Ultimate Guidebook for Anatomy

& Physiology
Facts:
 The guidelines given below, are actually edited assembly of all the guidelines shared by your
worthy seniors throughout the year.
 The guidelines given below cover 70-75% of your sendup as well as Professional Exam’s written
portion.
 These guidelines are mainly SEQs oriented, so you will have to give a thorough read to your text
books in order to have a firm grip over MCQs portion.
 By preparing only these guidelines will help you to pass your professional with honourable Marks.
 Those willing to get distinctions or score extra-high in Professional Part-1, should not rely these
guidelines or any sort of guess. He/she should prepare each and every text line, figure, diagram,
graph or whatever. He/she should be mentally prepare to be asked any question at his/her level.
 Everyone must read each and every clinical from the text book as clinical can’t be guessed and any
clinical can be asked.
 Must go through chapter-wise past papers given to you people. (Perhaps the link had been posted
in your group)
 Rattafy all the questions and MCQs asked in your class tests throughout the year, as there is almost
30-50% repetition of those questions either in sendup or in professional Exam.
 I’ve added your class tests and Professional’16 Papers for practice purpose at the end.
 Do maximum practice of Histology Diagrams using H&E Stains. This will help you to draw the
diagram in the exam hall within proper time.
 Also Practice diagrams of physiology and Embryology. And where you get a chance, Do Draw the
figure in these two subjects, as this thing aids examiner to check your paper and also emblazons
your paper and make it an attractive one.
 These were a few basic points which I thought necessary to mention here. Further you are toppers
by yourselves and can manage in a much better way that how to prepare for Exam, how to
maintain your health and all those co-curricular arrangements which can help you to Enjoy and
Experience the best Exam Season.

So wishing you all a very best of luck on behalf of your seniors with the expectations
that you will continue guiding your upcoming juniors BY THE GRACE OF ALLAH when
it will your turn Insha’Allah.

Qais Ul Malook
King Edward Medical University Lahore
Batch’20
General
Anatomy
Must be done from “Tassaduq Hussain”
Chapter 1: General Introduction
 Branches of Anatomy
 Anatomical Position Of Human Body
 Skin Burns
Chapter 2: Osteology
 General Surface Features Of Bones
 Classification Of Bones based on
region, size, shape and ossification.
 Epiphyses and its types
 Law of ossification
 Blood Supply of Long Bones
Chapter 3: Chondrology
 Classification Of Cartilage
Chapter 4: Arthrology


Classification Of Joints
Fibrous Joints
 Cartilaginous joints
 Synovial Joints (SEQ)
 Movement around Synovial Joint
 Nerve and Blood Supply of Joints
Chapter 5: Myology
 Classification of muscles based upon:
 Arrangement of fibres
 Physiological action
 What are Synergists
 Synovial Structures, Synovial Bursa
Chapter 6: Neurology
 Autonomic Nervous System (Table 6-2)
 Supporting Tissue Of Nervous System
 Formation Of Spinal Nerve
Chapter 7: Angiology
 Anastomoses
 Table 7-1
 What is Glomus
Chapter 8: Splanchnology
 Nothing So Important
Histology
Facts: These guidelines are
according to Laiq Hussain.
 Must go through Janquira’s
Clinical Scenarios for MCQs
Chapter 2
 Peroxisomes, Cytoskeleton,
Mitochondria
 Cell Junctions
Chapter 3
 All epithelia along with their examples,
importamt for Diagrams
 Structure of cilia
 Basal membrane
 Functions of epithelium
Chapter 4
 Exocrine Vs Endocrine glands
 Examples of tubular and acinar glands
 Mucous Vs Serous Vs Mixed Glands
 Classification based on Mode of
Secretion
Chapter 5
 Brown Vs White Fat
 Functions of Macrophages
 Functions of Mast cells
 04 Types of collagen Fibres
 Composition of Ground Substance
 Mucoid Connective tissue
Chapter 6
 Mobilisation of fats
Chapter 7
 Comparison of various types of
cartilages and histological diagrams
Chapter 8
 Osteoprogenitor cells
Comparison of Compact and Spongy
bone
 Haversian Systems (VVVIMP
 Growth Of Bones (VVVIMP) also
Histological diagrams of epihesial
cartilage
Chapter 10
 Most of it has been done in Physiology
(Nerve and Muscles)
Epimysium Vs Perimycium Vs
Endomycium
 Comparison of various sort of Muscle
Types
 Histologic Diagrams of Muscle
Chapter 11
 Classification Of Neurones based on
Morphology, Length of Axons, Function
 Formation of Myelin Sheath
 Encapsulated Nerve Endings
(Meissner’s & Pacinian Corpuscles)
 Muscle spindles and Golgi Tendon
Organs
 Blood Brain Barrier
 Histological Diagrams are also
important
Chapter 12
 Layers of cells in Cerebral Cortex and
its histological Diagram
 Name Of cell layers in Cerebellum
Chapter 13
 Classification Of Capillaries
 Histological Diagrams of Elastic and
Muscular Arteries and veins
 Cardiac Skeleton Of Heart
 Functions of Endothelium
Chapter 14
 Types of Immunoglobulins
 Natural Killer cells
 Lymphoid Tissue (Entire Important)
 Blood Supply of Thymus and Blood-
Thymus Barrier
 Function Of Thymus
 Positive and Negative processing by
Thymus
 Role of Lymph Nodes in Immune
System
 Spleen’s Blood Supply
 Red Pulp Vs White Pulp
 Functions of Spleen
 Palatine Tonsil
 Histological Diagrams Of Entire
Chapter (VVVIMP)
Chapter 15
 Four Types of cells in Epidermis
 6 layers of Epidermis
 Difference Between Thicka nd Thin
Skin
 Histological Diagrams Of Skin
Embryology
Facts: Guidance is Chapter 2
according to KLM. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Menstrual Cycle
 Must go through each Maturation of Sperms
and every Clinical of Sequence and Phases of Fertilization
your book Assisted Reproductive Technologies
(KLM Page 30)
 Don’t even bother
about molecular Chapter 3
Formation of Amniotic Cavity,
signalling. 🔹

embryonic disc and umbilical vesicle

 Try your best to Development of Chorionic sac
illustrate your answer Extrauterine Implantations
with the help of any Placenta Previa
suitable diagram.
Chapter 4
Primitive Streak
Notochordal process and Notochord
Neurulation
Development of Somites
Development of Chorionic Villi
Chapter 5
Folding of Embryo
Germ layer Derivatives (figure 5-5)
Ultrasound Examination
Chapter 6
Diagnostic Amniocentesis
Alpha Fetoprotein Assay
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Chapter 7
V.V.V.V.Imp Chapter
Decidua
Development of Placenta
Maternal and Foetal Components of
Placenta
Placental Circulation
Placental Membrane
Functions of Placenta
Various Forms of Placenta
Umbilical cord (Umblical Knots)
Amniotic Fluid and its Disorders
Umbilical vesicle
Allantois
Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins
(We had a question about Siamese
twins in our send ups, actually it is the
other name of conjoined twins)
Chapter 20
Table 20.1, 20.3, 20.4

Thorax
Intercostal Muscles
 Blood supply
 Innervation,
 Intercostal nerve block
 Contents of intercostal space
 Manubri-sternal joint
 Xefe-sternal joint
 Course of internal thoracic artery
Diaphragm
 Openings in diaphragm
 Contents passing through these
openings
 Innervation and related clinical
scenarios of diaphragm
 Referred pain of diaphragm
 Diaphragmatic hernia
Thoracic muscles
 Respiratory movements
 Pump handle and bucket handle
movement
 Thoracotomy
 Clinical significance of sternum
 Thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet
Lungs
 Bronco-pulmonary segments and
their blood and nerve supply and its
clinical significance
 Pleura
 Pleural divisions and recesses
 Innervation of pleura
 Pleural effusion and other related
clinical scenarios
Mediastinum
 Boundaries and contents of superior
and inferior mediastinum
Spread of Infections from Neck into
Mediastinum
Heart
 Sinuses of pericardium
 Blood and nerve supply of
pericardium
 Pericardial effusion and cardiac
temponade
 Grooves or sulci of heart
 Features of ventricles and atria
 Structure of heart valves
 Arterial drainage and venius
drainage of heart (especiay the
cardiac dominance)
 Angina pectoris
 Superficial and deep cardiac
plexuses
 Venous blood flow in cases of SVC
Obstruction
 Course and branches of aorta
 Oesophagus (especially its
constrictions, arterial supply and
venous drainage)
 Oesophageal varices and barium
swallow
 Couse of thoracic duct
 Auscultatory areas of valves and
why the auscultatory areas of heart
vary from the underlying exact
position of valves.
 Coronary angina
 Myocardial infarction
 Coronary bypass graft
 Coronary angioplasty
 Cardiac referred pain
 Coarctation of aorta
Upper Limb
Facts: Must go through Clinical of KLM
 Dermatomes & Cutaneous Innervation
 Breast
 Blood supply of Breast.
 Lymphatic drainage of Breast.
 Spread of breast Cancer (spread to brain is via veins. Do this one from KLM.
This one was asked in our final paper)
 Clavipectoral Fascia and the structures piercing Clavipectoral Fascia
 Auxilla
 Branches and relations of Axillary Artery (branches of thoracoacromial
artery are also asked)
 Axillary Lymph Nodes.
 Brachial Plexus and related clinical scenarios
 Erb's and Klumpke's Paralysis.

Shoulder Joint
 Movements of Shoulder Girdle / Scapula
 Movements of Shoulder joint along with muscles causing them especially
OVERHEAD Abduction
 Blood and nerve supply of Shoulder joint
 Innervation of upper limb
 Muscle Table based on:
 Compartment
 Same innervation
 Involved in same movement
 Rotator cuff
 Muscle table of Intrinsic Muscles of Hand, Of Thenar and Hypothenar
Eminences
 Triangle of Auscultation
 Site of Intramuscular Injection
 Paralysis of deltoid in case of axillary nerve damage
 Anastomosis around Scapula and Elbow
 Cubital Fossa
 Unique nerve supply of Triceps brachii and its clinical significance
 Saturday night palsy
 Smith's and Colles' fracture (from KLM)
 Boundaries and attachments of Cubital Fossa with significance of Median
Cubital Vein.
 Courses, relations and branches of nerves.
 Carpal vs Cubital tunnel Syndrome (KLM)
 Ulnar canal Syndrome (ulnar canal is also called Guyon canal)
 Pronator Syndrome (with Pointing index finger)
 Anatomical Snuff Box
 Tennis elbow and Golfer's elbow.
 Supination and pronation with their axis and muscles involved. (When
these movements are done with the hand on a table, lower ends of the
bones remain fixed)
 Direction of weight transmission (weight is transmitted from lower end of
radius to upper end of ulna via the Interosseous membrane.)
 Ulnar paradox
 Difference between median and ulnar claw hand.
 Fracture of Scaphoid and Bennett's fracture.
 Spaces of Hand (Infection of pulp space is also called Felon)
 Nerve injuries (All are equally important. You should be able to explain
the difference between the injury of same nerve at elbow and wrist
 Lymphatic drainage
 Mallet Finger, Synovial Cyst and Dupuytren's Contracture (KLM)
 Lower Limb
 Cutaneous Distribution & Dermatomes
Muscle Groups
 Based on compartments
 Involved in one specific sort of movement
 Innervated by a specific nerve
 Hybrid Muscles
 Muscles of sole of foot
Arterial supply
 Anastomoses around joints,
 Alternate passageways in case of ligation of femoral artery
Venous Drainage
 Great Saphenous Vein, Its clinical Significance
 Connection between deep and superficial veins of leg
 Soleus Pump and Peripheral Heart
 Superficial and deep lymphatic nodes
 Femoral Triangle Boundaries and contents
 Femoral sheath and its contents
 Why femoral nerve lies outside femoral sheath
 Site of intramuscular junctions
Joints
 Minimal Chances of structures of Joints to be asked.
 Joints’ Blood supply, Nerve Supply, related Clinical are very important
 Ranges of movement and Plane of axis may be asked
 Popliteal Fossa and Its Contents
 Bursae associated with knee joint, anastomosis around knee joint,
Clinical associated with it
 Locking and Unlocking for knee joint
 Anterior and Posterior Drawer Sign
 Foot drop
 Clinical related to ankle joint
 Ankle sprain
 Direction of weight transmission
 What is neurovascular Plane of sole of foot
 Foot Arches and Supporting Apparatus of foot
 Varicose Veins
Cell Physiology
 Difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes
 Types of RNA
 Cell organelles
 Feedback mechanism
 Past paper Questions
Blood Physiology
Chapter 33
 Quantity of haemoglobin and rbc count in males and females
 Areas of production of RBCs
 Stages of differentiation of RBCs
 Hypoxia and its role in production of RBCs via erythropoietin production
 Iron metabolism
 Role of Folic acid in red cell maturation
 Anemia and its types (VVVImp)

Chapter 34
Concentrations and types of WBCs and their functions
Reticuloendothelial system (V.Imp)
Inflammation (Def + Characteristics + macrophage and neutrophil
response during inflammation)
Leukemia and Leukopenia and leukocytopnia

🔴 Chapter 35
Types of immunity (Imp)
Structure of antibody (Imp)
Functions of B lymphocytes- Humoral mediated Immunity
Complement system (Imp)
Types of T cells and their functions (Prof question)
Passive immunity
Allergy(imp for MCQs)

🔴 Chapter 36
Agglutinogen and agglutinin
Blood types (Table 36.1)
Transfusion reactions (Imp for MCQs)
Landsteiner Law
Erythroblastosis fetalis (Imp)
Definitions of various types of transplantation
🔴 Chapter 37
Entire chapter is very imp.
Hemostasis events
Platelets Characteristics
Mechanism of platelet plug (Imp for MCQs point)
Blood clotting (Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathway- do the flow
charts)(Important most question for test and prof)
Bleeding time and clotting time (Definitions)
Prothrombin time
Hemophilia- Clotting disorder (Imp)
Thrombocytopenia-Bleeding disorder (Imp)
Respiratory Physiology
Chapter 38
 Muscle of quiet breathing (diaphragm )
 Muscles of forced expiration and inspiration
 Pleural pressure and alveolar pressure during inspiration and expiration (imp)
 Transpulmonary pressure
 Compliance of lungs (very imp prof question)
 Surfactant , its composition and effect on surface tension
 Respiratory distress syndrome
 Work of breathing
 Pulmonary volumes and capacities (do everything related to this) (VVVIMP)
 Determination of functional residual capacities (can be asked in viva )
 Dead space , Physiological and anatomical (vvv imp) and its measurement
 Also know the extent of conducting and respiratory part of respiratory system
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic control of bronchiolar diameter
 Cough and sneeze reflex (VVVImp)
 Functions of nose

Chapter 39
 Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation
 Pressures in all part of pulmonary circulation
 Pulmonary wedge pressure (imp)
 Effect of O2 on pulmonary blood flow (Important, because it is reverse
of systemic B. flow)
 Zone 1 , 2 and 3 of lungs (imp)
 Pulmonary capillary dynamics . (vvv imp for mcqs )
 Pulmonary edema and its safety factor (vvv imp)
 Negative pleural pressure and Pleural effusion

Chapter 40
 Most of this chapter is to be read for concept only
 Formula for the rate of diffusion of a gas’ (V.Imp)
 Diffusion coeffecients for O2 and CO2
  Remember the values for O2 and CO2 in table 40.1
 Why composition of atmospheric and alveolar air is different
 Importance of slow replacement of alveolar air
 Concentration and partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in alveoli
 Respiratory membrane and its 6 layers (vvv imp)
 Factors affecting gas diffusion through respiratory membrane
 Diffusing capacity for O2 and CO2 and its changes during exercise
 Ventilation perfusion ratio , high , low , normal (VVV IMP)
 Abnormal ventilation perfusion ratio, physiological shunt and
physiological dead space (vvv imp)

Chapter 41
 Transport of O2 and Co2 in circulation , partial pressures in all parts ,
figure 41.3, 41.5
 Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, and factors causing right and
left shift, you should be able to draw it too (vvv imp prof question)
 Mechanism of CO poisoning
 Transport of CO2 in various forms in blood ( V imp)
 Haldane effect and bohr effect and their significance (vvv imp Prof q)
 Respiratory exchange ratio

Chapter 42
 Respiratory center , components and functions
 Inspiratory ramp signal (vvv imp)
 Nervous control of respiration
 Chemical control of respiration , Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
and effect of O2 , CO2 and H2 on each (vvv imp , send up question)
 Factors affecting respiration
 Chyne stokes breathing and its waveform (imp)
 Sleep apnea, types , causes, and treatment
Chapter 43(Low Yield Chapter)
 Maximum expiratory flow
 Concept of constricted lung disease and obstructive lung disease
 Forced expiratory vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume(FEV)
 FEV1/FVC ratio and its importance
 Diseases are all imp, know their pathophysiology and symptoms
 Hypoxia and its 5 types 1) Anaemic 2) Hypoxic 3)Ischemic 4)Histotoxic
5)Due to damage to respiratory membrane (VVV imp proff q)
 Worth of O2 therapy in different types of hypoxia (imp)
 Cyanosis

Chapter 44
 This chapter is not that important, only these topics are to be done ,
read the rest of the chapter for mcqs
 Acute effects of hypoxia
 Acclimatization and principal changes in acclimatization ( vvv imp)
 Acute and Chronic mountain sickness

Chapter 45
 These topics are to be done , read the rest of the chapter
 Nitrogen Narcosis
 Oxygen toxicity at high pressures
 Decompression sickness (bends , caisson Disease, divers paralysis,
dysbarism) ( vvv imp)
 Treatment of decompression sickness
 SCUBA diving
Nerve & Muscles
Chapter 4
It's better to do the entire chap from big guyton but u can do this
chap from mini guyton. Atleast do following topics from big one:
Selective permeability of protein channels
Fig 4.7
No need to do patch clamp method
Chapter 5
RMP and factors for it(very imp)
Nerve Action Potential and factors for it(imp)
Plateau in AP
All or nothing principle
Saltatory conduction(very imp)
Refractory period (Absolute and relative)
Chapter 6
General nd molecular mechanism of muscle contraction(imp)
Walk along theory and mechanism
Sources of energy(SEQs)
Characteristics ( better do it from firdous)
Difference between fast and slow fibres (Prof question)
Rgor mortis
Chapter 7
This entire chap is very important ...
Neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine production
Excitation contraction coupling(v.v.imp)
Myasthenia gravis(imp.clinical)
Eaten lambert syndrome(viva)

Chapter 8
This chap is also important .
Contractile mechanism of smooth muscle
Comparison of smooth nd skeletal muscle(similarity and difference)
Sress relaxation
Regulation by Ca++ ions
 Nervous nd hormonal control
Slow waves
Some topics of nerves must be done from MUSHTAQ PHYSIO:
Structure of neuron
Classification of neurons
The stimulus
Properties of nerve fibres
Compound action potential(very very imp)
Degeneration nd regeneration of nerve fibres
Properties Of Nerve Fibres

CVS Physiology
Heart
All chapters of this unit are important and you have to do them from Guyton.
However, Chapter 12 can be done from Mini-Guyton or Firdaus. Just read the text given
below figures from this chapter.So, I suggest to go through this chapter in the very end if you get
time. .

Chapter 9
 Properties of cardiac muscle (Prof question)
 Action potential of cardiac muscle- Fig 9.4 (vvv imp)
 AP of conducting cardiac muscle is different from this one...it is also v
important given in chp 10
 [TIP:Do make summaries on the figures, it helps alot in revision]
 Excitation-contraction coupling [Two mechanisms viz.
 (a)Through T-tubule
 (b) Through extracellular Ca2+ ion.
 Significance of this mechanism]
 Repolarization
 Cardiac cycle (V.important) –Practice figure 9.7 (We got question to draw
events of cardiac cycle)
 Pressure changes in atria (Prof Question)
 Waveform of JVP(Prof question)(Do it from practical copies or Mushtaq)
 End systolic and End diastolic volume, Stroke volume output, Ejection
fraction (important)
 Right ventricular Pressure= 1/6th of left ventricular Pressure (MCQ)
 Volume-Pressure digram-vvvvv imp (figure 9.10)
 Preload and after load
 Efficiency of cardiac contraction
 Factors controlling cardiac output (v imp)
 Frank-starling mechanism vvv imp
 Autonomic control
 Potassium and Calcium control
 Temperature
Chapter 10
 Why SA node is pacemaker? How it works? (Prof question)
 Automatic electrical rhythmicity of sinus fibers-vv imp (Prof Question)
 AP of nodal fibers (CVS MODULE Q)
 Internodal pathways
 AV node and delay of impulse with its cause and significance (imp)
 Control of excitation and conduction in heart..
 Ectopic pacemakers (imp)
 STOKES ADAMS SYNDROME-(vv important)
 Role of purkinjie system in causing synchronous contraction
 Control by ANS (CONCEPT OF VENTRICULAR ESCAPE)

Chapter 11
 Genesis of PQRST waves in ECG? (Prof question)
 Significance of ECG (Prof question)
 Characteristics i.e. segments, intervals and waves of normal ECG (Know
about the U wave too)
 PQ or PR interval (prof Q)
 Why is there no atrial T wave? (The answer is second and third paragraph
of topic ‘relationship of arial and ventricular contraction to the waves of
ECG)
 Normal voltages in ECG
 How rate of heart beat is determined from ECG?(Prof question)
 ECG LEADS-whole topic (vvv important)

Chapter 13
 This chp is vvv imp.
 Do not leave any topic from this chapter
 Clear ur concept regarding flutter and fibrillation n difference between the
  ECG pattern in diseases
NOTE:
 Make summaries on figures. It helps in revision

The Circulation
Circulation isnn’t gone through from Guyton except a few chapters
Chapter 19 carries the topic of RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM, an important
one. It’s better to go through following chapters from Guyton.
Chapter 20
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
And the rest of the Chapters can be prepared either from Mini-Guyton or Firdous.

IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR CIRCULATION

Chapter 15
 Abnormal pressure pulse contour
 Mean arterial pressure
 Veins and their functions (Gravitational effects, Central Venous Pressure,
 Blood Reservoir Function, Varicose Veins)
Chapter 16
 Concept of Vasomotion
 Starlings forces and Mean Filtration Pressure
 Effect of Interstitial Fluid Pressure on Lymph Flow
Chapter 17
 Acute control of Local Blood flow:
 Vasodilator and oxygen lack theories
 Reactive and active hyperemia
 Myogenic and metabolic mechanisms of autoregulation
 Special mechanisms for blood flow regulation in specific tissues
 Blood flow regulation by endothelial derived NO and endothelin
 Long term blood flow:change in tissue vascularity and development of
 collateral circulation
 Vasoconstrictor and Vadodilator agents
Chapter 18
 Do this chap after reading the summary of integrated system for arterial
pressure regulation.
 Must cover the following topics.
 Vasovagal syncope
 Baroreceptors(Arterial pressure range of stimulation)
 Chemoreceptors(range of stimulation)
 Bainbridge reflex (imp)
 CNS ischemic response (v imp)
 Cushing reaction (imp)
Chapter 19
 Pressure diuresis and natriuresis
 Salt sensitivity
 Renin Angiotensin System (vvv imp)
 One/two kidney goldblatt hypertension
 Treatment of essential hypertension
(all flow charts are imp)
Chapter 20
 Cardiac output, factors affecting it (Imp)
 Causes for high/low Cardiac Output (Imp)
Chapter 21
 Changes in CVS during excercise
 Coronary circulation(collaterals)
 Myocardial infarction
 Treatment with drugs
Chapter 22
 Heart failure (compensated+decompensated)
 Cardiac reserve
Chapter 23
Heart sounds (Duration, Cause)
 Phonocardiograms in Abnormalities of heart
 Mitral and Aortic Stenosis and regurgitation
 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
 Teratology of Fallot
Chapter 24
 Causes and Types of Shock
 Treatment

 NOTE:
The most important topics of circulation are
a. Renin Angiotensin Sytem
b. Circulatory Shock
c. Cardiac output and venous return
d. Heart Sounds
Professional’16