Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Fig. 8. Key operations of the proposed converter. (a) Nominal state operation.
(b) Hold-up state operation.
1) the converter is operated in the steady state; D. Mode 4 (t3 −t4 ): After the Qa switch is turned OFF, the
2) the switches M1 , M2 , and Qa are ideal components except built-up resonant inductor current is transferred to the load side.
for their output capacitances and body diodes; Reflected output voltage is applied to magnetizing inductance
3) the diodes D1 −D4 are ideal components; of the transformer and negative voltage, “VC r −(NP /NS )VO ,”
4) the windings of the transformer are well coupled so that is found at the resonant inductor Lr . Therefore, the resonant
the leakage inductance is negligible; inductor current decreases in this mode.
5) the output voltage is constant; E. Mode 5 (t4 −t5 ) : When the resonant inductor current
6) the turn ratios of the transformer is expressed as n (n = reaches the magnetizing inductor current, ILm , the secondary
NP /NS ); side is disconnected from the primary side and resonance be-
7) the resonant capacitance is very high, so that VCr is re- tween Cr and “Lm + Lr ” appears in the converter.
garded as constant value. F. Mode 6 (t5 −t6 ) : M2 is turned OFF at t5 and the primary
Each switching cycle can be divided into six modes t0 ∼t6 current flows through the body diode of M2 .
for hold-up state operation. The operating waveforms and the
equivalent circuits are represented in Figs. 9 and 10.
A. Mode 1 (t0 −t1 ) : The switch M1 is conducted in this mode IV. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION
and resonant inductor current ILr resonates with Cr and “Lm + In this section, key characteristics and design considerations
Lr .” The secondary side is disconnected from the primary side of the proposed converter are presented and compared with the
and output energy is supplied with the output capacitor. conventional LLC resonant converter. Generally, high capaci-
B. Mode 2 (t1 −t2 ) : As M1 is turned OFF, the parasitic tance design for a resonant capacitor and low inductance design
capacitors of M1 and M2 start to be charged and discharged, for a resonant inductor are preferred in conventional LLC res-
respectively, in a resonant manner. Since the large magnetizing onant converters for high power density and high efficiency, so
inductor energy is participated in this resonance, ZVS condition that the capacitor voltage VC r is regarded as a constant value in
of M2 is easily achieved. this analysis for an easier understanding of the proposed con-
C. Mode 3 (t2 −t3 ): Qa and M2 is turned ON at t2 . HB verter. Also the magnetizing inductor current, ILm , is considered
capacitor voltage VCr is applied to the resonant inductor Lr and as a constant value in this analysis during the switching period
resonant inductor current is linearly increased in this mode. It is because the magnetizing inductor Lm is normally designed to
expressed as follows: have very high inductance value compared to Lr , so that the cur-
rent variation of ILm is neglected in conventional LLC converter
ΔILr = (VC r /Lr ) × DQ a × T. (2) operation.
CHO et al.: HALF-BRIDGE LLC RESONANT CONVERTER ADOPTING BOOST PWM CONTROL SCHEME 845
A. Voltage on the Resonant Capacitor Fig. 12. Dc conversion ratio during nominal period (at 75 W Specification).
The voltage applied to the resonant capacitor VC r is used to
derive the dc conversion ratio and current stress of the proposed At nominal state when the converter has fixed input voltage
converter, and VC r can be achieved by using the simplified key condition, the proposed converter is operated at the resonant
waveforms (see Fig. 11). frequency Fr , and the switching frequency is ideally fixed to
Since each increment of resonant inductor currents ΔiLr dur- the resonant frequency at any load condition. The relation of
ing the period of “DQ a T” and “DP T” are the same, the duration voltage gain and switching frequency is depicted in Fig. 12.
“DP T” is achieved as follows: A PWM method is adopted in the proposed converter to in-
VC r (nVO − VC r ) crease the voltage gain during hold-up state operation. Fig. 11
DQ a T = DP T → DP T
Lr Lr shows the key waveforms of the proposed converter during hold-
up state operation. The shaded area AP in Fig. 11 implies the
VC r
= DQ a T. (3) total charge Q transferred from the input side to the secondary
(nVO − VC r )
load side. Thus, output voltage can be derived by calculating the
Using the voltage-second balance rule of the magnetizing in- area of AP , and total charge transferred to the load is represented
ductance Lm the voltage of the resonant capacitor is expressed as follows:
as (4) and the final equation of (4) means the average magnetiz- 0.5 × (Ipk DP T ) VO 1
ing inductor voltage during the time “DQ a T + DP T,” Q= = × . (7)
T RO n
0.5T (VS − VC r ) = nVO DP T + VC r (0.5 − DQ a − DP ) T Since DP T and Ipk values in (7) are calculated from the
0.5VO − nVO DP nVO DP following equations:
→ VC r = = . (4)
1 − DQ a − DP DQ a + DP VC r
DP T = DQ a T (8)
Therefore, the resonant capacitor voltage can be represented (nVO − VC r )
as (5). It means the half of the input voltage is applied to the VC r
resonant capacitor during the hold-up state operation Ipk = DQ a T. (9)
Lr
VC r = 0.5VS . (5) The dc conversion ratio of the proposed converter in hold-up
operation is expressed as (10) and Fig. 13
B. DC Conversion Ratio
n 2 + 2 × L r × T × DQ a
1 1 RO 2
The proposed converter has two different input–output volt- VO n +
= . (10)
age conversion ratios depending on its operational state. For VS 4
nominal state, it has the same operational characteristic with
As shown in Fig 13, the voltage gain in hold-up state is
the conventional LLC resonant converter. Thus, voltage gain is
affected by the duty ratio of Qa , and the gain is linearly increased
affected by switching frequency, Fs , and the dc conversion ratio
followed by the duty ratio.
is expressed as
VO 1 C. Reduction of the Link Capacitor
= .
VS 2 2
2
After ac line lost, dc/dc converters are powered by energy
2n 1+ K1 1 − Fs
Fr
+ F r − F s 8n 2 Q
Fs Fr π2
stored in link capacitors. Therefore, hold-up time condition and
(6) the size of link capacitance are the major considerations when
846 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014
TABLE I
STANDARD RATINGS OF CAPACITORS <NIPPON CHEMICALS>
Fig. 16. Dc offset current of the magnetizing inductor (at 75 W Specification). Fig. 17. Maximum current stress of the primary switch (at 75 W Specification).
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter, pro-
totypes of the proposed converter and the conventional LLC
resonant converter are designed with following 75 W LED TV
specifications:
1) input voltage range : 250 –400 V;
2) hold-up time : 60 ms;
3) output voltage : 250 V;
4) output power : 75 W (250 V/0.3 A); Fig. 19. Experimental waveforms of the proposed converter operation at min-
imum input voltage. (a) Nominal state. (b) Hold-up state.
5) nominal switching frequency: 100 kHz.
The components which are used in the experiment are listed
in Table III. The conventional LLC resonant converter is de- Also, the components used in both converters are the same ex-
signed with low “K( = Lm /Lr )” design condition to regulate cept the auxiliary switch and the transformers. The auxiliary
the output voltage with small frequency changes based on the switch is newly added in the proposed converter. Although the
theoretical analysis. Some margin is also considered due to the proposed converter does not need any frequency changes for
loss of the converter. The same input voltage range is applied in hold-up operation, the same transformer size is used in the ex-
designing both converters to match the size of input capacitors. periment because of the dc offset current of the magnetizing
CHO et al.: HALF-BRIDGE LLC RESONANT CONVERTER ADOPTING BOOST PWM CONTROL SCHEME 849
current takes a large part in the total primary RMS current value. [17] R. Beiranvand, B. Rashidian, M. R. Zolghadri, and S. M. H. Alavi, “A
Consequently, the proposed converter is expected to find wide design procedure for optimizing the LLC resonant converter as a wide
output range voltage source,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 8,
use for high-efficient dc/dc converter having hold-up time re- pp. 3749–3763, Aug. 2012.
quirements. [18] B. Lu, W. Liu, Y. Liang, F. C. Lee, and J. D. Van Wyk, “Optimal design
methodology for LLC resonant converter,” presented at the IEEE Appl.
Power Electron. Conf. Expo., Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2006.
REFERENCES [19] S. S. Hong, S. H. Cho, C. W. Roh, and S. K. Han, “Precise analytical
solution for the peak gain of LLC resonant converters,” J. Power Electron.,
[1] G. A. Karvelis, M. D. Manolarou, P. Malatestas, and S. N. Manias, “Anal- vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 680–685, 2010.
ysis and design of non-dissipative active clamp for forward converters,” [20] K. B. Park, B. H. Lee, G. W. Moon, and M. J. Youn, “Analysis on center-
IEE Proc., Electric Power Appl., vol. 148, pp. 419–424, Sep. 2001. tap rectifier voltage oscillation of LLC resonant converter,” IEEE Trans.
[2] J. C. P. Liu, N. K. Poon, B. M. H. Pong, and C. K. Tse, “Low output ripple
Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2684–2689, Jun. 2012.
DC-DC converter based on an overlapping dual asymmetric half-bridge
topology,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1956–1963, Sep.
2007.
[3] R. Redl, N. O. Sokal, and L. Balogh, “A novel soft-switching full-bridge In-Ho Cho (S’09) received the B.S. degree from Han-
DC/DC converter: Analysis, design considerations, and experimental re- Yang University, Seoul, in 2007, and the M.S. and
sults at 1.5 kW, 100 kHz,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 3, Ph.D. degrees in the electrical engineering from the
pp. 408–418, Jul. 1991. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technol-
[4] X Ruan and F Liu, “An improved ZVS PWM full-bridge converter with ogy (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea, in 2009 and 2013,
clamping diodes,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2004, respectively.
pp. 1476–1481. He is currently with LG Electronics. His main
[5] J. H. Cho, K. B. Park, J. S. Park, G. W. Moon, and M. J. Youn, “Design of research interests include dc/dc converter, power-
a digital offset compensator eliminating transformer magnetizing current factor-correction (PFC) ac/dc converters, and server
offset of a phase-shift full-bridge converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron, power system.
vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 331–341, Jan. 2012.
[6] K. M. Cho, Y. D. Kim, I. H. Cho, and G. W. Moon, “Transformer inte-
grated with additional resonant inductor for phase-shift full-bridge con-
verter with primary clamping diodes,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron,
vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2405–2414, May 2012.
[7] I. H Cho, K. M. Cho, J. W. Kim, and G. W. Moon, “A new phase-shifted Young-Do Kim (S’08) was born in Korea, in 1983.
full-bridge converter with maximum duty operation for server power sys- He received the B.S. degree in the electrical engi-
tem,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3491–3500, Dec. neering and computer science Kore, the M.S. degree
2011. in automobile engineering, and the Ph. D degrees in
[8] Y. K. Lo, C. Y. Lin, M. T. Hsieh, and C. Y. Lin, “Phase-Shifted full-bridge the electrical engineering from the KAIST, Daejeon,
series-resonant DC-DC converters for wide load variations,” IEEE Trans. Korea, in 2006, 2008, and 2013, respectively.
Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2572–2575, Jun. 2011. He is currently a Senior Engineer in Power R&D
[9] B. Yang, P. Xu, and F. C. Lee, “Range winding for wide input range front team of Samsung Electro-Mechanics Company, Ko-
end DC/DC converter,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., rea. His main research-interests are dc/dc converters,
2001, pp. 476–479. power-factor-correction (PFC) ac/dc converters, soft-
[10] G. Ivensky, S. Bronshtein, and A. Abramovitz, “Approximate analysis of switching technique, sever power supply, and note-
resonant LLC DC-DC converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, book adapter.
no. 11, pp. 3274–3284, Nov. 2011.
[11] X. Fang, H. Hu, Z. J. Shen, and I. batarseh, “Operation mode analysis and
peak gain approximation of the LLC resonant converter,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1985–1995, Apr. 2012.
[12] M. Y. Kim, B. C. Kim, K. B. Park, and G. W. Moon, “LLC series resonant Gun-Woo Moon (S’92-M’00) received the M.S. and
converter with auxiliary hold-up time compensation circuit,” in Proc. Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Ko-
IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. Asia, 2011, pp. 628–633. rea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
[13] B. C. Kim, K. B. Park, S. W. Choi, and G. W. Moon, “LLC series resonant (KAIST), Daejeon, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
converter with auxiliary circuit for hold-up time,” in Proc. IEEE Int. He is currently a Professor in the Department of
Telecommun. Energy Conf., 2009, pp. 1–4. Electrical Engineering, KAIST. His research inter-
[14] B. C. Kim, K. B Park, and G. W. Moon, “Asymmetric PWM control ests include modeling, design and control of power
scheme during hold-up time for LLC resonant converter,” IEEE Trans. converters, soft-switching power converters, resonant
Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 2992–2997, Jul. 2012. inverters, distributed power systems, power-factor
[15] I. O. Lee and G. W. Moon, “Analysis and design of a three-level LLC correction, electric drive systems, driver circuits of
series resonant converter for high- and wide-input-voltage applications,” plasma display panels, and flexible ac transmission
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2966–2979, Jun. 2012. systems.
[16] R. Beiranvand, B. Rashidian, M. R. Zolghadri, and S. M. H. Alavi, “Op- Dr. Moon is a Member of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics (KIPE),
timizing the normalized dead-time and maximum switching frequency Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers (KIEE), Korea Institute of Telematics
of wide-adjustable-range LLC resonant converter,” IEEE Trans. Power and Electronics (KITE), Korea Institute of Illumination Electronics and Indus-
Electron., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 462–472, Feb. 2011. trial Equipment (KIIEIE), and Society for Information Display (SID).