WL Sensor

Wireless Sensor Network
Author: Law Che Hang Anthony
Student I.D.: 03645542
Supervisor: Professor K.K. Cheng
Associate Examiner: Professor K.N. Leung
A project report presented to the

Chinese University of Hong Kong
in partial fulfillment of the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Department of Electronic Engineering

The Chinese University of Hong Kong
April 2007
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007) Wireless Sensor Network
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network has become one of the hot topics nowadays. Indeed, it
has been already applied in the use of many different areas. Such as the Home
Automation, it is very common to find its use on the lighting control and security
alarming. It does improve a lot on the people’s living quality with a more
convenient environment.
In order to understand how this “Smart Innovative Technology” works, a study of
the Wireless Sensor Network has been carried out in this project. And the Study
is divided into two main parts, which are:
1. The Study on a Wireless Communication Network: To understand how a
wireless communication network works. A communication method of using a
pair of simple transmitter and receiver is to be studied and built.
2. The Study on Sensor: To understand how a sensor functions. An Occupancy
Sensor (PIR Movement Sensor) is built and on studying in this project.
In this report, it is going to illustrate the results of the studies mentioned above
and to suggest a simple application of the Wireless Sensor Networks on Home
Automation.
1
Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely show my gratitude to my
supervisor, Prof. K.K. Cheng, Department of Electronic Engineering, for giving
me guidance and support. He has given me valuable suggestions on the
development of my system in this project.
Also, I would like to thank my project associate examiner, Prof K N Leung,
Department of Electronic Engineering, for assessing my project.
Besides that, I would also like to thank the technician of Microwave Laboratory,
Mr. Leo Fung, for his help on ordering the RF kit for the project in the previous
semester.
Moreover, I would like to thank my fellow classmates Mr. Tang Kwok Kai and Mr.
Hui Cheung Ling for giving me advice and technical supports on building the
PCB Layouts. Finally, I would like to thank all the fellow classmates those who
work with me in the laboratory throughout the days and nights in these few
months for their spiritual supports.
2
Contents
1. Introduction…………………………….…………………………………………. 6
1.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network? ……………………………………….…….6
1.1.1 Living in Smart Environment …………………………………………………..6
1.1.2 Realization of Smart Environment ………………………………………......6
1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network actually is ………………………………………...7
1.2 Where Wireless Sensor Network can be found? …………………………….8
1.3 Specification of the System Design ……………………………………………..9
1.3.1 Brief Introduction of the System ……………………………………………….9
1.3.2 Brief Descriptions of System Components ………………………………..10
2. Background Theory ………………………………………………………….….11
2.1 Wireless Communication Network ……………………………………………..11
2.1.1 What should be considered?.................................................................. 11
2.1.2 What should be adopted? …………………………………………………..13
2.2 Occupancy Sensor ………………………………………………………………13
2.2.1 What is Occupancy Sensor? …………………………………………………13
2.2.2 Method of Operation …………………………………………………………14
2.2.3 What is passive infrared sensing? …………………………………………14
2.2.4 How passive infrared sensing works? ……………………………………..15
3
3. Paper Design …………………..................................................................... 19
3.1 Wireless Communication ………………..………………………………….…. 19
3.1.1 Transmitting Unit (Sensor Node) ………...…………………………………. 19
3.1.1 Component 1 – Microprocessor ….………………………………………… 21
3.1.1 Component 2 – RF Transmitting module ………………………….………. 24
3.1.1 Component 3 – LCD Display (optional)…………………………….………. 29
3.1.2 Receiving Unit (Coordinator)………………………………………………… 29
3.1.2 Component 1 – Microprocessor …..…...…………………………………… 31
3.1.2 Component 2 – RF Receiving module……………………………….…….. 32
3.1.2 Component 3 – LCD Display module ...……………………………………. 37
3.1.3 Whole Implementation ……………………………. ………………...……… 37
3.1.4 Remarks ……………………………….. ……………………………………. 38
3.2 PIR Movement Sensor……………………………………………….………… 39
3.2.1 PIR sensor (RE200B)………………………………………………………… 39
3.2.2 Control Unit (KC788B) ………………………………………………………..40
3.2.3 Control and Output Circuit Description ……………………………………..45
3.2.4 Required Components for Modified Circuit…………………………….….. 47
4
4. Experimental Results ………………………………………………………….. 48
4.1 Testing with Wireless Communication ………………..……………………….48
4.1.1 Testing on Transmitting Unit …...…………………………………………….48
4.1.2 Testing on Receiving Unit …………………………………………………... 51
4.2 Testing the PIR Movement Sensor …………………………………………… 53
4.2.1 Testing Case 1 with Daylight ……….………………………………………. 54
4.2.2 Testing Case 2 with Daylight .............................................................…... 55
4.2.3 Testing Case 3 at Night …………………………...………………………… 56
4.2.4 Testing Results form the previous 3 situation ………………………..…… 57
5. Cost Summary …..………………...….………………………………………… 58
6. Discussion ………………….. …………………………….……………………. 59
6.1 Wireless Communication .....................................................................…... 59
6.2 PIR Movement Detector ……………………………………………………….. 62
7. References ……………………………..........…………………………….……. 63
8. Appendices – Software Coding ……………………………………………… 64
5
1. Introduction
1.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network?
1.1.1 Living in Smart Environment
Have you ever dreamt of living in a Smart Environment, which it enhances your
living qualities with all kinds of intelligent automation devices or services? If “Yes”,
then your next question will surely be “How can we get it to be realized?” To
answer this question, very strict forward, I would say that the application of
Wireless Sensor Network is a solution to the realization of Smart Environment.
1.1.2 Realization of Smart Environment
In fact, like any responsive organism, the Smart Environment [1] relies first on
the sensory data from the actual world. Sensory data are obtained from
numerous different sensors of distributed locations. The Smart Environment
does need information about its surroundings in order to generate the
corresponding output regarding to respective changes. The wireless Sensor
Network has exactly taken this sensing role to fulfill the needs of information for
this purpose. It acts as the first stage to realize the development of Smart
Environment. So, your following question will be “What the Wireless Sensor
Network actually is then?”
6
Figure.1
1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network actually is
Have you ever imagined thousands of sensors are installed in a specified area
and they are all well coordinated in a network without the data transmission jam?
Indeed, it is the exact case for Wireless Sensor Network. These sensors of
different modalities detect the physical changes, like temperature, humidity and
light intensity, and generate corresponding data signal. The data are then sent,
through the network, to the coordinator for processing. The coordinator manages
and controls the sensing data flow in the communication network. Therefore, the
data received at coordinator can then be used for further applications.
7
1.2 Where Wireless Sensor Network can be found?
Actually, Wireless Sensor Network has already been widely used in different
areas for current development. Applications [2] include:
1 Habitat monitoring: such as the monitoring of water/ air pollution and the
temperature/ humidity measurement.
2 Military use: like the monitoring the actual battle condition by installing the
sensor on the army and weapons.
3 Biomedical use: such as collecting the physiological data from human body
or medical diagnosis.
4 Home automation: for example, lighting control and security alarming
5 Other Commercial applications: like product quality control on the
manufacturing production.
8
1.3 Specification of the System Design
1.3.1 Brief Introduction of the System
In this project, it is aimed to demonstrate the application in the area of Home
Automation. Among the applications in this area, a simple function of lighting
control is going to be implemented. The system work flow is as following:
1. To sense if there are anybody presence or absence in a specified area.
2. To transmit the sensing data back to the coordinator through a network.
3. Coordinator processes the received data and identifies if matched with the
predefined criteria according to the needs of user.
4. If the criteria are matched, for instance, a body presence in the area,
coordinator will send command to the lighting control unit to switch light on.
5. On the other hand, if nobody presence in the area for a period of time,
coordinator will send command to the lighting control unit to switch light off
Therefore, the system can perform a lighting control function where the light on
whenever anybody presence, while the light off if nobody presence for a period
of time so as to save the power consumption.
9
1.3.2 Brief Descriptions of System Components
There are three main components in the system to build the application of
wireless sensor network up to the current development stage of the project,
which are:
1. Occupancy Sensor: The sensor unit of the system. It is responsible to sense
if there are anybody presence or absence in a specified area and generate
sensing data ready for the coordinator to process and further application.
2. Wireless Communication Network: The communication channel between
devices of the system. It is responsible to transmit the sensing data or the
commands to and from different devices in the system.
3. Coordinator: The headquarter unit of the system. It is responsible to control
and monitor the data transmission in between devices of the system. It also
processes the received sensing data from the sensing unit and, regarding to
the processed result, outputs correspondingly, like light on/ off.
There should also be the lighting control unit, the application use, in the system.
However, it is not yet built up to the current development stage and may be built
in future development if possible.
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2. Background Theory
Before going into any details of the system design, some background principles
and consideration of the components of the system will be discussed in this
section.
2.1 Wireless Communication Network
2.1.1 What should be considered?
Obviously, there are plenty of wireless communication standards available in the
current market, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, which are the most common ones.
However, are they suitable for building the communication network of Wireless
Sensor Network? There are indeed some specific requirements for the wireless
sensor network. Let’s consider the following factors first and see if the mentioned
standards are suitable or not.
1. Scalability [3]: The network has to be scalable, which means it can
support up to as much larger number (thousands, hundreds of
thousands) of entities. Therefore, numerous sensors can be installed in
the network and be able to monitor the region more efficiently.
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2. Energy Consumption [3]: The battery of the sensor node (sensing units)
is usually not rechargeable. Thus it is important to minimize the power
consumption and prolong the sensor lifetime as the system cannot
function properly without the sensing units.
3. Simplicity[3]: As the sensor nodes (sensing units) are small and power
supply is so limited, the operating and networking software must be kept
orders of magnitude simpler as compare to today’s desktop computers.
With the factors mentioned above, let’s consider the comparison of current
available wireless communication standards as listed below:
Figure.2
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2.1.2 What should be adopted?
It is observed that neither the Bluetooth nor Wi-Fi would be suitable to be used in
Wireless Sensor Network. Comparing with the Zigbee standard in the above
table, regarding to their performance on scalability, power consumption and
simplicity, they are far worse than that of the Zigbee standard. Indeed, the
Zigbee has become the most commonly adopted network communication
standard in the wireless sensor system on the current development or research.
However, this project is not implementing the Zigbee. Instead, it establishes a
system with similar property of power conservation as what it is in the standard.
2.2 Occupancy Sensor
2.2.1 What is Occupancy Sensor?
Occupancy sensor [4] is a device that responds to the presence and absence of
anybody in the sensor's field of view. The system consists of a motion detector,
an electronic control unit, and a controllable switch, where, in the system, there
is a wireless communication network in between the control unit and controllable
switch. The motion detector senses motion and sends the appropriate signal to
the control unit. The control unit then processes the input signal and output a
corresponding signal to either switch the responsive device on/ off.
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2.2.2 Method of Operation[5]
In today’s markets, there are two commonly used methods / approaches for the
operation of Occupancy Sensor. They are the Passive Infrared sensing method
and the Ultrasonic wave detection method. This project will focus on the Passive
Infrared sensing method.
2.2.3 What is passive infrared sensing?
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors [6] react to the infrared heat energy emitted by
the human body. PIR sensors are passive devices in that they only detect
radiation and do not emit it. They are designed to be maximally sensitive to
objects which emit heat energy at a wavelength of around 10 microns (the peak
wavelength of the heat energy emitted by humans).
PIR sensors are strictly line-of-sight devices. They cannot "see" around corners
and a person will not be detected if there is an obstruction, such as a partition,
between the person and the detector.
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2.2.4 How passive infrared sensing works?
PIR sensors employ a pyroelectric transducer [6] to detect infrared radiation. The
device converts the IR energy into a voltage signal. (See the figure below)
Figure.3
1. An infrared filter window at the front most position of the transducer admits IR
within the 5 to 15 microns wavelength range
2. One end of the two series-connected sensing elements connected to pin 3
which is grounded.
3 Meanwhile, the other end connects to the gate of a Field Effect Transistor
and to a very high value pull-down resistor
4 Power is applied to the FET thus to the drain pin 1
5 Output signal comes from FET source pin 2 usually connects through an
external pull-down resistor to ground and to an amplifier (See the following
figure)
15
Figure.4
A Fresnel lens, a focusing device, surrounds the transducer and focuses heat
energy onto the detector. The lens views the area with a multitude of narrow and
discrete beams or cones. As such, it does not view the area in a continuous
fashion. As an occupant, moves a hand, arm, or the whole body from one cone
of vision to another, a positive signal is generated and sent to the controller.
(See the figure below)
Figure.5
16
The detection pattern [5] of PIR sensors is fan shaped -- formed by the cones of
vision seen by each segment of the faceted lens.
Figure.6
As shown in above figure, coverage gaps occur between the cones of vision of
alternate segments of the lens. These gaps widen with distance. At 40 feet from
the sensor, for instance, coverage gaps of up to 8 feet wide may be present.
Since the sensor is most sensitive to motion that moves from one sensing cone
to another, its sensitivity decreases with distance as the gaps between sensing
cones widen.
17
Most PIR sensors are sensitive to hand movement up to a distance of about 10
feet, arm and upper torso movement up to 20 feet, and full body movement up to
about 40 feet.
Regarding to the above data, it is surprising that the sensing range of that little
PIR sensor can be so large. Because of this reason, the PIR sensor is used to
act as the sensing unit to detect anybody presence or absence in a specified
area. Thus, a large area can be restricted to be our specified sensing region as
soon as the PIR sensor is able to detect the movement.
18
3. Paper Design
3.1 Wireless Communication
In a Wireless Communication Network, however large it is, the Network is also
built up of basically the transmitting unit and receiving unit. Undoubtedly, it is the
same for the system in this project. For Simplicity, there will be two transmitters
(for sensor node) and one receiver (for coordinator node) in the Sensor Network
of this project.
And as mentioned in the previous “Background Theory” section, the adopted
Communication Network for Sensor network has to be power conserving, so as
to be long-lasted functioning. Thus, this concept is also included in the design of
communication network.
3.1.1 Transmitting Unit (Sensor Node)
Combining with the circuitry of Sensing unit, it acts as the sensor node of the
Sensor Network. It is responsible to transmit data from the sensing unit (motion
detector) to the coordinator for process. The Unit is mainly composed of several
components: a Microprocessor, a RF Transmitting Module and a LCD display
(optional). (See the following Schematic Diagram)
19
Schematic Diagram of Transmitting Unit
Figure.7
20
3.1.1 Component 1 - Microprocessor (PIC16F877A)
The Microprocessor (PIC16F877A) is adopted for several main purposes as the
following descriptions:
- 1. Process data from the sensing unit, motion detector
The pin PIR_sense is connected to the output terminal of the circuitry of the
Motion Detector sensing unit. When this pin goes to “low”, it means that there is
an output, motion detected, from the sensing unit and vice versa.
21
The microprocessor then counts the time for how long the “motion detected”
state keeps continuously. The status is defined as valid if the time lasted for
more than at least 1 second and invalid if vice versa. This decision making aims
to avoid any fake-sensing from the surrounding environment.
- 2. Control power on/off of the RF Transmitting unit
The pin RF_Control is connected to the above circuitry in order to control the
power on/off of the RF Transmitting module. When this pin goes “high”, the
transistor BC547 is turned on and current flow through the transistor. The
collector voltage then equals to that of emitter which is connected to ground.
Thus, the potential at the point of RF_Power connected to the power supply of
the Transmitting unit will be low. It means to switch off the transmitting unit.
On the other hand, when this pin goes “low”, the transistor BC547 is turned off
and no current flow through the transistor. The collector voltage then equals to
22
that of VCC (+5V). Thus, the potential at the point of RF_Power connected to the
power supply of transmitting module is high and turn on the transmitting module.
Therefore, power can be saved for long running of the sensor node. As the
transmitter is turned on only when there is motion detected and is not always
kept as on. It builds the property of power conservation as the consideration for a
sensor network mentioned in the “Background Theory” section previously.
- 3. Output acknowledgement to RF transmitting module
The pins RC0 – RC3 are connected to the data input pins RF13 – RF10 of
transmitting unit respectively. The 4-bit acknowledgement data, 0b1010, is
output when the state is changed to “motion detected” only. And this data will
then be encoded by the transmitting module and transmitted out afterward.
- 4. Control character display on the LCD module (coding)
In order to configure and display the characters on the LCD correctly, it is
necessary to input corresponding instruction data to the LCD module. The
microprocessor is thus the unit to give the according instruction data to the LCD
module for displaying the status of the sensor node
23
3.1.1 Component 2 - RF Transmitting module (Operating at 315MHz) [7]
The unit mainly consists of an encoding IC PT2262. PT2262 is a remote control
encoder utilizing CMOS Technology. It encodes the preset address on its
address pins and data from microprocessor into a serial coded waveform
suitable for RF modulation before transmission. It has a maximum of 12 bits of
tri-state address pins providing up to 531,441 (or 312) address codes; thereby,
largely reducing any code collision and unauthorized code scanning possibilities
(See the internal structure and pin assignment as followings)
Figure.8
24
Figure.9
Pin Name I/O Description Pin No.
A0 – A7 I Code Address Pin. Each pin can be 1 - 8
set to “0”, “1” or “f” (floating).
D3 – D0 I Data pins. Each can only be set to 10 - 13
“0” or “1”.
/TE I Transmission Enable. 14
Active Low Signal
OSC1 O A resistor connected in between to 15
OSC2 I determine fundamental frequency 16
DOUT O Encoded waveform output to this pin 17
serially. Data Output pin.
VCC - + 5V Power Supply 18
VSS - GND Ground Connection 9
25
3.1.1 Component 2 - Function Description
PT2262 encodes the code address and data set at A0 ~ A7 and D3 ~ D0 into a
special waveform and outputs it to the DOUT when /TE is pulled to “0” (Low
State). This waveform is fed to the RF modulator for transmission. Details of the
operation are as followings:
- 1. Code Bits
A Code Bit is the basic component of the encoded waveform, and can be
classified as either an AD (Address/Data) Bit or a SYNC (Synchronous) Bit.
- Address/Data (AD) Bit Waveform
An AD Bit can be designated as Bit “0”, “1” or “f” if it is in low, high or floating
state respectively. One bit waveform consists of 2 pulse cycles. Each pulse cycle
has 16 oscillating time periods. (See the diagram below)
Figure.10
26
- Synchronous (Sync.) Bit Waveform
The Synchronous Bit Waveform is 4 bits long with 1/8 bit width pulse.
Figure.11
- 2. Code Word
A group of Code Bits is called a Code Word. A Code Word consists of 12 AD bits
followed by one Sync Bit. The 12 AD bits are determined by corresponding
states of A0 ~ A7 and D3 ~ D0 pins at the time of transmission.
When Data Type of PT2262 is used, the address bits will decrease accordingly.
For example: In the 3 Data Type where the address has 9 bits, the transmitting
format is:
Figure.12
PT2262 has a maximum of twelve (12) Address Bits including the six (6)
Address/Data bits, the code bits with their corresponding pins are as shown in
27
the following diagram:.
Figure.13
The Code Bits A0 ~ A5 and A6/D5 ~ A11/D0 are determined by the states of A0
~ A5 and A6/D5 ~ A11/D0 pins. For example, when the A0 (Pin No. 1) is set to
“1” (Vcc), the Code Bit A0 is synthesized as “1” bit. In the same manner, when it
(A0 Pin) is set to “0” (Vss) or left floating, the Code Bit A0 is synthesized as a “0”
or “f” bit respectively.
- 3. Code Frame
A Code Frame consists of four continuous Code Words. When PT2262 detects
“0” on the /TE (the /TE is active “low”), it outputs a Code Frame at DOUT.
Figure.14
If /TE is still active at the time the Code Frame transmission ends, PT2262
outputs another Code Frame. It should be noted that the Code Frame is
synthesized at the time of transmission.
28
3.1.1 Component 3 - LCD Display (optional)
The unit is just used for displaying the current status of the motion detector after
the data processing by the microprocessor. Without the LCD Display, the main
function of data transmission can actually still be carried out. Thus, the LCD
Display can be optional.
3.1.2 Receiving Unit (Coordinator)
The unit acts as the coordinator of the system. It receives acknowledgement
data transmitted from the sensor node (transmitting unit), then processes the
acknowledgement and displays the result accordingly from the receiving data.
This unit is mainly composed of several components: a Microprocessor, a RF
Receiving Module and a LCD display. (See the following Schematic Diagram)
29
Schematic diagram of Receiving Unit
Figure.15
30
3.1.2 Component 1 - Microprocessor (PIC16F877A)
The processor PIC16F877A is adopted for several purposes as the following
descriptions:
- 1. Process Acknowledgement from receiving data
As the received data at the RF receiving module arrive at the microprocessor,
the microprocessor checks if it matches with the predefined acknowledgement
messages. It gives a positive response if the checking is matched and does not
give any responses at vice versa.
31
-2. Control character display on the LCD module (coding)
When there is positive response, the microprocessor displays the result on the
LCD by giving corresponding instruction data to the LCD module. For example, it
displays “I AM HERE” when there is somebody present in the area.
3.1.2 Component 2 - RF Receiving Module (Operating at 315MHz) [7]
The unit mainly consists of an encoder PT2272 utilizing CMOS Technology. It
has 12 bits of tri-state address pins providing a maximum of 531,441 (or 312)
address codes; thereby, reducing any code collision and unauthorized code
scanning possibilities. The transmitted radio frequency is received by the RF
demodulator and reshaped to the special waveform. PT2272 is then used to
decode the waveform and set the corresponding output pin(s). (See the internal
structure and pin assignment as followings)
32
Figure.16
Figure.17
A0 – A7 I Code Address Pin. Each pin can be 1 - 8
set to “0”, “1” or “f” (floating).
D3 – D0 O Data pins. Each can only be set to 10 - 13
“0” or “1”.
33
OSC1 I A resistor connected in between to 15
OSC2 O determine fundamental frequency 16
VT O Valid Transmission. 17
Active High Signal
VCC - + 5V Power Supply 18
VSS - GND Ground Connection 9
3.1.2 Component 2 - Function Description
PT2272 decodes the received waveform fed into the DIN pin. The Waveform is
decoded into code word which contains the address, data and sync bits. The
decoded address bits are compared with the address set at the address input
pins (A0 - A7). If both addresses match for 2 consecutive code words, PT2272
then drives – (1) the data output pin(s) whose corresponding data bit(s) is then
decoded to be a “1” & “0” bit, and (2) the VT output to high voltage (high state).
Details of Operation are as followings.
- 1. Code Bits
A Code Bit is the basic component of the encoded waveform, and can be
classified as either an AD (Address/Data) Bit or a SYNC (Synchronous) Bit.
34
- 2. Address/Data (AD) Bit Waveform
An AD Bit can be designated as Bit “0”, “1” or “f”, if it is in low, high or floating
state respectively. One bit waveform consists of 2 pulse cycles. Each pulse cycle
has 16 oscillating time periods. See the following diagram:
Figure.18
- 3. Synchronous (Sync.) Bit Waveform
The Synchronous Bit Waveform is 4 bits long with 1/8 bit width pulse.
Figure.19
- 4. Code Word
A group of Code Bits is called a Code Word. A Code Word consists of 12 AD bits
followed by one Sync Bit. See the diagram below:
35
3.1.2 Component 2 - Valid Transmission
When PT2272 receives a transmission code word, it initially checks whether this
is a valid transmission. For a transmission to be valid, (1) it must be a Complete
Code Word, and (2) the Address Bits must match the Address Setting at the
Address Pins.
After two consecutive valid transmissions, PT2272 (1) drives the data pins
according to the data bits received, and (2) raises VT to high voltage (high state).
The timings are shown in the following diagram.
Figure.20
36
3.1.2 Component 3 - LCD Display Module
Regarding to the instruction data from the microprocessor, the LCD module
displays the characters correspondingly. Indeed, the characters are arranged in
the ASCII chart. It means that all characters are displayed according to what
ASCII code is keyed into the module.
3.1.3 Whole Implementation
After all, whenever there are anybody present in a specified area, the motion
detector will be able to detect its motion. It gives out a sensing signal “motion
detected” (bit “0”) to the transmitting unit at its output terminal. The transmitting
unit then gets the signal from its PIR_sense pin and processes. It outputs the
acknowledgement data to the RF transmitting module. PT2262 then encodes the
data into predefined waveforms. And RF module transmits the waveforms at
315MHz over a distance.
37
As the receiving module received the transmitted waveforms, the decoder
PT2272 then validates and decodes the data if it is valid. As soon as the
decoded data arrives at the microprocessor, the corresponding output result will
be displayed on the LCD after processing. And the user current status of the
Sensor node (transmitting unit) can be viewed at the Coordinator (receiving unit)
finally.
3.1.4 Remarks
However, the lighting control unit has not yet been developed. And the
coordinator is just consisting of receiver unit, where it is not allowed to transmit
any control signal neither to the sensor node nor any control units yet. The
coordinator cannot control the lighting control system at the moment.
In the future development, apart from the construction of light control system, the
transceivers should also be implemented in the design if possible. The system
can, therefore, be developed to be more functional and efficient.
38
3.2 PIR Movement Sensor
As mentioned in the previous “Background Theory” section, the Occupancy
Sensor consists of three main components, which are the sensing unit, control
unit and the output unit. In the design of the PIR Movement Sensor of this
system, it is also the same case as that of the normal Occupancy Sensor. A PIR
sensor (RE200B) is chosen to be the sensing unit, a Master PIR Control Chip
MPCC (KC788B) is selected for control unit, while an output terminal will act as
the Output unit of the whole sensor system.
3.2.1 PIR sensor (RE200B)
It is in a package of T0-5 with dimension shown in the figure. There are two
sensitive elements with area of 2.0mm long, 1.0mm wide and are spaced in
1.0mm apart. As shown in the figure below
Figure.21 Figure.22
39
It can be operated at 3 to 10 V DC with its minimal signal output voltage at
around 2.5 Vp-p. For the field of view detected by the sensor, it is shown as
below:
Figure.23
3.2.2 Control Unit (KC778B)
The chip has been designed for easy implementation of AC control functions that
use a Passive Infra-Red (PIR) motion detector. Due to its high sensitivity and
reliability, it is also widely used in security product.
Figure.24
With most of the necessary components integrated in the chip, it allows the
minimum external components. It has high sensitivity and an off delay timer.
40
Figure.25 The above diagram shows the internal block structure of the chip.
41
Figure.26. Pin assignment of the Chip:
42
Figure.27 Original Schematics
43
Figure.28 Modified Schematics
44
3.2.3 Control and Output Circuit Description
The heart of the circuit is the motion detection IC. Electrical signals from the PIR
sensor have a very low frequency (0.1 to 10Hz) and bandwidth. The IC is
optimized for this. The operating voltage of the KC778B itself is 4 - 15V. With the
78L05 regulator, voltage input should be in the 9V to 12V range. There are three
sensitivity controls built into the original circuit. (See the original schematic
diagram in the previous page)
1. Sensitivity is controlled at pin 2 by trimpot P1.
When this pin equals the sensor drain potential at pin 7 (about 0.5V) sensitivity is
at a minimum. When the pin 2 is connected to ground (about 0.125V), the
sensitivity is at maximum.
2. Daylight sensitivity using trimpot P2 and the LDR.
This is adopted when the sensor is designed to be inactive during the daytime
and only active at night. If this feature is not needed, the pin 12 should be
connected to Vcc and pin 11 should be left unconnected
3. Pulse on-time trimpot P3.
This adjusts the output pulse from between 1.5 seconds upwards. For the
minimum time delay, pins 18 & 19 are connected directly with no external
capacitor or resistor.
45
However, only two controls will be used after modification. They are the trimpot
P1 for Sensitivity adjustment and trimpot P3 for Pulse on-time adjustment. At the
meantime, the pin 12 is connected to Vcc and pin 11 is left unconnected. (See
the modified schematic diagram in the previous page.)
Pin 17 is also connected to an LED, LED1. This IC output always goes on when
the sensor & IC detect movement. But this trigger may result in an Output signal.
For example, the Output from the unit is off during the Daytime. There is also an
inbuilt latency period of about 1.5 seconds in the Output pulse when triggered.
This latency period is essential to smooth out the multiple trigger pulses actually
sensed by the detector (as shown by LED1.) There is an internal 500R resistor
on pin 17 so a current limiting resistor is not required.
The output signal from IC pin16 goes “high” whenever movement is detected. It
switches on the BC547 and current flow through the transistor. Its collector is
then becomes grounded as the emitter is connected to ground. Thus, it turns on
LED2 in original design as there is now potential difference across LED2.
Besides, it gives “low” to the OUTPUT in the modified circuit. And this signal will
be passed to the coordinator for processing.
46
3.2.4 Required Components for building the Modified Circuit
Resistors: Quantity
1K brown black red R8 R9 R10 3
3K9 orange white red R3 1
10K brown black orange R2 R5 R7 1
47K yellow violet orange R1 R6 1
56K green blue orange R4 1
Potentiometers
200K Koa trimpot 204 P1 1
1M Koa trimpot 105 P3 1
Capacitors
10uF mini elcap C3 1
10uF Low leakage elcap C5 1
100uF mini elcap C1 1
100nF 104 C2 C4 C6 C8 4
220pF ceramic 221 C7 1
4n7 ceramic 472 C9 1
470nF C10
Control Unit IC
KC778B Movement IC1 1
Transistors
BC547 transistor Q1 1
Voltage Regulator
78L05 IC2 1
1N4004 diode D1
Output Units
LED 1
Sensors
RE200B PIR sensor 1
Light Dependent Resistor LDR
Fresnel Lens 1
47
4. Experimental Results
4.1 Testing with Wireless Communication
The Wireless Communication is mainly composed of the transmitting unit and
the receiving unit as what has been discussed in previous sections. Following
tests are carried out on investigating the individual performances of the
transmitting and receiving units
4.1.1 Testing on the Transmitting Units (Sensor Node)
Test Case 1 - No RF Transmitting Module installed
Without the RF Transmitting Module being placed, the Unit just consists of the
PIR motion detector, the microprocessor and LCD Display Module
Figure 29
48
The unit then performs like a Detector with a Display showing its current status
Figure 30
- When motion detected, the LCD displays as the above figure.
Figure 31
- When no motion detected, the LCD displays as the above figure.
Remarks: The display “I AM HERE” means that there are motions detected in
the specified area; the display “NOT HERE” means that there are any motions
detected in the area monitoring.
49
Test Case 2 - RF Transmitting Module installed
With the RF Transmitting Module being installed, the Unit then consists of the RF
Transmitter, certainly, the PIR motion detector, the microprocessor and the LCD
Display Module
Figure 32
The unit is expected to perform as what has been stated in the “Paper Design”
section previously. It means that LCD displays the current status of whether any
motions are detected accordingly. At the mean time, the transmitter sends out an
acknowledgement signal.
Unfortunately, the performance is not as expected. State of “motion detected” is
kept showing on the LCD Display no matter there is motion nearby or not
50
4.1.2 Testing of the Receiving Unit (Coordinator)
As stated before in the previous description, the Receiving unit consists of the
RF receiving module, a microprocessor and a LCD display.
Figure 33
At the same time, the transmitting unit is functioning in order to send out
acknowledgement signal to the receiving unit in the testing process. Although
the performance of transmitting unit is not as stable as expected, the tests can
still be regarded as valid. There are still acknowledgement data sent by the
transmitting unit depart its instability. Besides that, the receiving unit just displays
the result when there is acknowledgement received. The test can be carried out.
51
Case 1 - When there is “motion detected” acknowledgement received
Figure 34
The Display shows the “motion detected” status
Case 2 - When no there is no “motion detected” acknowledgement received
Figure 35
The Display shows no motion detected status
The performance of the Receiving unit is stable and as expected
52
4. Experimental Results
4.2 Testing the PIR Movement Sensor
The figure below shows the built PIR Movement Detector Circuit Board. It is built
according to the schematic shown in the section of “Background Theory”.
Figure.36
The PIR detector will be undergone a testing with same approaches, but three
different environment. The aim of this testing is to observe how far the detector is
able to detect the motion, i.e. the detection range. After that, comparing the
testing result to the general detection range of the common PIR detector on
market and see if the performance is satisfied or not.
53
4.2.1 Testing Case 1 with Daylight
Testing Place: Hostel Corridor (Rectangular Closed Area)
Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body / Upper Body Movement)
Testing Method: Moving away from sensor till the point where the movement
cannot be sensed
Hostel Corridor
PIR Sensor
Length
. Figure.37
Width
54
4.2.2 Testing Case 2 with Daylight
Testing Place: SHB 6th Floor Reading Area (Large Indoor Room)
Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body Movement)
cannot be sensed
SHB 6th Floor Reading Area
PIR Sensor
Length
Width
Figure.38
55
4.2.3 Testing Case 3 at Night
Testing Place: Open Area at Hostel Ground Floor (Wild Open Area)
Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body Movement)
cannot be sensed
Open Area at Hostel Ground
Figure.39
56
4.2.4 Testing Results from the previous 3 situation are as following
Testing Result from case 1 at Hostel Corridor:
Body Movement Measured Length Measured Width
Measurement (60cm per square on the floor) (60cm per square on the floor)
21 x square 3 x square
Full body Movement
= 12.6 m = 1.8 m
Upper Half Body 12 x square 3 x square
Movement = 6.8 m = 1.8 m
Testing Result from case 2 at SHB 6th floor Reading Area:
Body Movement Measured Length Measured Width
Measurement (28cm per shoes) (28cm per shoes)
48 x square 46 x square
Full body Movement
= 13.4 m = 12.88 m
Testing Result from case 3 at the Open area of Hostel Ground floor
Body Movement Measured Length View Angle (Rough
Measurement (26cm per shoes) Observation only)
46 x square 140 deg when getting

Full body Movement
= 11.96 m close to the sensor
57
5. Cost Summary
The estimated cost of the system for demonstration purpose is listed below
tables, where it is mainly separated into two parts; the hardware for Wireless
Communication Network and the necessary components for PIR Movement
Detector circuit building.
Table 1: Hardware for Wireless Communication Network
Item Description Item Cost
Microprocessor x 3 HK$60
Transmitting module x 2
HK$40
Receiving module x 1
All Necessary components + LCD HK$25
Total Cost HK$125
Table 2: PIR Movement Detector Circuit
Item Descriptions Item Cost
All Necessary components HK$5
Fresnel lens, PIR Sensor, HK$75

Controller IC (KC778B)
Total Cost HK$80
58
6. Discussion
6.1 Wireless Communication
When testing the Wireless Communication and the PIR Movement Detector
individually, their performance is perfectly stable. After combining the Wireless
module with the Movement Detector on a circuit board together with their original
arrangements, the overall performance, however, becomes very unstable.
Problem encounter
After merging the wireless communication modules and the PIR movement
detector, the performance should be as expected as what has been stated in the
previous “Paper Design” section. It means that the sensor node would give the
“motion detected” signal only if there are any body motions being sensed as in
the design. Unfortunately, the actual result is that the detector gives out such
sensing signals abnormally. It gives the “motion detected” signal even there are
not any body motions in the sensing area.
Reason for the abnormal performance
The reason for this abnormal performance is actually because the ground
potential connected to the circuitry has become unstable after the wireless
59
communication module is merged with the motion detection circuit. And the
instability of overall ground potential is due to the long wired “ground” connection
between ports and the ground terminal. In the long connected wire, the RF signal
generated from the wireless module will impose some unwanted parasitic
potential along the wire connected. It then affects the original ground connection
on the ports in which the ground connection is no longer at ground potential (0V),
but an unknown potential imposed by the parasitic effect of the wired connection.
Possible solution to the Problem
To solve the encounter problem, one possible solution is using a ground plane
for ground connection instead of using a wire connecting in between the port and
the ground terminal. It can greatly reduce the distance of connection in between
the ground terminal and the ports. The ground potential (0V) can then be kept
constantly as there is no longer the parasitic effect of connection wire. Indeed, it
is also a usual practice of using ground plane for ground connection instead of
wiring between ports and the ground terminal for building any RF circuitry. As
shorter the ground connection it is, lesser the parasitic effect on ground potential
it imposes.
60
Further Possible Improvement
In the system, those two transmitting units are the only ones which are able to
talk/send out data to the other parties; but it cannot listen to/get the data from
others. Meanwhile, the receiving unit is the only one which is able to listen to/get
the data from other parties; but it cannot talk/send out data to others. It limits the
communication between the sensor nodes and the coordinator to be a kind of
single-way communication. The coordinator cannot take control on the sensor
nodes and request for those their current status at any time. It can just wait till
those sensor nodes send out the acknowledgement data only.
A better suggestion on the communication method is to implement a two-way
communication between the coordinator and the sensor nodes. To implement
the two-way communication between them, the network should no longer use
the pair of transmitting and receiving units. Instead, it should adopt the
transceiver as the communication module in between them. As the transceiver
can act both the functions of transmitting and receiving in a single module. The
coordinator can, thereby, be able to take control on the sensor nodes at any time
it requests. The current status update of sensor nodes can then be done more
efficiently and effectively.
61
6.2 PIR Movement Detector
After the testing in three different situations, it is observed that the detection
range of the built sensor is about 12m long which is about 40ft by calculation.
And this data does match to the previous mentioned range (40ft) for full body
movement in the section of “Background Theory”.
However, there is a big drawback for our PIR Movement Detector. It is the
problem of line of view. Whenever there is obstacle in between, then the sensor
cannot sense the moving body. Beside that, it cannot sense the body at round
corner. To solve this problem, there can be a mixed use with ultrasonic wave
detection method. As this method is less dependent to the line of view, thus it is
able to help enlarge the detection range afterward.
62
7. References
[1] – F. L. Lewis. “Wireless sensor networks”. In D. J. Cook and S. K. Das,
editors, Smart Environments: Technologies, Protocols, and Applications, New
York, 2004. John Wiley.
[2] – Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. “Wireless sensor
networks: a survey. “ Computer Networks, 38(4):393–422, April 2002
[3] – Holger Karl and Andreas Willig. “A short survey of wireless sensor
networks” TKN Technical Report TKN-03-018, Technical University Berlin,
October 2003.
[4] – Lighting design lab

http://www.lightingdesignlab.com/articles/occ_sensor/method_oper.htm
[5] – light guide: occupant sensors

http://www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/sensors.html
[6] – How Infrared Motion Detector Components work

http://www.glolab.com/pirparts/infrared.html
[7] – Application notes of PT2262/2272 http://www.princeton.com.tw
63
8. Appendices – Software Coding

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: receive.h
// Description: It declares all pins and externs functions
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <pic.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define Sel0 RA0

#define NIL RA1
#define Sel1 RA2
#define ADR0 RA3
#define ADR1 RA4
#define ADR2 RA5
#define RX0 RC0

#define RX1 RC1
#define RX2 RC2
#define RX3 RC3
#define RX_ACK RC4
#define LCD0 RD0

#define LCD1 RD1
#define LCD2 RD2
#define LCD3 RD3
#define LCD4 RD4
#define LCD5 RD5
#define LCD6 RD6
#define LCD7 RD7
#define LCD_RS RE2

#define LCD_RW RE1
#define LCD_EN RE0
extern void InitPIC(void);

extern unsigned int count,count1;
extern unsigned char temp,temp1;
64
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: LCD.h
// Description: It extern LCD Control functions in LCD.c
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <pic.h>
#include <stdio.h>
extern void lcd_puts(const char *s);

extern void InitLCD(void);
extern void clear(void);
extern void pos_select(unsigned char pos);
65
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: receive.c
// Description: It coordinates the whole process
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "receive.h"
#include "LCD.h"
void main(void)
{
unsigned char result=0;
unsigned int stop_count;
InitPIC();
InitLCD();
clear();
pos_select(0);
lcd_puts("Node0:");
pos_select(2);
lcd_puts("Node1:");
ADR0 = 0;//Address0
while(1)
{
if (ADR0==0)
{
////////////////////////////////
//Node0 Process
////////////////////////////////
result=temp;
switch (result)
{
66
case 0:
pos_select(1);
lcd_puts("NOT HERE ");
count1=0;
//stop_count=10000;
while (count1<10000);
break;
case 10:
pos_select(1);
lcd_puts("I AM HERE");
count1=0;
//stop_count=50000;
while (count1<50000)
{
if (temp==10)
count1=0;
}
break;
default:
pos_select(1);
lcd_puts("I DUNNO ");
count1=0;
//stop_count=50000;
break;
}
else if (ADR0==1)
{
///////////////////////////////////
//Node1 Process
////////////////////////////////////
result=temp1;
67
switch (result)
{
case 0:
pos_select(3);
lcd_puts("NOT HERE ");
count1=0;
break;
case 10:
pos_select(3);
lcd_puts("I AM HERE");
count1=0;
while (count1<50000)
{
if (temp1==10)
count1=0;
}
break;
default:
pos_select(3);
lcd_puts("I DUNNO ");
count1=0; while (count1<10000);
break;
}
}
if ((Sel0==1)&&(Sel1==0))
ADR0=0;
else if ((Sel0==0)&&(Sel1==1))
ADR0=1;
else
ADR0=0;
}
}
68
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: LCD.c
// Description: It declares functions to control LCD display
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void clear(void)
{
///////////////////////////
//Clear Display
////////////////////////////
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0x01;
count=0;
while (count<100);//wait>=1.53ms for execution
LCD_EN = 0;
}
void pos_select(unsigned char pos)

{
/////////////////////////////////////////////
// Select Display Position
/////////////////////////////////////////////
switch (pos)
{
case 0://Node0 Display
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0x80;//Upper Leftmost position
count=0;
while (count<50);//wait>=39us for execution
LCD_EN = 0;
break;
69
case 1://Node0 Status
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0x87; //Lower Leftmost position
count = 0;
LCD_EN = 0;
break;
case 2://Node1 Display
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0xC0;//Lower Leftmost position
count=0;
LCD_EN = 0;
break;
case 3://Node1 Status
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0xC7;//Lower Leftmost position
count=0;
LCD_EN = 0;
break;
}
70
void lcd_puts(const char *s)

{
while(*s)
{
///////////////////////////
// Write Characters
///////////////////////////
LCD_RS = 1;
LCD_RW = 0;
LCD_EN = 1;
PORTD = *s;
count = 0;
LCD_EN = 0;
*s++;//Jump to Next Character
}
}
void InitLCD(void)
{
while (count<1000);//wait>=30ms for power up
////////////////////////////
//Initialize Function Set
////////////////////////////
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
PORTD = 0x38;
//PORTD = 0x38;
count = 0;
LCD_EN = 0;
/////////////////////////////
//Display ON/OFF Control
/////////////////////////////
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
71
LCD_RW = 0;
//PORTB = 0x0C;//0x0F;
PORTD = 0x0C;
count = 0;
LCD_EN = 0;
//////////////////////////////
//Display Clear
//////////////////////////////
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
//PORTB = 0x01;
PORTD = 0x01;
count=0;
while (count<100);//wait>=1.53ms for execution
LCD_EN = 0;
///////////////////////////
//Entry Mode Set
///////////////////////////
LCD_EN = 1;
LCD_RS = 0;
LCD_RW = 0;
//PORTB = 0x07;
PORTD = 0x07;
count=0;
LCD_EN = 0;
72
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: isr.c
// Description: It acts as timer counter and checks received data input
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
unsigned int count,count1;

unsigned char temp,temp1;
bit flag;
void interrupt ISR(void)

{
flag=RX_ACK;
// TIMER0
if (T0IF)
{
if (ADR0==0)
temp = PORTC&0b00001111;
else if (ADR0==1)
temp1 = PORTC&0b00001111;
count++;
count1++;
TMR0=0x29;//interrupt at 50us
T0IF=0;
}
73
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// File Name: init.c
// Description: It initializes all the ports and registers
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void InitPIC(void)
{
///////////////////////////////////
// A/D & I/O PIN SELECT
///////////////////////////////////
ADCON1 = 0b00001110; //ALL PINS are Digital pins
///////////////////////////////////
// PORTS
///////////////////////////////////
TRISA = 0b00000101;
TRISC = 0x1F;
TRISD = 0x00;
TRISE = 0x00;
///////////////////////////////////
// Interrupt Init
///////////////////////////////////
PIE1 = 0X00;
PIR1 = 0x00;
PEIE = 1; //enable PERI interrupt
GIE = 1; //enable ALL interrupt
///////////////////////////////////
// TMR0 Init
///////////////////////////////////
T0CS = 0; //follow CLK
T0IF = 0; //CLR TMR0 FLAG
T0IE = 1; //enable TMR0 interrupt
TMR0 = 0x29;//initial tmr0
temp = 0;//clear variable temp

}
74

WL Sensor

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WL Sensor

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Wireless Sensor Network

Author: Law Che Hang Anthony

Student I.D.: 03645542

Supervisor: Professor K.K. Cheng

Associate Examiner: Professor K.N. Leung

A project report presented to the

Department of Electronic Engineering

In order to understand how this “Smart Innovative Technology” works, a study of

is divided into two main parts, which are:

1. The Study on a Wireless Communication Network: To understand how a

wireless communication network works. A communication method of using a

pair of simple transmitter and receiver is to be studied and built.

2. The Study on Sensor: To understand how a sensor functions. An Occupancy

Sensor (PIR Movement Sensor) is built and on studying in this project.

and to suggest a simple application of the Wireless Sensor Networks on Home

I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely show my gratitude to my

supervisor, Prof. K.K. Cheng, Department of Electronic Engineering, for giving

me guidance and support. He has given me valuable suggestions on the

development of my system in this project.

Also, I would like to thank my project associate examiner, Prof K N Leung,

Department of Electronic Engineering, for assessing my project.

months for their spiritual supports.

1.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network? ……………………………………….…….6

1.1.1 Living in Smart Environment …………………………………………………..6

1.1.2 Realization of Smart Environment ………………………………………......6

1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network actually is ………………………………………...7

1.2 Where Wireless Sensor Network can be found? …………………………….8

1.3 Specification of the System Design ……………………………………………..9

1.3.1 Brief Introduction of the System ……………………………………………….9

1.3.2 Brief Descriptions of System Components ………………………………..10

2. Background Theory ………………………………………………………….….11

2.1 Wireless Communication Network ……………………………………………..11

2.1.1 What should be considered?.................................................................. 11

2.1.2 What should be adopted? …………………………………………………..13

2.2 Occupancy Sensor ………………………………………………………………13

2.2.1 What is Occupancy Sensor? …………………………………………………13

2.2.2 Method of Operation …………………………………………………………14

2.2.3 What is passive infrared sensing? …………………………………………14

2.2.4 How passive infrared sensing works? ……………………………………..15

3. Paper Design …………………..................................................................... 19

3.1 Wireless Communication ………………..………………………………….…. 19

3.1.1 Transmitting Unit (Sensor Node) ………...…………………………………. 19

3.1.1 Component 1 – Microprocessor ….………………………………………… 21

3.1.1 Component 2 – RF Transmitting module ………………………….………. 24

3.1.1 Component 3 – LCD Display (optional)…………………………….………. 29

3.1.2 Receiving Unit (Coordinator)………………………………………………… 29

3.1.2 Component 1 – Microprocessor …..…...…………………………………… 31

3.1.2 Component 2 – RF Receiving module……………………………….…….. 32

3.1.2 Component 3 – LCD Display module ...……………………………………. 37

3.1.3 Whole Implementation ……………………………. ………………...……… 37

3.1.4 Remarks ……………………………….. ……………………………………. 38

3.2 PIR Movement Sensor……………………………………………….………… 39

3.2.1 PIR sensor (RE200B)………………………………………………………… 39

3.2.2 Control Unit (KC788B) ………………………………………………………..40

3.2.3 Control and Output Circuit Description ……………………………………..45

3.2.4 Required Components for Modified Circuit…………………………….….. 47

4. Experimental Results ………………………………………………………….. 48

4.1 Testing with Wireless Communication ………………..……………………….48

4.1.1 Testing on Transmitting Unit …...…………………………………………….48

4.1.2 Testing on Receiving Unit …………………………………………………... 51

4.2 Testing the PIR Movement Sensor …………………………………………… 53

4.2.1 Testing Case 1 with Daylight ……….………………………………………. 54