strength preparations:
the sample vial by adding individual aloin concentrations:
Equation 4
Equation 2
C1x = Cs * Ds * S
Ct = Cv of aloin A + Cv of aloin B
concentration must be calculated from an observation of the WNic = weight of added nicotinamide internal standard,
1
H-NMR spectrum after pH adjustment with a single drop mg;
of concentrated DCl (or any other deuterated mineral acid). IICA = integration area of CH proton resonance of
The addition of the mineral acid shifts the isocitrate CH isocitrate (doublet at 4.45 ppm (dissolved in D2O
signal into an area of the spectrum where it is free from and acidified with DCl), or 4.2 ppm (dissolved in
interference (~ 4.45 ppm) and can be properly integrated. D2O));
The pH of the final solution is not important if the analysis NNic = molar conversion factor for nicotinamide = 4;
is to be performed by an analyst. However, the pH must be MWICA = molar weight of isocitrate = 192.1 g/mol;
known and controlled if automated spectral deconvolution INic = sum of integration areas of the 4 aromatic CH
methods are to be used. Thus, the formula for quantitation peaks of the nicotinamide standard;
of isocitrate is the following: NICA = molar conversion factor for isocitrate = 1;
MWNic = molar weight of nicotinamide standard = 122.1 g/
Equation 1
mol;
CICA = (WNic * IICA * NNic * MWICA) / (INic * NICA * MWNic * Wsample) * 100%
Wsample = weight of sample, mg.
where: Or, after substitution with constant numerical values:
CICA = content of isocitrate in the sample, % weight;
Figure 3 Examples of a commercial 200x inner leaf juice powder acetylated polysaccharides have a broad “three-peak” multiplet
and a 100x inner leaf juice powder containing 50% maltodextrin appearance. The integral utilized in the calculations of acetylated
Discussion polysaccharide content encompasses all three of the broad
Maltodextrin can be readily observed by the presence of a resonances. The small peak observed in the 100x powder at 2.0
broad intense resonance at 5.4 ppm along with accompanying ppm is assigned to acetic acid. In thermally degraded samples,
broad resonances at 3.9, 3.8, and 3.6 ppm. If the resonance at deacetylation of the mannosyl residues leads to a change in
5.4 ppm is a well-resolved doublet then the analysis must be the observed distribution of the three peaks in the acetylated
performed assigning that type of resonance to sucrose. The polysaccharide CH3 resonances, which is accompanied by the
increase in the intensity of the acetic acid CH3 resonance.
Figure 4 1H-NMR spectrum of a commercial 200x aloe vera inner a single drop of 20% DCl in D2O, shifts the malic acid, citrate,
leaf juice powder showing the effect of acidification of the isocitrate, and isocitrate lactone signals (as well as formic acid,
sample on the 1H-NMR spectrum acetic acid, succinic acid, and the nicotinamide standard signals),
Discussion increasing the resolution of the malic acid/citrate/isocitrate CH2
In cases when the material or product is labeled as inner leaf juice, region (2.4-3.0 ppm). Acidification can also cause the malic acid CH
the contents of isocitrate must be quantified. In many samples resonance to overlap with the b-glucose resonance. The isocitrate
the isocitrate CH resonance utilized in the analysis to quantify the CH resonance, which is of main interest in this part of the analysis,
concentration is severely overlapped by sugar and other small is typically found as a discrete doublet not overlapped with any
molecules signals (especially the lactic acid CH resonance). other signals, as indicated at 4.5 ppm. All other components are
Acidification of the sample with mineral acid (DCl), by adding calculated from the spectrum before acidification.
51
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Source: Medicinal Plants (Bentley & Trimen 1880).
Note: Aloe vulgaris Lam. is a former synonym of Aloe vera.