System Particulars :-

A)Line parameters

Rated line voltage - 66 kV

Protected Line length - 4 Km
Longest Line length - 26 Km
Max power flow in the line - 48 MVA

Z1=R1+JX1 =0.184+J 0.44

Z0=R0+JX0 =0.736+J 1.76

B)CT/PT details
1)CT primary rating - 500A
2)CT secondary rating - 1A
3)PT primary rating - 66000 V
4)PT secondary rating - 110 V

C)Source Impedance
1)Fault MVA at local end - 392 MVA
2)Fault MVA at remote end - 642 MVA

D)Fault resistance
1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults(Rfe) - 15 ohms
2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults(Rfp )- 10 ohms

Calculations :-

Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR

= (500/1) /(66000/110)
= 0.8333

Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the protected line

Zone-2 is set to protect (100% of the protected line+50% of next shortest Line)
Zone-3 is set to protect (100% of the protected line+110% of longest Line)
Zone-4 is set to protect (100% of the protected line + 50% of next Shortest line)(for SOTF Prtn.)
Zone-5 is set to protect 25% of the protected Line in the reverse direction

Note : CTR/PTR ratio not applicable to REL670

Zone-1 setting
Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE
Positive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE
= 4 x 0.184 x 80%
= 0.59 ohms/phase
= 4 x 0.44 x 80%
= 1.4 ohms/phase
= 4 x 0.736 x 80%
= 2.35 ohms/phase
= 4 x 1.76 x 80%
= 5.632ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,

RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }

= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP }
= 2 x Min { Max (10, 1.4 x 0.4663 + 0.59) , 3 x 1.4}
= 2 x Min {10, 4.2}
= 8.4ohms / loop

Resistive reach for phase-earth,

RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE }
= Min { Max (15 , 1.4 x 0.4663 +0.59) , 4.5 x 1.4 }
= Min { 15 , 6.3 }
= 6.3 ohms / loop

Zone-2 setting
Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE
Positive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE
= 0.736 + (0.184*4*50%)
= 1.104 ohms/phase = 1.2(approx)
= 1.76+ (0.44*4*50%)
= 2.64 ohms/phase
= 2.94 + (0.736*4*50%)
= 4.416 ohms/phase
= 7.04 + (1.76*4*50%)
= 10.56 ohms/phase

Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,

RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }

= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP }
= 2 x Min { Max (10 , 2.64 x 0.4663 + 1.104) , 3 x 2.64}
= 2 x Min { 10 , 7.92}
= 15.84 ohms / loop

Resistive reach for phase-earth,

RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE }
= Min { Max (15 , 2.64x 0.4663 + 1.104) , 4.5 x 2.64}
= Min { 15, 11.88 }
= 11.88 ohms/ loop

Zone-3 setting
Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE
Positive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE
= 0.736 + (0.184*26*110%)
= 5.90ohms/phase
= 1.76 + (0.44*26*110%)
= 14.34 ohms/phase
= 2.94 + (0.736*26*110%)
= 23.99 ohms/phase
= 7.04 + (1.76*26*110%)
= 57.37 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,

RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }

= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP }
= 2 x Min { Max (10 , 14.34 x 0.4663 + 5.9) , 3 x 14.34}
= 2 x Min {12.5, 43.02 }
=25 ohms / loop

Resistive reach for phase-earth,

RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE }
= Min { Max (15 , 14.34 x 0.4663 + 5.9) , 4.5 x 14.34}
= Min { 15, 64.53 }
= 15 ohms / loop

Zone- 4 setting (FOR SOTF PROTECTION)

Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.736 + (0.184*4*50%)
= 1.104 ohms/phase
Positive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.76+ (0.44*4*50%)
= 2.64 ohms/phase
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2.94 + (0.736*4*50%)
= 4.416 ohms/phase
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 7.04 + (1.76*4*50%)
= 10.56 ohms/phase

Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,

RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }

= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP }
= 2 x Min { Max (10 , 2.64 x 0.4663 + 1.104) , 3 x 2.64}
= 2 x Min { 10 , 7.92}
= 15.84 ohms / loop

Resistive reach for phase-earth,

RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE }
= Min { Max (15 , 2.64x 0.4663 + 1.104) , 4.5 x 2.64}
= Min { 15, 11.88 }
= 11.88 ohms/ loop

Zone-5 setting (reverse)

Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.184*4*25%
= 0.184ohms/phase
Positive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.44*4*25%
= 0.5(approx) ohms/phase
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.736*4*25%
= 0.736 ohms/phase
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.76*4*25%
= 1.76 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,
RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP }
= 2 x Min { Max (10 , 0.5 x 0.4663 + 0.184) , 3 x 0.5}
= 2 x Min { 10 ,1.5 }
= 3.0 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth,

RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE }
= Min { Max (15 , 0.5x 0.4663 +0.184) , 4.5 x 0.5}
= Min { 15 ,2.25 }
=2.25 ohms / loop

FOR DRAWING THE CHARACTERISTIC BY MANUALLY:

Ph-Ph Formulae for 4th segment:

R = (R1+ RFPP/2)
X = X1

Ph-E Formulae for 4th segment:

R = (2R1+ RFPE)
X = 2X1