MATHEMATICS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

TRIGONOMETRI RATIOS & IDENTITIES

B
Radian Measure : In navigation and astronomy, angles are θ
measured in degrees, but in calculus it is best to use unit
called radian because of the way they simplify the calcu- θ
lations. C A
1
The ‘radian measure θ ’ of angle ACB is defined to be
length of the circular arc AB of unit radius circle, Since
the circumference of the circle is 2π and one complete
revolution of a circle is 360°. The relation between radi-
ans and degrees is given by the following equation
π radian = 180 °
Illustration 1:
Convert 45° to radians.
Solution :
π π
45° = 45. = rad.
180 4
Illustration 2:
π
Convert rad to degree.
6
Solution :
π π 180
rad = . = 30°
6 6 π

Y Y

Positive
Measurement
O
X X
O
Negative
Measurement

Angle in standard position in the XY-Plane s

θ
Radian Measure and Arc length : There is a useful relation- A
C r
ship between the length of an arc AB on a circle of radius
r and the radian measure θ is the angle that the arc sub-
tends at the circle’s centre C.

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s
Here = θ, or s = r θ
r
Illustration 3: Consider a circle of radius 8 units. (a) find the central angle subtended by an arc
3π
of length 2 π on the circle. (b) find the length of an arc subtending a central angle of .
4
s 2π π  3π 
Solution: (a) θ = = = (b) s = r θ = 8   = 6π
r 8 4  4 
The six Basic trigonometric functions : We define the trigonometric functions in terms of the
co-ordinates of the point P(x, y), where the angle’s terminal ray intersects the circle.
Y

Hypotenuse P(x,y)
r y
θ Opposite
X
O x
Adjacent

y r
sin e : sin θ = cos ecant : cos ecθ =
r y
x r
cos ine : cosθ = sec ant : sec θ =
→ r x
y x
Tangent : tan θ =
cot angent : cot θ =
x y
Here, tanθ and secθ are not defined if x = 0, This means they are not defined if θ is
π 3π
± , ± ,....... and similarily cotθ and cos ecθ are not defined for values of θ for which y= 0,
2 2
i.e. θ = 0, ± π , ± 2π , . . . . ..
The co-ordinate of any point P(x,y) in the plane can be expressed in terms of the point’s
distance from the origin and the angle that ray OP makes with the positive x-axis

Y
P(x,y)=(rcosθ, rsinθ)

r θ
X x y
O sin ce = cosθ and = sin θ
r r
we have x = r cosθ , y = r sin θ

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2π
Find the sine and cosine of radians.
3
Y
Solution : Draw the angle in standard posi- ( Cos 2π3 , Sin 2π3 (

tion in the unit circle and write the length

of the sides of the reference triangle as.
P
1
Now the co-ordinates of the point P 2π
3 r
where the angle’s terminal ray cuts the 3
2
circle X
Q 1 O
2π 1 2
cos = x -coordinate of P = −
3 2
2π 3
sin = y-co-ordinate of P =
3 2

Graphs : When we plot the graph trigonometric functions in the coordinate plane, we usually
denote the independent veriable by x instead of θ , the variations in the values of the
trignometric ratios may be graphically represented in the following manner.
y
y=tanx
y y
y=sinx y=cosx

x x
–π – π π π 3π –π 0 π π 3 π 2π –π – π 0 π π
0 x –π –3 π 3π
2 2 2 2π 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain : (– , ( Domain : (– , ( Domain : All real numbers except odd

integer multiples of π
Range: [–1, 1] Range: [–1, 1] 2
Range: (– ,
(

y y
y
y=secx y=cosecx y=cotx

1 1–
1–
x x π x
–π – π 0 π π –π π π 3π –π –π 0– π 3π 2π
–3 π 2 2
3π
–π
0
– 2 2
2π
2 2 2
2 – 2 2

π + 3 π ,...
– 2 ,– 2
Domain : x = + Domain : x = 0, + – 2 π,...
– π, + Domain : x = 0, + – 2 π,...
– π, +

Range: (– , –1 ] U [1, ( Range: (– , –1 ] U [1, ( Range: (– , (

Signs of Trigonometric Ratios:

Tracing of the changes in the sign and magnitude of the trigonometrical ratios of an angle,
as the angle increases from 0° to 360°.

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B
P1
P2

M2 M1
A’ A
M3 M4
O

P3 P4
B’

Let the revolving line OP be of constant length a. When it coincides with OA, the length
OM1 is equal to a; and, when it coincides with OB, the point M1 coincides with O and OM1
vanishes.
while the revolving line is the second quadrant and is revolving from OB to OA’, the dis-
tance OM2 is negative and increases numerically from 0 to a [i.e., it decreases algebra-
ically from 0 to –a].
In the third quadrant, the distance OM3 increases algebraically from –a to 0; and, in the
fourth quadrant, the distance OM4 increases from 0 to a.
In the first quadrant, the length M1 P1 increases from 0 to a; in the second quadrant, M2P2
decreases from a to 0; in the third quadrant, M3P3 decreases algebraically from 0 to –a;
whilst in the fourth
Therefore it is clear that
B

In the second quadrant, the In the first quadrant, the

S i n e d e c r e a s e f r o m 1 to 0 S i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 to 1
cosine decrease from 0 to –1 cosine decrease from 1 to 0
tangent increase from – to 0 tangent increase from 0 to
cotangent decreases from 0 to – cotangent decreases from to 0
secant increases from – to –1 secant increases from 1 to
cosecant increases from 1 to cosecant decreases from to 1

A’ O A

In the third quadrant. the In the fourth quadrant, the

S i n e d e c r e a s e f r o m 0 to –1 S i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m –1 to 0
cosine increase from –1 to 0 c o s i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 to 1
tangent increase from 0 to tangent increase from – to 0
cotangent decreases from to 0 cotangent decreases from 0 to –
secant decreases from –1 to – secant decreases from to 1
cosecant increases from – to –1 cosecant decreases from –1 to –
B’

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MATHEMATICS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Periods of the Trigonometrical Functions : As an angle increases from 0 to 2π radians. i.e.,

whilst the revolving line makes a complete revolution, its sine first increases from 0 to 1,
then decreases from 1 to –1, and finally increases from –1 to 0, and thus the sine goes
through all its changes, returning to its original value.
Similarly, as the angle increases from 2π radians to 4π radians, the sine goes through
the same series of same changes.
Also, the sines of any two angles which differ by four right angles, i.e., 2π radians, are
same.
This is expressed by saying that the period of the sine function is 2π .
Similarly, the cosine, secant, and cosecant go through all their changes as the angle
increases by 2π .
The tangent, however, goes through all its changes as the angle increases as the angle
increases from 0 to π radians, i.e., whilst the revolving line turns through two right angles.
Similarly for the cotagent.
The period of the sine, cosine, secant and cosecant is therefore 2 π radians; the period of
the tangent and cotangent is π radians.
Since the values of the trignometrical functions repeat over and over again as the angle
increases, they are called periodic functions.

PERIOD : The positive value of “a” such that f(x + a) = f(x) then “a” is called period of f(x)

Illustration 5 : Find the minimum value of cos(cosx),

Solution:
cosx varies from –1 to 1 for all real x.
Thus cos(cosx) varies from cos1 to cos0.
⇒ minimum value of cos(cosx) is cos1

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE OF ANY MAGNITUDE

Complementary Angles:
Two angles are said to be complementary when their sum is equal to a right angle. Thus
any angle θ and the angle 90° – θ are complementary..
Supplementary angles:
Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum is equal to two right angles, i.e.,
the supplement of any angle θ is 180° – θ .
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound angles:
• sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
• sin(A–B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB
• cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB
• cos(A–B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
tanA + tanB 1 + tan A
• tan(A+B) = , tan ( 45°+A ) =
1–tanAtanB 1 − tan A
tanA – tanB 1 – tan A
• tan(A–B) = , tan ( 45°– A ) =
1+ tanAtanB 1 + tan A

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cotA cotB–1 cotA cotB+1

• cot(A+B) = , cot ( A– B) =
cotA + cotB cotB – cotA
• sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin 2 A –sin 2 B = cos 2 B– cos2 A
• cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos 2 A –sin 2 B = cos2 B– sin 2 A
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
• tan ( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE:
2tanA
• sin2A = 2sinAcosA=
1+tan 2 A
1– tan 2 A
• cos2A= cos 2 A – sin 2 A = 1 – 2sin 2 A = 2cos 2 A − 1 =
1+tan 2 A
1 + cos2A = 2cos 2 A,1–cos2A=2sin 2 A
2tanA
• tan2A=
1–tan 2 A
• sin3A = 3sinA– 4sin 3 A = 4sin ( 60° − A ) sin A sin(60° + A)
• cos3A = 4cos3 A– 3cosA = 4cos ( 60° − A ) cos A cos(60° + A)

3tanA–tan 3 A
• tan3A = = tan ( 60° – A ) tan A tan ( 60° + A )
1–3tan 2 A
0
1
Illustration 6 : Find the values of (i) sin 22 (ii) sin18°
2
0
1
Solution : (i) Let 22 = A ⇒ 2 A = 450
2
cos 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2 A

1 − cos 2 A 1
0
1 − 1/ 2
⇒ sin A = ⇒ sin 22 =
2 2 2

2 −1
0
2− 2
0
1 1
⇒ sin 22 = ⇒ sin 22 =
2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Let θ = 18° then 2 θ = 36° = 90° –54° = 90 –3 θ
⇒ 2 θ = 90° –3 θ ⇒ sin2 θ = sin (90° –3 θ )
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = cos 3 θ
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = 4cos3 θ – 3cos θ
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = cos θ (4cos2 θ –3) = cos θ (1–4sin2 θ )
Hence, 2sin θ = 1 –4sin2 θ (as cos θ ≠ 0)
⇒ 4sin2 θ + 2sin θ – 1 = 0
−2 ± 4 + 16 −1 ± 5
⇒ sin θ = =
2.4 4
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MATHEMATICS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

5 −1 5 −1
But as sin θ > 0 we have sin θ = i.e., sin18° = .
4 4
PRODUCT OF SINES/COSINES IN TERM OF SUMS
g 2sinAcosB = sin(A +B) + sin(A –B)
• 2cosAsinB = sin ( A +B ) – sin(A–B)
• 2cosAcosB = cos ( A +B ) + cos(A–B)
• 2sinAsinB = cos ( A –B ) – cos(A+B)
SUM OF SINES/ COSINES IN TERM OF PRODUCT
C+D C–D
• sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
2 2
C+D C–D
• sinC – sinD = 2cos sin
2 2
C+D C–D
• cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
2 2
C+D C–D
• cosC – cosD = –2sin sin
2 2
sin ( A+B ) sin ( A–B )
• tanA + tanB = , tan A – tan B =
cosAcosB cosAcosB
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF ƒ( θ ) = a cos θ + bsin θ , θ ∈ R
Let a = rsin α , b = rcos α so that r = a2+b2, r∈R
also, acos θ +bsin θ = r(cos θ sin α + sin θ cos α ) = rsin( θ + α )
Now the maximum and minimum values of sin ( θ + α ) are 1 & –1 respectively..
Hence – r ≤ rsin ( θ + α ) ≤ r

⇒ – a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cos θ + bsin θ ≤ a 2 +b 2
Hence the maximum value = a 2 +b 2 and minimum value is – a 2 + b 2

 π
Illustration 7: Find a and b such that for all x, a ≤ 3cosx + 5sin  x −  ≤ b
 6

 π π π
Solution: 3cosx +5 sin  x −  = 3 cosx + 5sinx cos – 5cosx sin
 6 6 6

 5 3 1 5 3
=  3–  cos x +5 sin x = cos x + sin x
 2 2 2 2

1 75
⇒ a=– + = − 19 and b = 19
4 4
Illustration 8:
In a ?ABC, ∠C = 90°, then find the maximum value of SinA sinB.

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1
Solution : sinA sinB = × 2 sinAsinB
2
1 1
=
2
[cos(A–B) − cos(A+B)] =
2
[cos(A–B) − cos90°)

1 1 1
= cos(A–B) ≤ ⇒ Maximum value of sinA sinB =
2 2 2

IDENTITIES
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles
involved. A given identity may be established by (i) reducing either side to the other one, or
(ii) reducing each side to the same expression, or (iii) any convenient modification of the
methods given in (i) & (ii).
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
When the angles A, B and C satisfy a given relation, many interesting identities can be
estabilished connecting the trigonometric functions of these angles. In providing these
identities, we require the properties of complementary and supplementary angles. For
example, if A + B + C = π , then
• sin(B+C) = sinA, cosB = –cos(C + A)
• cos(A+B) = –cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)
• tan(C+A) = –tanB, cotA = –cot(B + C)
A+B C C A+B
• cos = sin ,cos = sin
2 2 2 2
C+A B A B+C
• sin = cos ,sin = cos
2 2 2 2
B+C A B C+A
• tan = cot ,tan = cot
2 2 2 2
Some important identities:
If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = π ):
• tan A + tanB + tanC = tan A tanBtanC
• cotA cotB + cotB cotC +cot C cot A=1
A B B C B C
• tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
• cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
• sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
• cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1– 4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
• sinA + sinB +sinC = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
• cosA + cosB +cosC = 1+ 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

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Illustration 9 :
If A + B + C = 180°, prove tanA + tanB + tanC ≥ 3 3 , where A, B, C are acute angles.
Solution:
tanA + tanB
tan (A + B) = tan (180° –C) or, = tan C
1–tanA.tanB
or, tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC ..... (1)
tanA + tanB + tanC 3
≥ tanA.tanB.tanC [since A.M ≥ GM.]
3

( tanA + tanB + tanC) ≥ 27 ( tanA tanB tanC)

3
or,

( tanA + tanB + tanC)

2
or ≥ 27 using (1) or, tanA + tanB + tanC ≥ 3 3
TWO SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES

 2α + ( n − 1) β  nβ
sin   sin
 2  2
• sinα+ sin(α+ β) + sin ( α + 2β ) + ... + sin {α + ( n – 1) β} =
β
sin
2

 2α + ( n − 1) β  nβ
cos   sin
• cosα+ cos(α+ β) + cos ( α + 2β ) + ... + cos {α + ( n – 1) β} =  2  2
β
sin
2

2π 4π 6π 1
Illustration 10 : Prove that cos + cos + cos =−
7 7 7 2

π 2π π 4π π 6π
2 sin cos + 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2π 4π 6π 7 7 7 7 7 7
cos + cos + cos =
Solution : 7 7 7 π
2 sin
7

 3π π  5π 3π   5π  π
 sin 7 − sin 7  +  sin 7 − sin 7  +  sin π − sin 7  sin
      7 =−1
= π =– π 2
2 sin 2 sin
7 7
Illustration 11 : Simplify cosA cos2A cos22A ... cos2n–1A.
Solution : cosA cos2A cos2A ... cos2n–1A
1
= . ( sin2A.cos2A ) .cos2 A..cos2n-1A
2 sin A
1 1
= ( sin2A.cos2A ) ...cos2n-1A = 2 ( sin4A.cos4A ) ...cos2n-1A
2 sin A 2 sin A
sin2n A
= continuing like finally we get .
2n sinA
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KEY POINTS

π
1. Radian measure = × Degree measure
180

180
2. Degree measure = × Radian measure
π
3. If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends and angle of θ radians, then l = r θ .

4. cos(2nπ + x ) = cos x

5. sin(2n π + x ) = sin x

6. Period of Sinx, cosecx, cosx, secx is 2 π , period of tanx, cotx is π .

7. sin(–x) = –sinx

π
8. cos(–x) = cosx → If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is an odd multiple of , then
2

tan x + tan y
9. tan( x + y ) =
1 − tan x tan y

tan x − tan y
10. tan( x − y ) =
1 + tan x. tan y

11. sin ( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

12. cos ( x ± y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y

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