Unit I Mcia 2018

21/02/2018
MACHINE and ENGINE

MACHINE :
Reciprocating Engine Design, Is a set of mechanism that joints and work together
Construction and Materials which convert input energy into useful output energy.
ADOLFO CRUZ OSORIO ENGINE :

MASTER IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Is a machine which convert heat energy from combustion
& AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING. process of fuel and air mixture into useful output energy.
Note :
The output energy normally is mechanical energy of the
rotor shaft.
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION
The aircraft powerplant ENGINE
• The airplane engine and • Is an engine

propeller, often referred to
as the aircraft powerplant, which
work in combination combustion
engine and propeller to process and
produce thrust.
power developed
• The powerplant propels
the airplane and drives inside in the
the various systems that engine
support the operation of
an airplane.
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EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
Reciprocating engines
• Most small airplanes are designed with
reciprocating engines. The name is derived from
• Is an engine the back-and-forth, or reciprocating, movement of
the pistons. It is this motion that produces the
which mechanical energy needed to accomplish work.
combustion Two common means of classifying reciprocating
engines are:
process and
power developed • By cylinder arrangement with respect to the
in different crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type or opposed.
engine
• By the method of cooling—liquid or air-cooled.
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Cylinder arrangements Cylinder arrangements

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Cylinder arrangements
Cylinder arrangements

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Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines
• RADIAL ENGINE
• Radial engines were widely
used during World War II,
and many are still in service
today. With these engines,
a row or rows of cylinders
are arranged in a circular
pattern around the
crankcase. The main
advantage of a radial
engine is the favorable
power-to-weight ratio
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TURBOCOMPOUND
RADIAL ENGINE

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TURBOCOMPOUND
RADIAL ENGINE
• IN-LINE ENGINE
• In-line engines have a
comparatively small frontal
area, but their power-to-
weight ratios are relatively
low. In addition, the
rearmost cylinders of an air-
cooled, in-line engine
receive very little cooling
air, so these engines are
normally limited to four or
six cylinders.
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• OPPOSED HORIZONTAL
• Vee-TYPE ENGINE
ENGINE
• Vee-type engines
• Opposed-type engines are the
provide more
most popular reciprocating
horsepower than in-
engines used on small airplanes.
line engines and still
Opposed-type engines have high
retain a small frontal
power-to-weight ratios because
area.
they have a comparatively small,
• Further improvements lightweight crankcase. In
in engine design led to addition, the compact cylinder
the development of the arrangement reduces the
horizontally-opposed engine’s frontal area and allows
engine. a streamlined installation that
2018 minimizes aerodynamic drag.
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• The main parts of a reciprocating

engine are: • Reciprocating
– Cylinders engine use four
– Crankcase
– Housing
stroke cycle :
– Intake
The intake/exhaust valves spark – Compression
plugs, and pistons are located in
the cylinders. The crankshaft and – Power
connecting rods are located in the – Exhaust
crankcase. The magnetos are
normally located on the engine
accessory housing.
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Reciprocating
INTRODUCTION
Wright Engine

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Reciprocating Engine
0-360-A1
Design and Construction

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TIGO-541 SERIES

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UL260i ULPOWER UL260i ULPOWER

Aero Engine Aero Engine

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UL260i ULPOWER UL260i ULPOWER

Aero Engine Aero Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Design and Construction Design and Construction

2018 2018
Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine Design

Design and Construction and Construction
• Basic Parts • Crankcase
• Crankcase • Foundation of the engine, containing the

• Cylinders bearings in which the crankshaft revolves.
• Pistons
• Connecting rods
• Valves
• Valve-operating
mechanism
• Crankshaft
• Head
• Spark plugs
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Reciprocating Engine Design Reciprocating Engine Design

and Construction and Construction

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• Crankcase • Radial Engine Crankcase
• Tight enclosure for lubricating oil.
• Support for attachment of the cylinders and the

powerplant to the aircraft.
• Must be rigid, strong and light.
• Cast of forged aluminum alloy.
Bearings

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• Opposed Engine Crankcase
Bearings

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• Opposed
crankcase
• Sections are not
as distinct as in
the radial and
the crankcase
splits from front
to rear instead of
in radial sections

• Crankshafts • Crankshaft
• Transforms the reciprocating motion of the
piston and connecting rod into rotary motion • Backbone of engine.
for the propeller.
• Forged from very strong alloy (Chromium-
nickel-molybdenum steel).
• Single or multi-piece.

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• Crankshaft
• Four-throw used on four-cylinder engines.
• Six-throw used on six-cylinder engines.
• Three Main Parts
– Journal
– Crankpin
– Crankcheek

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• Crankshaft Balance
• Dynamic dampers are used to reduce vibration
during engine operation.
• Pendulum which
is fastened to the
crankshaft.

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• Connecting Rods
• Link which transmits forces between the piston
and the crankshaft.
Master and Articulated Fork and Blade
Plain
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• Master and Articulated Rod Assembly • Fork And Blade Assembly
• Commonly used in radial engines.
• One piston in each row is connected to the • Used primarily in V-type engines.
master rod. Others are connected to the
master rod by articulated rods.

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• Plain Type Connecting Rod • Pistons
• Acts as a
• Used in in-line and moving
opposed engines. wall
within
the
combusti
on
chamber.

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• Piston Construction
• As the piston moves down it draws in fuel/air • Machined from aluminum
mixture. alloy forgings.
• As it moves up it compresses the charge. • Grooves machined for
• Ignition occurs, and expanding gases force the piston rings.
piston down.
• Cooling fins inside for
• This force is transmitted to crankshaft through greater heat transfer.
connecting rod.
• Piston pin (wrist pin)
• On the return upward stroke, the piston forces the joins the piston to the
exhaust gas out.
connecting rod.
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• Piston Rings
• Compression Rings
Slipper • Oil Control Rings
• Oil Scraper Rings
• Piston Types Trunk
• Trunk Type
• Slipper Type Rings
– Not used Pin boss
in aircraft

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• Compression Rings • Oil Control Rings
• Prevent the escape of gas past the piston • Placed in grooves immediately below the
during engine operation. compression rings.
• Number used depends on engine design. • One or more rings per piston.
• Cross section of the ring is either rectangular • Regulate the thickness of the oil film on the
or wedge shaped cylinder wall.

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• Oil Scraper Ring
• Installed in the groove
at the bottom of the
piston skirt.
• Installed with the
scraping edge away
from the piston head
or in the reverse
position.
• Returns surplus oil to
the crankcase.

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• Cylinders
• The portion of the engine
in which the power is
developed.
• Provides a combustion
chamber where the
burning and expansion of
gases take place.
• Houses the piston and
the connecting rod.

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• Cylinders • Cylinder Heads
• Either produced
singly or cast in a • Provides a place for combustion of the fuel/air
block. mixture.
• Air-cooled engine • Gives the cylinder more heat conductivity for
uses the overhead cooling.
valve type. • Contains the intake valve, exhaust valve and
• Two major parts: sparkplugs.
Head, Barrel. • Contains fins for cooling.

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• Cylinder Barrels
• Made of a steel alloy forging with the inner

surface hardened to resist wear. (Nitrided)
• Worn Cylinder walls can be ground out and re-

nitrided or chrome plated.
• Chrome plated cylinders can be recognized by

orange paint mark on cylinder.

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• Cylinder Numbering (Opposed Engine) • Cylinder Numbering (Opposed Engine)
• Propeller • Numbering is by no means standard.

(Front)
• Continental starts from rear.
• Accessory
(Rear) • Lycoming starts from front.
• Left, right
(Pilot’s view)
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• Cylinder Numbering (Radial Engine)

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• Cylinder Numbering (Radial Engine) • Firing Order
• Numbered clockwise as viewed from the • The Sequence in which the power event occurs
accessory end. in the different cylinders.
• Single-row, cylinder No. 1 is the top cylinder. • Designed to provide for balance and to
eliminate vibration.
• Double-row, all odd-numbered cylinders are in
the rear, and all even numbered cylinders are
in the front.

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• Firing Order Single-Row-Radial • Firing Order Double-Row-Radial
• First all odd numbered cylinders fire in • Arranged with the firing impulse occurring in a
numerical succession. cylinder in one row and then in a cylinder in the
other row.
• Then the even-numbered cylinders fire in
numerical succession. • Two cylinders in the same row never fire in
succession.
1-3-5-7-9-2-4-6-8

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• Firing Order Opposed Engine • Firing Order Opposed Engine
• Lycoming and Continental number their

cylinders differently which gives us two sets of
firing orders.
1-4-2-3
• But the firing impulses are the same.

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Valves • Valves
• Fuel/air mixture enters the cylinders through

the intake valve.
• Burned gases are expelled through the exhaust

valve.
• Mushroom or tulip type depending on shape.

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• Valve Construction
• Intake valves, because of lower operating

temperatures, can be made of chrome-nickel
steel.
• Exhaust valves are made of exotic metals such

as inconel, silicon-chromium or cobalt-
chromium alloys.
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• Valve Construction • Valve Construction
Tip • Valve head has ground face which forms a seal

against the ground valve seat in the cylinder
head.
Stem
• Valve face ground to an angle of either 30° or
Neck 45°.
Face • Valve face made more durable by the

application of stellite (an alloy of cobalt and
Head chromium).
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• Valve Construction • Valve Construction
• Valve stem acts as a pilot for the valve head • The neck is the part that forms the junction
and rides in the valve guide. between the head and the stem.
• Surface-hardened to resist wear. • The tip is hardened to with stand the

hammering of the valve rocker arm.
• Some stems are hollow and partially filled with
metallic sodium.
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• Valve Construction
• Machined groove near tip receives the split-
ring keys which form a lock ring to hold the
valve spring retaining washer.
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• Valve-Operating Mechanism
• Each valve must open at the proper time, stay

open for the required length of time, and close
at the proper time.
• Timing of the valves is controlled by the valve-

operating mechanism.
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• Valve-Operating Mechanism • Valve-Operating Mechanism (Opposed engine)
• Intake valves open just before the piston

reaches top dead center, and exhaust valves
remain open after top dead center.
• At this particular instant both valves are open

at the same time (end of the exhaust stroke and
beginning of the intake stroke).
• This valve overlap results in better volumetric

efficiency and lower operating temperatures.
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• Valve-Operating • Camshaft
Mechanism • Valve-operating mechanism is operated by a
(Radial engine) camshaft.
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• Camshaft
• The camshaft is
driven by a gear
that mates with
another gear
attached to the
crankshaft.
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• Tappet Assembly
• Converts rotational movement of the cam lobe

into reciprocating motion.
• Transmits this motion to the push rod, rocker

arm, and then to the valve tip.
• Opening the valve at the proper time.
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• Tappet Assembly • Hydraulic Valve Tappets
• Designed to automatically keep the valve

clearance at zero.
• Ball check valve traps oil in the pressure

chamber and.
• Acts as a cushion as the camshaft rotates.
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• Hydraulic Valve Tappets • Push Rod
• Transmits the force from the valve tappet to the

rocker arm.
PUSH ROD SOCKET
• Tubular form used because of its strength
• Permits lubricating oil to pass through the

hollow rod to the ball ends.
HIGH PRESSURE
OIL SOURCE
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• Rocker Arms • Valve Springs
• Transmits • Function is to
the lifting close the valve
force and to hold the
from the
cam to valve securely
the valve. on the valve
seat.
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• Valve Springs
• Two or more springs used to eliminate spring

vibration or surging during different engine
speeds.
• Held in place by split locks installed in the

recess of the valve spring upper retainer
washer.
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• Bearings • Bearings
• Any surface which supports, or is supported

by, another surface.
• Composed of material that is strong enough to

withstand the pressure imposed on it.
• Permit the other surface to move with a

minimum of friction and wear.
• Lubricated bearings.
2018 2018
Reciprocating Engine
Bearings
Design and Construction
• Bearings
• Three types of lubricated bearings used:
– Plain Bearings
– Ball Bearings
– Roller Bearings
• Bearings are required to take radial loads,

thrust loads, and a combination of the two.
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• Plain Bearings • Ball Bearings
• Used for crankshaft, cam ring, camshaft, • Used in supercharger impeller shaft bearings
connecting rods, and accessory drive shaft. and rocker arm bearings.
• Subjected to radial • Special deep groove ball bearings are used in

loads. some aircraft engines to transmit propeller
thrust to the engines nose section.
• Made of nonferrous
metals.
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• Roller Bearings
• Straight roller bearings
used where the bearing is
subjected to radial loads
only.
• Tapered roller bearings

used where bearing is
subjected to both radial
and thrust loads.
2018 2018

• Propeller Reduction Gearing
• Turns the propeller at a slower speed than the

engine.
• Increases propeller efficiency.
• Three types:
– Spur Planetary
– Bevel Planetary
– Spur and Pinion
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• Propeller Shafts
Spline
Taper Flange
Spur and Pinion
Spur Planetary
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FUTURE GENERAL
ASI SE HACE UN MOTOR
AVIATION PROPULSION
2018 2018
FUTURE GENERAL FUTURE GENERAL

AVIATION PROPULSION AVIATION PROPULSION
2018 2018

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FUTURE GENERAL
END
AVIATION PROPULSION
THANKS
FOR
YOURS
ATTENCION
2018 2018
27

Unit I Mcia 2018

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Unit I Mcia 2018

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21/02/2018

MACHINE and ENGINE

ADOLFO CRUZ OSORIO ENGINE :

miércoles, 21 de febrero de MIA&IA ACRUZO 2

• The airplane engine and • Is an engine

Cylinder arrangements Cylinder arrangements

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Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines

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Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines

Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines

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Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines

• The main parts of a reciprocating

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UL260i ULPOWER UL260i ULPOWER

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UL260i ULPOWER UL260i ULPOWER

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine Design

• Crankcase • Foundation of the engine, containing the

Reciprocating Engine Design Reciprocating Engine Design

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

• Tight enclosure for lubricating oil.

• Support for attachment of the cylinders and the

• Must be rigid, strong and light.

• Cast of forged aluminum alloy.

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

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Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

Reciprocating Engine Reciprocating Engine

– Not used Pin boss

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