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The diagram giving the variation of the bending moment with the position of the
section is called the bending moment diagram (BMD).
The diagram giving the variation of the shear force with the position of the section
is called the shear force diagram (SFD).
Note that SFD and BMD are functions only of the external loads acting on a beam
and not depend on material properties or sectional dimensions.
4.2 Sign convention for shear force and bending
moment
Hogging bending moment is considered as positive and sagging
bending moment is considered as negative.
W W
S
S
Clockwise shear - Positive
W
S
S
Anticlockwise shear - Negative
4.3 Bending moment and shear force diagrams
A B
L
Example 2:
Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
Simply supported beam
A B
a b
L
Example 3:
Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
Simply supported beam with distributed load.
A B
L
Example 4:
Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
cantilever beam with distributed load.
A B
L
Example 5:
MA MB
A B
l
Example 6:
F
A B
F d
a b
L
Example 7:
4 kN 1 kN/m
Hinge
A B
D
E C
2m 2m 2m 4m
Note 1
𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 0 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑆𝑆 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We will prove that this is valid for the case of a distributed load
only.
Note 2
In order to verify maximum hogging and sagging moment, it is
necessary to draw BMD. The use of;
𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥
= 0 will also give a turning point, which may or may not be a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
maximum.
Example 8:
1 kN/m
Mo = 12 kNm
B
A C
D
4m 8m 8m
Example 9:
M M+δM
A B
x δx S δx S+δS
(S+δS) – S + ½ (w + w + δw ) δx = 0
δS+ w δx + ½ δw δx = 0
Neglecting 2nd order term
δS+ w δx = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= -w ------- (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i.e. rate of change of shear force = - (load intensity)
δ𝑥𝑥 1 2
(M+δM) – M + (S+δS).δx + w.δx. + .δw.δx. .δx = 0
2 2 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= -S ------- (2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i.e. rate of change of bending moment = - (shear force)
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= − = 𝑤𝑤
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀
i.e. = 𝑤𝑤 ------- (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
Note 1
For a distributed load system, when S = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Note 2
Equation (1), (2) and (3) can be applied only in region of
distributed load, where w = 0 or w = constant or w = f(x)
Example 10:
w
60 N/mm
40 N/mm
A B
400 mm
Determine
i. The total load carried by the beam
ii. The end reaction
iii. BM at mid span
iv. The position and the magnitude of the maximum BM
4.5 Use of the principle of superposition to
construct SFD and BMD
Valid for
• Linearly elastic materials
• Subjected to loads causing displacements, which are
small compared to the dimensions of the member
Note 2
Each system has to be considered with its corresponding
reaction.
Note 3
Since the base is not horizontal it may be to sometimes
necessary to transfer the vertical ordinated to a horizontal
base line.
w per unit length
MA MB
A B
≡ wL/2
L wL²/8
wL/2
MA MB (MB-MA)/L
MA MB
L
Note 1
At points, where the BM changes sign; such points are
referred to as “points of contraflexure”
Note 2
Reduction in maximum BM by providing rotational stiffness
at the ends.