30 Technical considerations

110/20kV
25MVA
A (2.4*j6.2)Q s (1.15.J0.7JQ B load 10 MW
vA Ai IB 0.9 p .f (lagging)
hr
= 10.0*/.

Figure 3.1 Example network

where the load at B is fed from source A via a 110 kV line, a 110/20 kV
transformer and a 20 kV feeder. The load voltage is assumed to be 20 kV. It is
required that the source voltage at point A be determined.
In the following calculations, transformed impedances and voltages to the
20 kV side have been marked by the symbol '.

Z'u = - ^ 2 ( 2 - 4 + i 6 - 2 ) Q = (0-079+jO-2O5)Q

Z
AB = ZLI +ZTr-hZL2 = (1-23 +j2-51)Q = 2-80/63-89° Q
P = y/3VIcos<t)
I =P/{V3Vcos(l)} = 10 x 10 6 /{V3 >:< 20 x IQ 3 x 0 - 9 } A
= 320-8 A
/ = 320-8/-25-84°A
F^ = VB + &V ~ VB -¥ V3I(RfABcos(l) + X'ABsin(l))
= 20000 + A/3 x 320-8(1-25 x 0-9 + 2-51 x 0436) V
= 20000 4- 1220 = 21 220 V = 21-220kV
VA =(Vin/V2n)VfA = (110000/20000) x 21-220= 116-7kV

3.23 Per-unit values

In more complex networks, e.g. those including more than two voltage steps, the
above impedance-transforming method can prove tedious. The use of per-unit
values, e.g. ratios of actual values to certain base values, can be usefully
employed in overcoming problems of transforming impedances across different
voltage levels. The benefits of using per-unit values are:
• results for different systems are comparable, e.g. voltage drop v^ and power
losses pi
• transformer impedances are identical for both sides
• y/% factors are not needed in 3-phase calculations.