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Yao Zhu, Li-yun Zhou, Yu-ren Jiang, Xiong-jie Zhao, Dong Guo
PII: S0960-894X(17)30706-0
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.013
Reference: BMCL 25126
Please cite this article as: Zhu, Y., Zhou, L-y., Jiang, Y-r., Zhao, X-j., Guo, D., Design, synthesis and biological
evaluation of dual acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitors in treatment for Alzheimer’s disease,
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.013
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation Leave this area blank for abstract info.
of dual acetylcholinesterase and
phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitors in
treatment for Alzheimer’s disease
Yao Zhu §,a, Li-yun Zhou §,a, Yu-ren Jiang a,*Xiong-jie Zhao a, Dong Guo a
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
j o ur n al h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m
AR T IC LE IN F O A B S TR A C T
Article history: With the recent research advances in molecular biology and technology, multiple credible
Received hypotheses about the progress of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been proposed; multi-target
Revised drugs have emerged as an innovative therapeutic approach for AD. Current clinical therapy for
Accepted AD patients is mainly palliative treatment targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of
Available online phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) has recently been validated as a potentially novel therapeutic
approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this work, series of new compounds were designed,
synthesized and evaluated as dual cholinesterase and PDE5A inhibitor. Biological results
Keywords: revealed that some of these compounds display good biological activities against AChE with
Phosphodiesterase 5A IC50 values about 44.67-169.80 nM (donepezil IC50 50.12 nM). Notably, compound 12 presented
Acetylcholinesterase potent activities against PDE5A with IC50 values about 50 µM (sildenafil IC50 12.59 µM), and
Inhibitor some of these compounds showed low cell toxicity to A549 cells in vitro.
Biological 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative decreases levels of phosphorylated Tau (pTau). Specific PDE5A
disorder characterized by deterioration of memory, cognitive inhibitors (sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil) have been shown
functions in elder people. It is evaluated by World Alzheimer's to improve memory performance and/or enhance synaptic
Report that more than 35 million people suffered from AD in plasticity and cognitive function in different animal models of
2015, and this number will be double by 2030 and approximately AD.7−10
triple to 131 million by 2050. However, limited treatment effects
Considering the multifactor interacting property of AD
for AD therapy could be achieved accompanied by a lot of side
pathogenesis, the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) approach11
effects using single AChE inhibitors. More attention has been
has been increasingly applied in this field by many researchers.
paid to the development of effective new drug. Since the precise
In order to design effective dual inhibitors targeting to AChE and
pathogenesis responsible for triggering neurodegenerative
PDE5A for the treatment of AD, the MTDL approach was also
disorder is controversial from the start, more and more
applied in this work.
researchers have proposed a move from single receptor to a
strategy of developing multiple targets and multifunctional drug O
N
O
molecules.1-3
NH H3 CO
N
N H3 CO
+ O
PDEs, extensively distributed in the brain, hydrolyze the
O NH
N
Compound R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Y
4 -CH3 - - - - CO
5 -CH3 -H -H - - CO
10 - -H -H -NH-p-PhOCH3 - CO
11 - -H -H -NH-p-PhBr - CO
12 - -H -H -piperidine - CO
13 - -H -H -N-methyl piperazine - CO
15 - -H -H CO
16 -CH3 -H -H - - CO
17 - -H -H -NHCO(CH2)2 COOH - CO
18 -CH3 -H -H - -OCH3 CO
and separated from Chinese herb medicine, is chosen as a lead inhibitor binding pocket in 3D structure of AChE, we opened the
compound.12, 13 In our previous work, based on the research of ring in camel Artemisia alkaloid (Figure 1A), and designed the
key intermediate 2-substituted-6-amino-4 (3H) quinazolinone structural flexibility and enzyme inhibition activity, the ring
(Figure 1C) and quinazoline-2, 4(1H, 3H)-dione (Figure 1D). opening derivatives of indoline-2, 3-dione was also designed and
Donepezil (Figure 1B), a potent AChE inhibitor and commercial synthesized. (Figure 1G)
available drug in treatment with AD, has been widely used in
The synthetic route used to generate the target compounds is
both clinic and academic field. We also chose it as a lead
compound, and designed key intermediate isoindoline-1, 3-dione summarized in Scheme 1. The structures of the compounds were
(Figure 1E). Such derivatives with three parts of aromatics shown in Table 1. Majorities of compounds were characterized
moieties or others can interact with catalytic site, peripheral site by melting point (MP), High Performance Liquid
and central channel active site of acetylcholinesterase. Ultimately Chromatography (HPLC) and 1HNMR, and compound 17 was
on the basis of virtual screening, we synthesized also characterized by MS. The inhibitory activity against AChE
2-substituted-6-amino-4 (3H) quinazolinone (Figure 1C) and PDE5A of synthesized compounds were shown in Table 2.
derivatives, quinazoline-2, 4-(1H, 3H)-dione (Figure 1D) The pharmacokinetic parameters predicted of compound 4, 12
derivatives, and isoindoline-1, 3-dione (Figure 1E) derivatives, and 14 at https://preadmet.bmdrc.kr/toxicity/ were shown in
most of these compounds exerted excellent activities against Table 3.
AChE. On the basis of our previous studies, in this work we All the synthetic compounds were tested for the
designed and synthesized a series of compounds with structures acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities in vitro by employing
based on indoline-2, 3-dione derivatives (Figure 1F). It is well the method of Ellman method.14 Donepezil, a well-known AChE
reported that isatin and its derivatives can protect critical proteins inhibitor, acted as positive control (Table 2). Preliminary
in the cells and inhibit Aβ aggregation which may prevent the investigation demonstrated that some of derivatives have good
progression of AD. It has also found that quinazolinone inhibiting effect against AChE. Most of indoline derivatives and
derivatives have a certain inhibitory activity for PDE5A. In aldoketones derivatives were potent inhibitors for AChE with
conclusion, it is meaningful to design more effective anti-AD IC50 values ranging from nanomolar to micromolar. 4, 8, 10, 12,
candidates based on indoline-2, 3-dione derivatives in present 13 and 14 revealed the most potent inhibition for AChE (IC50 =
work. In order to investigate the relationships between the 144.50 nM, IC50 = 89.13 nM, IC50 = 169.80 nM, IC50 = 79.43 nM
Table 2. Molecular formula, molecular weight, purity and AChE and PDE5A inhibition activity for synthesized compounds ( - means no activity).
Compound molecular formula molecular weight Purity (HPLC) a AChE IC50 (nM)b PDE5A IC50 (µM)b
To further explore the interactions between the inhibitor and In this work, on the basis of our previous studies, we had
AChE or PDE5A, molecular docking study was employed for designed a series of isatin derivatives and the ring opening
compound 12 by software package MOE 2008.1015. Before derivatives, which related to AChE and PDE5A inhibition
starting the docking process, the 3D coordinates of hAChE and respectively. Several synthesized compounds (Table 2) exhibit
hPDE5A were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank good AChE and PDE5A inhibitory activity. In addition, the
((http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do). PDB code 4EY716 is cytotoxicity assay of compound 4, 12 and 14 showed low cell
for the crystallographic structure of hAChE complex with toxicity to A549 cells in vitro. Among all these synthesized
donepezil, and PDB code 1TBF17 stands for the crystallographic compounds, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14 exhibits potent AChE
inhibition and 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 17 exhibits potent PDE5A
structure of hPDE5A complex with sildenafil. Specifically the
inhibition. In conclusion, 4, 12 and 14 should be considered as
residues within a radius of 6.5 Å around the substrate or promising anti-AD candidates.
inhibitors in the crystal structures were selected as active site.
Acknowledgments
Supplementary data
a b
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found,
in the online version, at
Figure 3. The docking picture of compound 12 to AChE (a) and PDE5A (b)
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