Presented

By
Boyd B., Marcella G., Truc-Linh H., Erica H
 THE CAMEROONIANS
CULTURE
IS PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER
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 Traditions and Rituals…….(By Boyd

Brathwaite)
 Gender Roles……………. (By Erica Howell)
 Formal Clothing…………. (By Truc-Linh P.
Ho)
 Informal Clothing ………...(By Marcella Green)

-The goal of this presentation is how to

communicate with the Cameroonians by
understanding their culture through traditions and
rituals, clothing and what role men and women
plays in Cameroon.
 Rituals (Formal and informal)

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Kummer 56

By
Boyd Brathwaite
 on
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Cameroon is situated by the Gulf of Guinea
on the west coast of Africa. Its area is
179,527 square miles (465,000 square
kilometers). Nigeria lies to the west, Chad
and the Central African Republic to the
east, and the People's Republic of Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon to the
south. The climate is hot and humid in the
forested south and west, cooler in the
highland Grassfields region of the West
and Northwest provinces, and hotter and
drier in the savanna and sahel of the north.
The capital, Yaoundé, is in the Center
province,

Kummer 62
 The beginning of traditions and rituals:
(Informal)
but Cameroon has distinct
regional cultural, religious, and
political traditions as well as
ethnic variety. The division of the
country into British- and French-
ruled League of Nations
mandates after World War I
created Anglophone and
Francophone regions. The
English-speaking region is
divided into two cultural regions.
The Grass fields peoples of the
Northwest Province consist of
Kummer 66
nearly one hundred chiefdoms
each ruled by a divine king (fon)
.

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.htm
 Kummer 125

Now the peoples

of the Southwest
province had less
hierarchical
systems of
governance and
social
organization. who
live along the
slopes of Mount
Cameroon. The
Bakweri practice
rites of healing and
initiation in
associations of
spirit mediums that
distinguish
between male and
female roles and
between village Kummer 98

and bush.
http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.htm
 http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon
Kummer 94
In the French-speaking area, the largely the northern region has
Muslim north is culturally distinct from the been culturally dominated
largely Christian and animist south. The by the Fulani. Urban
northern area includes three provinces: Fulani are renowned as
Adamoua, North, and Extreme North. clerics in the Sunni
Since the jihad led by an Islamic cleric in branch of Islam,
1804,

Kummer 99

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.htm
and most of the southern peoples are
Christian or engage in traditional, animist
religious practices; but ritual communication
extends beyond collective religious
expression. It is an intrinsic part of everyday
interactions, ceremonies, theatrical
performances, shamanic chants, political
demonstrations which involves music and
dance. Almost all occasions and events are
http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon
accompanied by music. Generally
transmitted orally, the general For forest hunter groups like
accompaniments are claps or stomping Baka, Medzan and Kola, death is the
feet. In traditional performances, there is a most important ceremony and they
chorus baking up a soloist, accompanied by believe that forest spirits participate
traditional instruments like in death ceremonies by dancing
bells, drums, talking under a ruffia mask.
drums, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, whistl
es, xylophones and stringed instruments all
of which varies from one group to another.
In certain cases performers sing by
themselves only with a harp-like instrument.
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=camero
on
http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.htm
 Masked dancers, some on stilts, whirl
about at village festivals. Wooden flutes
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and xylophones made from gourds fill the

air with music. As a story recites ancient
tale, small audience gathers around. A man sharing a story with his son
People from all of Cameroon’s ethnic Kummer 110

groups take part in these activities.

Pygmies still hunt and grow crops in the
southern rain forest. Fulani herd cattle
in the north, and many Cameroonians
work in oil and shipping industries.
These are just a few examples of the
variety of life in Cameroon. Cameroon is
“Africa in Miniature” (qtd. in Kummer 9). http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon

http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon
* As a sign of respect men often lower their head and avert their eyes when
greeting someone superior to them in age or position.
* Some Muslims will not shake hands across genders.
* Since this is a hierarchical society, elders are greeted first.
* Women tend not to look the other person in the eye even if it is another
woman.
* Greetings should never be rushed. It is important to take time to inquire about
the person’s family and other matters of general interest during the greeting
process.
Gift Giving Etiquette

* If you are invited to a Cameroonian’s home, bring fruit, whiskey, or wine to the
host.
* Do not bring alcohol if the host is Muslim.
* A small gift for the children is always a nice touch. School materials or sweets
are standard.
* Gifts are not always opened when received.
* Gifts are given with two hands or the right hand only; never the left hand.

Kummer 106
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 Kummer 118

Initiation dance ceremony

Kummer 87 Eating with right hand
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=came Kummer 84 Kummer 119
roon
In traditional homes, men eat first, then the women, and finally the children. In each
of these groups, the oldest are serve first. Hand washing is an important ritual
before the meal because food is eat with their fingers. Most food is served from a
common bowl.
This is a practice that is found in many cultures around the world (Kummer 119).
Meeting and Greeting

* Cameroonian greetings vary between the Francophone and Anglophone areas.

* In both areas, men shake hands with each other.
* In the Francophone south, close friends may embrace while brushing cheeks and
kissing the air along with a handshake.
* In the Anglophone north, close friends have a unique handshake in which, as
they pull their hands back they snap the other person’s middle finger with their
 Cameroon’s wide variety of ethnic groups,
languages, religions, climates, and
vegetation zones has resulted in many
ways of life. Cameroonians eat a great
number of different foods, live in many
types of homes, and wear distinctive,
colorful clothing. Although they celebrate
numerous traditional festivals, their
national independence has added http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon

important new holidays (Kummer 119).

Traditions and Rituals: (Formal)
Ethnic groups and villages throughout Cameroon have special celebrations.
Each November, a famous horse racing festival takes place in Kumbo, a
grasslands town of the Banso people. Canoe racing takes place in Limbe’s
costal waters between December and March. During the racing
season, people from nearby villages perform traditional music and dances
onshore. Wrestling tournament are part of the traditional Bakweri culture.
They take place in Fako in the dry season in village, division, and subdivision
levels. Two national holidays are celebrated with parades, speeches, and
other festivities throughout Cameroon (Kummer 126-127).
On February 11, the nation celebrates Youth Day. Cameroonian youth in their
schools uniforms parade down the nation’s cities streets. One year the parade
in Yaounde lasted five hours.
On May 20, the nation now celebrates National Day. The paredes and
speeches are held to promote the feeling of national unity (kummer 126-127).

Kummer 58
Kummer 58

Another formal event in Cameroon is the

presidential election. The president is the
head of the executive branch, as well as
the head of state. The president must be
born in Cameroon and be at least thirty
five years old. The president is directly
Kummer 60
elected by all voters in the entire nation
(Kummer 59).
According to the new constitution, the term of office is seven years, and the
president can be reelected only once. The president holds most of the political
and governmental power in Cameroon. He appoints the prime minister and has
approval of all the ministers in the Council of Ministers. There are almost thirty
ministries that take care of everything in the country from agriculture to youth
and sports. The president decides what the ministers do and how long they
may do it (Kummer 59-60).
Culture is a learned system of knowledge,
behavior, attitudes, belief, values, and norms
that is shared by group of people from one
generation to the next. Identifying what a
given group of people values or appreciates
can give us insight into the behavior of an
Kummer 106 individual raised within that culture. Although
there are considerable differences among the
world’s cultural values. Some researchers
believe that the values of individualism and
collectivism are the most important values of
any culture—they determine the essential
nature of every other facet of how people
behave (Beebe 150-154). It is this that we
see in Cameroon.
 GENDER ROLES
 Overview
- Cameroon is a very diverse place. Lonely Planet’s Book Africa: 30th
Anniversary Edition (2007) notes that Cameroon is “one of the most
culturally diverse countries on the continent, its people include ancient
tribal kingdoms, Muslim pastoralists and forest-dwelling pygmies” (p.
276)

- That being said the gender roles described are a general impression of
the culture. Some parts of Cameroon may have more or less gender
inequalities. Communication will vary depending on the ethnic group.
 MEN & WOMEN
Men Women
 Responsible for money/assets  Responsible for home/children
- land ownership (agricultural) -cooking
- main job holder -cleaning
-care-giving/child raising
 Owner of all assets
 May have part-time job along with
household duties
 More dominant than women
 Likely doesn’t own assets
 Controlling
 Less dominant than men
 Strong ideas on women’s role in society
 Controlled
 INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
 What is intercultural communication competence?
- According to the book The Blue Book of Communication Studies it is “the
ability to adapt one’s behavior toward another person in ways that are
appropriate to the other person’s culture” ( Beebe, et al., 2011).
 How can we adapt to Cameroon’s culture in relation to gender roles?
- An American may have trouble understanding the gender inequality and roles
of men and women in Cameroon.
- When immersed in Cameroonian culture an individual may have to change
the way they communicate and realize that women won’t be as highly
regarded as men. For example, according to the site Canadian site Centre for
Intercultural Learning (2009), in a work environment “men in managerial
positions are likely be respected more than women”( Gender section, para.
2).
 INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE-
CONTINUED

- If an American woman moved to Cameroon she may have a hard time

adapting to their gender roles and integrating herself into their society. To
successfully adapt she must realize that most men in Cameroon perceive
women in a certain way and be considerate of this when communicating.
- Knowing the gender roles of men and women also allows an outsider to
know who it’s best to communicate with on certain subjects. For
example, women are the main caregivers in Cameroon society, and so
questions on care-giving would be best answered by a Cameroon women. In
some parts of Cameroon a “woman is totally submissive to the man’s
authority”( Local Perspective section, 2009, para. 1), which means the
husband is more highly regarded in conversation than the wife; what he says
goes.
- People must use intercultural communication competence to better
understand, communicate, and interact with different cultures, such as
Cameroon.
SOMETIMES YOUR CLOTHING SAYS
MORE THAN YOU DO

Formal Clothing
In Cameroon
Have you ever judged a person on how they dress?

Let’s imagine when you enter a room for the first time, it takes a few seconds for people you have

never met to form perceptions about you and your abilities ratify your clothing.

* In Business:

Your formal clothing speaks volume about who you are as person and as a business communicator.

It is the same in Cameroon; however, according to Peace Corps webside, there are difference between a

business man and woman.

Women : Long, nice skirt/shirt combo or dress (not pants).

At least two nice skirts with shirts (button down or other office-wear type shirt).

Appropriate outfits can later be made easily in-country, and many Volunteers choose to wear locally-made

clothing which Cameroonians appreciate.

Man: Nice pants and button down shirt. Have at least two outfits of business casual quality.

Inexpensive second-hand suits can also be found in the market.

* In General :

Cameroon’s varied climate and differing religious and social customs have created a diversity in traditional

clothing.

Types of formal clothes in Cameroon:

Pagnes: A long swath of fabric, the pagne is a wrapper-style garment worn by women in Cameroon. The

type of cloth used varies from simple cotton batik prints to heavily embroidered satin fabrics for formal

occasions. Pagnes are beautiful and functional, and may be used in several ways: as a protective head

covering, a skirt, a sling-style baby carrier, or to provide warmth and dryness during the rainy season.

Quartre Pouches: This two-piece men's outfit is found in southern and tribal Cameroon. It consists of a pair

of loose-fitting pants and a shirt, often with square pockets on the front. The pieces are made of cotton in

matching designs, resembling the geometric mud cloth patterns created in Mali, West Africa. The outfit

sometimes is worn with a round, close-fitting hat made from matching fabric.
Boubou: Popular in northern Cameroon and common in other areas during special occasions such

as : wedding, the name of a child, a coming of age ceremony, or visit a important person, the "un

boubou avec pantaloon" is a traditional four-piece outfit for men. The ensemble consists of an

undershirt, flowing outer shirt that falls to the hips or longer, loose-fitting pants and a matching hat.

Each piece is made of cotton. The outer shirt is made with multicolored patterns and usually is

embroidered at the neckline, hem or sleeves. The hat matches the pattern of the outer shirt, and the

pants are either solid colored or a complementary print.

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n
 Do you know that our dress is one type of nonverbal communication signal? Actually, It

can make a communication with out any conversation. Clothing express people’s

personality, taste, standard of choice, and few more basic norms. Individually, a well formal dressed

person expresses his/her confidence, credibility, and competency. Cameroonians usually choose

clothes that fit with the situations that they attend to give a right message to other people.
 WHAT TO WEAR OR WHAT
NOT TO WEAR. THAT IS THE
QUESTION?
When traveling to another county, we
need to think about that country’s
climate, culture, cloth washing, &
recreation activates.

It’s hard to figure out what to pack &

how much of it to pack.

Research on the country & or talking to

others that have visited Cameroon will
help with these questions.
 Brief History of Cameroon

Cameroon’s people were divided by the

rulings of the British & the French. The
country was divided by North &
South, Muslim & Christianity, English
language & French language.

Cameroon’s clothing reflex's their religion

& the nation in which once ruled them as
well as the climate of the northern region
& southern region that they live in.

The northern region was ruled by the

French & predominantly Muslim with a
climate being dry & humid.

The southern region was ruled by the

British is predominantly Christian with a
climate of lots of rain & humid.

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oon
 Causal Dress by Cameroon’s

In the northern region where Muslim is the

culture & religion, the rule of thumb for
casual dress for women is that as long as
their clothing covers their body except their
hands & face, is not tight fitting or of sheer
material, bold in color & should not
resemble the man’s clothing. This is so
that women don’t attract men purely for
the sexual nature, but for the beauty with
in. For men a similar attire applies. Men
should always be covered in loose,
unrevealing clothes. No shorts of any kind
that is above the knee.

Think simple, modest, & dignity for dress.

 CASUAL DRESS BY
CAMEROON’S

In the southern part of Cameroon

because the people are
predominantly Christians and
were ruled by the British, their
casual clothing is based on the
English type of dress. Because
of their climate which is lots of
rain & very humid they tend to
wear earth tone, light weight
clothing. Adults are expected to
wear professional clothing for
work, & not too revealing clothing
after work.
PACKING FOR CAMEROON
When packing for your trip to Cameroon, you want to consider the culture & the
climate.
You may want to consider having your shirts or dresses custom made for only
$10.00 there. This will cut down on how many piece of clothing you will bring.

For the most part Cameroon temperature is hot & dry, unless you plan on traveling
up into the higher elevations of the region a light jacket will be fine.

It would be wise to bring clothing that is of earth tone clothes, such as: browns,
beige, whites, greens, yellows etc. This is because of how dry it is, dust & sediments
will get your clothes dirty very quickly & the water that you wash your clothes in
may discolor bright & delicate materials.

Shorts & tang tops are only acceptable for sports & vacation time.
Now after you are pack for Cameroon, and understand that Cameroon has
distinct regional cultural, religious, and political traditions as well as ethnic
variety., you can feel comfortable going into the English speaking regions of
the southwest and northwest province or into the remaining French
speaking regions.

We should pay attention to what a nation or a culture value in order to

respond in communication so that you can form relationships without
embarrassing encounters when we interact with other cultures. We know
the Cameroonians favor rituals, clothing and how each gender plays a part
in the nation.

This presentation was presented by: Boyd Brathwaite on

traditions and rituals, by Erica Howell on gender roles, by
Truc-Linh P. Ho on formal clothing, and by Marcella Green on
informal clothing.

The goal of this presentation was to reveal the boundaries that would
hinder others in communicating with the Cameroonians, and made it easy
for one to have effective communication in Cameroon.
Thank You for
viewing.

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cameroon
 QUESTIONS

1.If you were to travel to Cameroon, what type of clothing would you wear
and why? Have you ever judge a person on how they dress?

2.What two national holidays with dates that are celebrate in Cameroon
which deal with the people, and give the reason behind these holidays?

3.What is common among a father and son during bonding time in

Cameroon, and who is more highly reguarded communication-wise, men
or women?

4.What do the Cameroonians uesd for entertainment instead of popular

music on CDs and abstract art?
 References
Adly. Imam., (2010). Masjid al-Muslimiin Retrieved from

http://www.almasjid.com/content/islamic_dress_code

Amela. P., Eldman. F., & Avelsberg. S., (2011). Countries & Their Cultures Cameroon. Retrieved from

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.html

Beebe, S., Beebe, S.J, Ivy, D., Lane, S., Redmond, M. (2011). The Blue Book of Communication Studies.

Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

"Cameroon - Bing Images." Bing. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.

<http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cameroon>.

"Cameroon." Bing. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://www.bing.com/search?q=cameroon>.

Cameroon Clothing Traditional Attire and Dress Fashion of Cameroon.web.

http://www.cameroontoday.com/cameroonclothing.html#ixzz1df N6b9Wu

Cameroon-Today. (2010). Welcome to Cameroon Africa. Cameroon Africa

http://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html

“Cameroon.” Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-

churches/regions/africa/cameroon.html>.
 References
Centre for Intercultural Learning. (2009). Cultural Information. Religion, Class, Ethnicity, & Gender.

Retrieved from http://www.intercultures.

Countries and Their Cultures. “Cameroon.” Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.everyculture.com>.

ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=cm#cn-7

Fitzpatrick. L., (2009). What Type of Clothing Do You Wear to Cameroon? Retrieved from

http://www.ehow.com/way_5591277_type-clothing-do-wear-cameroon_.html

Invitees: What to wear. Peace Corps. Web. http://cameroon.peacecorps.gov/invitees-dress.php

Jacqui & Lars. (web design). (2001). Nake Campsite 1895. [photo] Retrieved from

http://www.soulfulpresence.org/programs-initiatives.php

Kummer Patricia K. (2004). Cameroon Enchantment of the World. Boston, MA: Herman Adler Design.

McManus, M (site designer). (2005). Meeting with Belo Staff Members in 2005. [photo]. Retrieved from

http://cvai.org/about/
 References

Peace Corps. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from Peace Corps Wiki

http://www.peacecorpswiki.com/Packing_list_for_Cameroon

Pitcher, G., Andrew, D., Armstrong, K., Bainbridge, J., Bewer, T. Carillet, J.,…Wruble, V. (2007). Africa :

30th Anniversary Edition. Hong Kong, China: Lonely Planet . Publications Pty Ltd.

Soulful Presence. (non-profit org.). (2011). [photo]. Retrieved from

http://www.soulfulpresence.org/programs-initiatives.php