Answers to Further Questions

CELLS (Chapters 4–7): Mark Scheme

4 Cell structure
Question No. Part Sub-part Marking Guidance Mark Comment
1 a i Magnification = how much larger the image appears than the object/size 2
of image ÷ size of object;
resolution = ability to distinguish between two points.
ii Electron beam has shorter wavelength (than light) 1
b i Any one from: 1
nucleus; mitochondrion; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi body; lysosomes.
ii Any one from: 1
capsule; flagellum; pili; cell wall.
c X is a Golgi body (no mark). 1
Any one from:
assembling glycoproteins; transporting or storing lipids; formation of
lysosomes; production of digestive enzymes; secretion of carbohydrate for
formation of plant cell walls and insect cuticles.
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2 a A = cell membrane; 4
B = centrioles;
C = Golgi body/apparatus;
D = ribosome (accept rough endoplasmic reticulum).
b Length of M in mm × 1000 to convert to μm; 2
divided by magnification (12 000).
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3 a A = cell wall; 2 All correct = two marks;
B = cell membrane; three correct = one mark.
C = ribosomes;
D = chloroplast.

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 b Light has a longer wavelength; 4 Allow if answered as why electron micrograph
light microscope has low resolution; can show this detail if the comparisons are
detail inside organelles would not be seen; given.
objects closer than 200 nm cannot be distinguished as separate.
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4 a i To break open the cells. 1
ii To slow down enzyme activity. 1 Reject stopping enzyme activity or denaturing
enzymes.
Accept hydrolytic enzymes.
iii Isotonic solution will have same water potential (as mitochondrion/ 2 Reject reference to water moving in or out of
organelles); cell.
so water will not move into or out of mitochondria.
iv To keep the pH constant; 2 Looking really for membrane proteins – not
to prevent denaturation of proteins. enzymes.
b Sediment 2 1
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5 Cell membranes and transport

Question No. Part Sub-part Marking Guidance Mark Comment
5 a i A = phosphate; 1 Reject phosphorus.
B = glycerol;
C = fatty acids.
ii Hydrophobic tails (C) arrange themselves on inside of double layer; 2 Accept labelled diagram as answer.
hydrophilic heads (A + B) arrange themselves on the outside of double layer.
b Any two from: 2 Note that question asks for function of the
movement of water-soluble ions and certain molecules across the membrane; proteins.
receptors for specific molecules outside the cell (e.g. hormones);
enzymes (e.g. ATPase);
cell recognition.
5

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 6 a Facilitated diffusion down concentration gradient and active transport up 2 Only accept point if like is compared with like.
(or against) concentration gradient; Do not allow vague references to requiring
facilitated diffusion does not require energy from ATP and active transport or not requiring energy, since diffusion does
does/facilitated diffusion is passive and active transport is active (or not require kinetic energy.
passive);
b i Facilitated diffusion; 2
the rate of uptake increases as the concentration of glucose increases, up
to 15–20 mmol dm−3.
ii The number of carriers/carrier proteins; 2 Looking here for the idea that glucose can only
all working at maximum/limiting rate of uptake. pass through the carrier proteins and so their
number limits how fast glucose can enter the cell.
c i To keep pH constant; 2 First mark for what a buffer is and the second
(change in pH) would affect shape of carrier proteins/denature carrier for what it does in this situation.
proteins/prevent glucose binding.
ii 7.4 1 Accept in range of 7.2–7.6.
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7 a i Distilled water has more ‘free’ water molecules/cytoplasm has more water 2
molecules associated with solute molecules;
‘free’ water molecules can move about more easily (so have higher water
potential).
ii Partially permeable. 1 Accept semi-permeable.
b Down concentration gradient; 2 max
passive/no energy from ATP required;
protein carriers not required.
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3
8 a 8 cm sodium chloride standard; 2 Allow for making up a larger volume where
12 cm3 distilled water. 20 cm3 are removed e.g. 40 and 60. The
proportion is important.
b i Water potential of the sodium chloride solution is higher/less negative than 3 Accept water potential of cell is lower/more
water potential of cell (cytoplasm); negative than sodium chloride solution.
water enters the red blood cell;
cell membrane bursts.
ii The water potential of the cells varies slightly. 1
c Plant cells have a cell wall (which prevent the cell membrane bursting). 1
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6 Cell division
Question No. Part Sub-part Marking Guidance Mark Comment
9 B 1
10 Statement Mitosis Meiosis 4 One mark for each correct row.
Empty cells should not gain any credit.
Crossing over occurs ✗ ✓
Reduction in chromosome number ✗ ✓
from diploid to haploid
Genetic uniformity of daughter cells ✓ ✗
Homologous chromosomes associate ✗ ✓
in pairs

11 a Cells are dividing/meristem tissue. 1

b i To make the chromosomes visible. 1 Do not accept to make DNA or cell visible. To
observe mitosis you need to see chromosomes.
ii To get a single layer of cells. 1 Idea that you can’t see stages if cells overlap.
c Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 2 Two marks for all correct.
Deduct one mark for each error.

B D C A

d (56 + 6) ÷ 209 × 24 = 7.12 hours; 2 Two marks for correct answer.

7.12 × 60 = 427 minutes Accept 427.2.
Reject 428.
One mark for adding prophase and metaphase
(56 + 6).
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12 a Diploid number is restored; 2
at fertilisation.
b i E = chromatid; 2
F = centromere.

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 ii Any correctly shaded pair. 1

E
F

iii 6 1
iv 8 1 23; as there are three homologous pairs there
are eight different ways in which the maternal
and paternal chromosomes can be arranged.
c i An alternative form of a gene. 1
ii Q Q q q 2

r R r R

iii Each chromosome shown as single strand; 3 Should have following arrangements on the
Q and q alleles in correct place; chromosomes: Q and r, Q and R, q and r, q
R and r alleles in correct place. and R.

Q Q q q

R R
r
r

13

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7 Reproduction
Question No. Part Sub-part Marking Guidance Mark Comment
13 a Anterior pituitary gland. 1
b X = oestrogen; 2
Y = progesterone.
c Day 16; 3
LH peaks on this day;
LH causes ovulation.
d FSH stimulates follicle to release oestrogen; 2
oestrogen inhibits production of FSH;
OR
LH triggers ovulation causing corpus luteum to release progesterone;
progesterone inhibits production of LH and FSH.
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