SECTION A (To be filled by students)

PERIOD Wednesday 12:00 - 13.00 DATE 10th June 15

IN-LAB
EXP # & TYPE
Air and Water Heat Pump
TITLE
GROUP 17

SECTION C
SECTION B (To be filled by students)
(by Examiner)
TIME TIME Discipline
NAME ID SIGN (5%)
IN OUT
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN IHSAN B CHE
BAHAGIA SHAWAL 21054

AMIR SYAZWAN B SALIMI

21432

LUQMAN NUR HAKIM B ROSLEY 20592

AHMAD FAKHRI B ABDUL HALIM

20595
MUHAMMAD ISYRAF FITRI B MOHD SHAH
20793

SECTION D (by Examiner)

MARKS
ITEM SCORE REMARKS
ALLOCATED
Abstract 10
Objectives 10
Theory & Procedure 10
Data collection 20
Results 20
Conclusions & Discussion 20
Report Format / Style 10

TOTAL 100
Abstract

An experiment is conducted using the Hilton Air and Water Heat Pump. The objective is to demonstrate
the production of heat pump performance curve based on the HFC134a refrigerant properties at various
evaporating and condensing pressure. A switch allows the user to direct the flow of the expanding
vapour to an air or water source evaporator, where heat is extracted and the cycle is repeated. In order
to recover waste heat from the compressor, the condenser cooling water also passes through a heat
exchanger in the compressor casing. All components are mounted on a glass reinforced plastic panel
and base.

The experiment is carried out by taking the readings of condenser and compressor gauge pressure,
condensed liquid pressure temperature, compressor delivery temperature and evaporator inlet
temperature at various mass flow rate of the refrigerant HFC134a. From the data collected, the heat
transfer in condenser and the efficiency of the Air and Heat Pump is calculated.

Objectives

Production of heat pump performance curves based on the HFC134a properties at a variety of
evaporating and condensing temperatures.

Theory

Thermodynamic Aspects of Heat Pumps

The second law of thermodynamics includes the statement, “It is impossible to transfer heat from a
region at a low temperature to another at a higher temperature without the aid of an external agency”
Heat pumps and refrigerators are examples of machines which transfer heat from a low to a high
temperature region and the “external agency” employed may be either work or high grade heat.

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that in a cycle the net heat transfer is equal to the net work
transfer. Thus, for a heat pump, Heat transfer at low temperature + Heat transfer at high temperature =
Work transfer. (The normal sign convention must, of course, be applied)

In the case of a heat pump (or refrigerator) using a work input, (i.e. the vapour compression cycle), it
follows that heat transfer at low temperature + work input = heat transfer at high temperature. If the
external agency is high grade heat (i.e. the absorption cycle), then heat transfer at low transfer at low
temperature + heat transfers at higher temperatures = 0
Reversed Rankine cycle or Ideal Refrigeration cycle
An Ideal Refrigeration unit is modelled by a reversed carnot cycle, which is internally and externally
reversible. Figure-2 shows schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the cycle.

The refrigerant leaves the compressor at temperature T1 and enters to a compressor. The compressor
increases the energy content of the refrigerant and delivers it to a condenser at high pressure and
temperature T3. The fluid then cools in the condenser and returns back to the evaporator through an
expansion device. In this cycle, all the expansion and compression units are assumed to be reversible.

The process of the cycle are:

1-2 Isentropic compression in the compressor
2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser
3-4 isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator

Figure-2 Schematic and T-s diagram for an Ideal Refrigeration Cycle

Energy balance for the cycle:

Evaporator(wE=0):
q4, 1=qin =T1or4 (s4-s1)

Compressor (q1, 2= 0):

w1, 2 = (h1- h2)
Condenser (wE=0):
q3, 2=qout =T2or3 (s3-s2)

Expansion valve( q3,4= 0 , w3,4=0 ):

h3= h4 and s3=s4

Net work done
Wnet= q4, 1- q2, 3 = T2-T1 (s2-s1)

Coefficient of performance (Refrigeration):

Coefficient of performance (Heat pump):

Although the above cycle is more efficient than any other cycle, it is very difficult to achieve it practically
attributed to irreversibility in the real system. Hence, it is substituted by a new cycle called simple vapor
compression cycle where we have a throttling expansion valve with no work input. Figure-3 illustrates T-
s diagram of the new cycle.

Figure-3 T-s diagram for a simple vapor compression cycle

Energy balance for the cycle:

Evaporator(wE=0):
qe = (h1- h4) and

Compressor (q1, 2= 0):

w = (h2- h1) and

Condenser (w=0):
qe = (h2- h3) and

Expansion valve ( q= 0 , w=0 ):

h3= h4
Net work done
Wnet= q4, 1- q2, 3 = T2-T1 (s2-s1)

Coefficient of performance (Refrigeration):

Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Heat Pump is the ratio:

heat is delivered at high tempe rature

Work Input
Components

Heat Pump
A Machine whose prime function is to deliver heat to a high temperature region (usually above ambient
temperature) From the First Law of Thermodynamics it is apparent that a refrigerator must reject heat
at a higher temperature and the heat pump must take in heat at lower temperature. Thus, there little
difference between the two plants and both useful effects can be obtained from the same plant (eg A
Milk dairy plant need both refrigeration and hot water- both can be provided from the same plant)

Refrigerator
A machine whose primary function is to remove heat from a low temperature region (usually below
ambient temperature) to a higher temperature.

Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Heat Pump

Is the ratio Rate at which heat is delivered
Power Input
COP of Refrigerator
This is the ratio Refrigerat or rate /Duty(Hea t removed)
Power Input

Procedure
1. The water supply to the unit ant the main switch was turned on.
2. After ensuring the water supply was near its maximum rate, the water evaporator was selected
by pressing the evaporator change over switch up.
3. The condenser was adjusted to a high water flow rate from high water.
4. The condenser pressure (P2) and the evaporation temperature (t.) was noted after the stability
was reached.
5. The condenser water flow rate was reduced so that the condenser pressure (P2) increases by
approximately 100 kN m-2. The source water flow rate was adjusted until it returns to or near its
initial value. Repeat the observations after reached the stability.
6. The value of P2 was repeated in increments of approximately 100N /m2 until the pressure
reaches about 1400 kN m-2 (gauge).
7. The test repeated at another constant value of t4. Warmed water was used as the heat source if
available.

Note: If the evaporator water flows rate is too low it may freeze in the plate heat exchanger. The
heat exchanger is robust and no damage should result but repeated occurrences of this should be
avoided. Freezing will be indicated by the evaporator water flow ceasing and lack of control of the
evaporator temperature and pressure.

Results

Test 1 2 3 4 5
Electrical Electrical input to W / Watts 320 320 320 320 320
Compressor

Mass flow rate 𝑚𝑟 / 𝑠 −1 6 6 6 6 6

Condenser gauge 𝑃2 /kN𝑚−2 801.3 876.3 901.3 951.3 1001.3

absolute pressure

HFC134a Compressor 𝑃1 /kN𝑚−2 151.3 151.3 226.3 226.3 226.3

pressure suction absolute
pressure
Compressor 𝑇1 / ℃ 23.7 21.6 20.9 19.2 19.1
suction
temperature

Compressor 𝑇2 / ℃ 62.1 71.9 76.0 80.2 81.5

delivery
temperature

Condensed liquid 𝑇3 / ℃ 30.4 32.6 34.8 37.9 40.1

temperature

Evaporator inlet 𝑇4 / ℃ -18.2 -17 -15.1 -14.7 -13.3

temperature

Mass flow rate 𝑚𝑔 / g 𝑠 −1 50 44 30 24 14

Water
Compressor Inlet temperature 𝑇5 / ℃ 28.5 29.5 30.3 31.5 32
Cooling
Outlet temperature 𝑇6 / ℃ 28.6 29.3 30.7 31.7 32.6

Water Mass flow rate 𝑚𝑔 / g 𝑠 −1 50 44 34 24 14

Condenser
Cooling Inlet temperature 𝑇6 / ℃ 28.6 29.3 30.7 31.7 32.6

Condenser outlet 𝑇7 / ℃ 30.9 32.3 35 36.9 41.4

 Mass flow rate 𝑚𝑔 / g 𝑠 −1 50 50 50 50 50
Water
Source Inlet temperature 𝑇8 / ℃ 19.4 18.0 16.3 15.9 15.2
Evaporator
Outlet temperature 𝑇9 / ℃ 17.5 16.4 14.5 13.9 13.0

Analysis

1 2 3 4 5
Compressor power W/Watss 320 320 320 320 340

Compressor suction h1/kJ kg-1 271.83 271.83 269.3 269.3 269.3

Compressor delivery h2/kJ kg-1 289.64 305.75 306.41 314.94 314.25

Compressor Outlet (h1 – h4) 242.23 242.23 227.8 227.8 227.8

Evaporator inlet /kJ kg-1

Condensing tcond/ ℃ 30.4 32.6 34.8 37.9 40.1

temperature

Evaporating Teva/ ℃ -18.2 -17 -15.1 -14.7 -13.3

temperature

Heat transfer in QckW -1165.02 -1224.84 -1228.82 -1262.58 -1241.58

condenser Qc = mr (h3 –
h2)

COP = Qc / W - 3.64 3.83 3.84 3.94 3.45

Sample calculation
By using the formula stated in the earlier part of the experiment, the compressor power, compressor
suction, compressor delivery, compressor outlet evaporator inlet, condensing temperature, evaporating
temperature, heat transfer in condenser and COP is calculated.

Qc = mr (h3 – h2)

Qc1 = 6 (95.47 – 289.64) = -1165.02kW

Qc2 = 6 (101.61 – 305.75) = -1224.84kW

CoP = Qc / W

CoP1 = l-1165.02l/ 320 = 3.64

CoP2 = l-1224.84l/ 320 = 3.83

Discussion
The graph show that

 Human error occur due to non - perpendicular reading between the eye and the scale
 Parallax error occur since the machine is old not been service well. It always non stable reading
 The air water heat pump works by direct the flow of the expanding vapour to an air or water
source evaporator, where heat is extracted and the cycle is repeated. In order to recover waste
heat from the compressor, the condenser cooling water also passes through a heat exchanger in
the compressor casing.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the objectives to understand production of heat pump performance curves based on the
HFCl34a properties at a variety of evaporating and condensing temperatures is achieved.

In this experiment, we analyses the thermodynamics cycle at vapour-compression heat pump. The heat
pump work on a vapour – compression cycle in which the refrigerant flow through 4 processes.

 Evaporation at low temperature

 Compression to high temperature
 Condensation at high pressure
 Expansion by throttling from high pressure to low pressure

By knowing two variables, we can obtain the value of the third unknown, so the pressure enthalpy
diagram was used. The experiment was successfully conducted and the objective achieved.