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Cables are designed to be suitable for specific design voltages, which is called the "Voltage
Grade" (or "Voltage Designation", "Voltage Class" or "Voltage Rating") of the cable. The
voltage grade is commonly expressed in the following form: U0/U
Where U0 is the power frequency voltage between phase and earth (V rms)
U is the power frequency voltage between two phase conductors (V rms)
For example, some standard IEC voltage grades are 0.6/1kV, 1.9/3.3kV, 3.8/6.6kV, 6.35/
11kV , 12.7/22kV, 19/33kV, etc. U0 and U both being r.m.s, values
You may notice that LV cables are mainly specified to 0.6/1kV cables even though they are
operated are much lower voltages (e.g. 240/415V, 220/380V, etc). This is due to the fact that
the mechanical requirements of the insulation thickness are greater than the electrical
requirements.
The insulation levels above refer to the nominal phase-to-phase voltages. For example, a
cable with a 133% insulation level on a 33kV system is rated for 133% the nominal phase-to-
phase system voltage, i.e. 133% x 33kV = 43.89kV.
100% Insulation Level
The 100% is the insulation level normally used for cables on solidly earthed systems, or on
any system where the protective device will clear earth faults within 1 minute.
133% Insulation Level
The 133% insulation level is specified for systems where the protective device is expected to
clear earth faults within 1 hour, and is typically specified for high impedance earthed or
unearthed systems.
173% Insulation Level
The 173% insulation level is specified for systems where the time to clear an earth fault is
indefinite. This is typically recommended for unearthed or resonant earthed systems.
D.C. resistance
The d.c. resistance is also dependent on temperature as given by
Rt = R20[l + az0(t - 20)]
When two or more conductors are placed near to each other, then their electromagnetic fields
interact with each other. Due to this interaction, the current in each of them is redistributed
such that the greater current density is concentrated in that part of the strand most remote
from the interfering conductor.
Proximity effect is the tendency for current to flow in other undesirable patterns---loops or
concentrated distributions---due to the presence of magnetic fields generated by nearby
conductors.
The proximity effect also increases the effective resistance and is associated with the
magnetic fields of two conductors which are close together. If each carries a current in the
same direction, the halves of the conductors in close proximity are cut by more magnetic flux
than the remote halves. Consequently, the current distribution is not even throughout the
cross-section, a greater proportion being carried by the remote halves.
If the currents are in opposite directions the halves in closer proximity carry the greater
density of current. In both cases the overall effect results in an increase in the effective
resistance of the conductor. The proximity effect decreases with increase in spacing between
cables.
If DC flows on the surface of the conductor, then the current are uniformly distributed around
the cross section area of the conductor. Hence, no proximity effect occurs on the surface of
the conductor.
The proximity effect is important only for conductor sizes greater than 125 mm2.Correction
factors are to be applied to take this fact into account.
If Rdc – uncorrected DC level of the core
Ys – skin effect factor, i.e., the fractional increment in resistance to allowing for skin effect.
yp – proximity effect factor, i.e., the fractional increment in resistance to allowing for skin
effect.
Re – effective or corrected ohmic resistance of the core.
The allowance for proximity effect is made, the AC resistance of the conductor becomes
The resistance Rdc is known from stranded tables.
Diameter – The proximity effect increases with the increase in the conductor.
Structure – This effect is more on the solid conductor as compared to the stranded
conductor (i.e., ASCR) because the surface area of the stranded conductor is smaller than the
solid conductor.
Material – If the material is made up of high ferromagnetic material then the proximity