Master Program in Pharmacy Macedonia Skopje 2009

University “Ss.
Cyril and Methodius”

Faculty of Pharmacy
Skopje
Master Program in Pharmacy

1st and 2nd integrated cycle
1
STUDY PROGRAM MASTER IN PHARMACY (1st and 2nd integrated cycle)
1 semester 2 semester 3 semester 4 semester 5 semester 6 semester
Applied statistics Instrumental pharamceutical Anatomy and physiology Patologija so patofiziologija Pharmaceutical technology
Introductory course (4 ECTS)
(3.5 ECTS) analyses (7 ECTS) (10 ECTS) (9 ECTS) (10 ECTS)
General and inorganic
Physical chemistry Biochemistry Basic immunology Osnovi na farmacevtskata Pharmaceutical chemistry II
chemistry
(6.5 ECTS) (6 ECTS) (3 ECTS) tehnologija (6 ECTS) (6 ECTS)
(8 ECTS )
Basic of phytotherapy (4
Mathematics Analytical chemistry General and cell biology (4 Phytochemistry Farmakognozija
ECTS)
(5 ECTS ) (8 ECTS) ECTS) (7 ECTS) (9 ECTS)
Molecular cell biology and
Basic of organic chemistry Bioorganic chemistry Pharmaceutical chemistry I Osnovi na farmakologijata 3 Elective subjects (Group I)
genetics
(7 ECTS) (10 ECTS) (7 ECTS) (6 ECTS) (6ECTS)
(6 ECTS)
Social pharmacy and
Biophysics Evaluation of pharmacopoeial Microbiology
methodology Individual project (4 ECTS )
(6 ECTS ) substances (2 ECTS) (7 ECTS)
(3 ECTS)
7 semester 8 semester 9 semester 10 semester
Pharamceutical technology - Introduction to clinical Clinical pharmacy and Option A

advanced (8 ECTS ) pharmacy therapeutics Profesional practice
(4 ECTS) (10 ECTS) (20 ECTS)
Biopharmacy Toxicology Elective subjects (Ggroup II) Option B

(7 ECTS ) (9 ECTS) (20 ECTS) Laboratory practice
(20ECTS)
Pharmaceutical chemistry III Regulatory affairs and drug Master thesis

(10 ECTS) quality control (10 ECTS)
(7 ECTS)
Food and nutrition Clinical biochemistry
(5 ECTS) (7 ECTS)
Pharmacoinformatics
(3 ECTS)
2
Introductory course
Practical Information
Status: Compulsory
Time schedule: 1st semester
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, project
Dimension of course: 4 ECTS-points.
Number of hours: 26 lectures of 45 min., 8 hours meetings with professionals, 4 hours
laboratory work, individual project
Evaluation: Pass/fail by internal evaluation (subject teacher). The evaluation is
given on the basis of:
* Participation in compulsory activities
* A written project and an oral presentation of it.
Teaching material: N/A
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students an introduction to the curriculum of the Faculty of
Pharmacy and to put the pharmaceutical education into perspective to the pharmaceutical
profession. This course also contains introduction to security matters in laboratory courses and the
rules and regulations of safe laboratory practice.
Content:
The course consists of introduction to:
- Pharmacy profession – multiple aspects of being a pharmacist
- Ethics in Pharmacy practice
- Meeting with different professionals within the pharmacy practice
- Basic aspects of Social Pharmacy
o health system in Macedonia with special emphasis on the pharmaceutical sector
o definition/concept of a drug
o drug effects and side effects
o absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
o relation between chemical structure and biological effects
o pharmacoepidemiology
- Development, production, distribution and quality assurance of drugs
o explain why different forms of drugs exist and when they are used
o knowledge of the production of different forms of drugs
o quality assurance and quality control
o registration of drugs by the National Drug Agency
o structure and purpose of the European Pharmacopoeia
- Introduction to Laboratory Safety with an orientation on harmful effects of the
occupational environment with focus on the chemical effects – acute as well as long-term
actions is given. Prevention and treatment of corrosions and burns are described together
with an introduction to fire chemistry as an introduction to a fire extinguishing exercise. The
security organisation of the university is presented.
3
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 26
Preparation for lectures 13
Meeting with professionals 10
Laboratory exercises 4
Preparation for exercises 4
Subtotal 57
Individual project (individual and group work) 53
Presentation of the projects 10
Total 120
Course responsible:
Prof. Biljana Bauer, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany – biba@ff.ukim.edu.mk
4
General and Inorganic Chemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures + numerical and laboratory exercises
Dimension of course: 8.0 ECTS
Number of hours: 45 lectures of 45 min, 45 laboratory and numerical exercises of 45
minutes
Frequency: Once a year
Evaluation: Continuing: 50 points
Final: 50 points
A student can pass the subject without a final exam if he/she collects
at least 71 points throughout the semester with the following mark
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
Whitten K.W., Davis R.E., Peck M.L., Stanley G.G., GeneralChemistry, 7th Edition, Thomson
Brooks/Cole, Belmond USA, 2004;
Cotton F.A., Wilkinson G., Murillo C.A., Bochman M., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition,
Hohn Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999;
Arsenijevic S.R., Hemija Opsta i Neorganska, 14 dopunjeno izdanje, Naucna knjiga, Beograd, 1994
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to provide learning of fundamental concepts of chemistry and to
develop student’s numerical problem-solving skills. Subjects are chosen to provide learning of basic
chemical properties of the elements and the most common inorganic compounds. Special attention
is paid to elements that participate in important biological processes and pharmaceutical relevant
inorganic compounds. The course is the foundation of the following compulsory courses: analytical
chemistry, organic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Pre – requests: None
Content:
General chemistry: The lectures provide theoretical knowledge of general chemistry. The
numerical exercises with individual numerical problem solving are used to answer a variety of
examples and exercises based on fundamental laws in chemistry.
The course include: Basic definitions and basic laws in chemistry; energy changes in chemical
reactions, basic thermodynamic laws. The atomic theory of structure of the atoms, Quantum theory
and electronic structure of atoms. Periodic relationships among the elements. Chemical bonding.
Chemical kinetics. Chemical equilibrium in aqueous solution (acid/base reactions, the pH concept,
buffer solutions, redox reactions, complex formation).
5
Inorganic chemistry: The periodic table and chemistry of the elements. Non-metallic elements and
their compounds. General properties of metal elements and their common compounds. Transition
metal chemistry and coordination compounds.
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the student obtains basic knowledge of fundamental concepts of
chemistry with the outcome that student after passing the course
• has a basic knowledge of structure of atoms, periodic properties of the elements and nature of
chemical bonding;
• has a basic knowledge of composition stechiometry (the quantitative relationship among
elements in compounds) and reaction stechiometry (the quantitative relationship among
substances as they participate in chemical reactions);
• has a basic understanding of the relation between structure and reactivity of simple molecules
based on their electronic structure;
• is able to make calculations of simple as well as more complex problems based on fundamental
laws in chemistry and chemical equilibrium in aqueous solution;
• has a knowledge of basic chemical properties of the elements and the most common inorganic
compounds;
• has a basic knowledge of elements that participate in important biological processes and
pharmaceutical relevant inorganic compounds.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 45
Laboratory and numerical exercises 45
Preparation exercises 25
Subtotal 160
Evaluation 80
Total 240
Course responsible: Prof. Rumenka Petkovska, rupe@ff.ukim.edu.mk
6
Mathematics
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals (class hours),
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 min, 30 practicals of 45 minutes,
Frequency: Once a year.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
Ilievski B., Matematika za farmacevti, Skopje, 2001
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about several fields of mathematics
focusing on differential and integral equations which are implicated in the courses of Physics,
Physical pharmacy and the laboratory exercises later in the studies.
Pre – requests:
None
Content:
Sets, maps and binary operations; Number sets; Mathematical induction and binomial formula;
Ratio, proportion and percent; Some applications of percent and proportion in chemical problems;
Sequences of real numbers: definition and some elementary properties; Some theorems for
convergent sequences; Arithmetical, geometrical and natural sequences; Real functions of one real
variable; Limit of functions; Limits of some more important functions; Differential calculus;
Differentiation formulas for explicit functions; Derivative of implicitly and parametrically given
functions; First differential of functions; Geometrical, physical and chemical interpretation of the
derivative; Derivatives and differentials of higher order; Local extreme and Fermat's theorem;
Lopital formulas for indefinite terms; Indefinite integrals; Newton - Leibnitz theorem; Applications
of the definite integral; Real functions of two independent variables.
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course the students are expected to:
• Demonstrate knowledge in several fields of mathematics important to the future pharmacist
• Be able to deal with mathematical problems related to differential and integral counting
7
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals (class hours) 30
Preparation for practicals 15
Subtotal 105
Evaluation 45
Total 150 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Borko Ilievski, Faculty of natural sciences and mathematics
8
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practical
Dimension of course: 7.0 ECTS-points.
Number of hours: 40 lectures of 45 miutes, 30 practical of 45 minutes, 5 group work of
45 min
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
McMurry J. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Brooks/Cole, 2003
Peter K., Vollhardt C., Schore N. Organic Chemistry: structure and function, 4th Ed W. H.
Freeman and Company, 2003
Carey F. Organic Chenmistry 4th Ed ,McGraw-Hill, 2002
Brown W. Organic Chemistry, International Edition, Harcourt Brace College, 1995
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the molecular structure of
organic compounds including stereochemistry, classes of organic compounds, their physical
properties and chemical reactivity
Pre – requests:
None
Content:
Structure and Bonding; Bonding and Molecular Properties; The Nature of Organic Compounds,
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Stereochemistry of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; An Overview of Organic
Reactions; Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity; Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis; Alkynes; Alkyl
Halides; Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations; Structure
Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy; Structure Determination: Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy; Benzene and
Aromatics; Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution; Alcohols and Thiols;
Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulphides; Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions;
Carboxylic Acids; Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acil Substitution Reactions;
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions; Carbonyl Condensation Reactions; Aliphatic Amines;
Arylamines and Phenols
9
Outcome:
After finishing the course the student:
• Can account for systematic nomenclature and structures of different classes of organic
compounds
• Can account for pathways of preparation/synthesis of different classes of organic compound
• Can account for the physical properties and chemical reactivity and reaction mechanism
• Can describe the structure of molecules, their conformation, molecular geometry and molecular
isomerism
• Has obtained knowledge for isolation, purification and characterization of organic compounds
and is able to handle the equipment and carry out basic operations in a safe manner in organic
chem. laboratory
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 40
Laboratory classes 30
Preparation 15
Group work 15
Subtotal 140
Evaluation 70
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Vaska Arsova
Ass. Ana Poceva-Panovska
10
Biophysics
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practical,
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 min, 30 practical of 45 minutes, group work 15 of 45
minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Stoimenov S., Lectures of Biophysics-Inter publication-PMF, Skopje (2005)
• Tipller Physics World Publisher (1995)
• Andonovska N., Biophysics, Skopje (1998)
• Stojanov Z., Stoimenov S., Fizi~ki principi na ultrazvu~nata dijagnostika i terapija MANU
(2001)
Purpose:
Biophysics can generally explain how physical phenomena such as mechanics, electricity,
magnetism, light, heat, and radiation affect/account for the structure and the function of biological
systems. Biophysics covers a wide scope of problems related to the main physical mechanisms of
processes taking place on different organization levels in biosystems. It includes structure and
dynamics and cells and tissues; the influence of the environment; energy transformation and
transfer; thermodynamics; biological motility; and cell differentiation modeling; biomechanic and
tissue reology; cybernetic modeling of complex systems in human body.
Pre – requests:
None
Content:
Ambient from a point of view of Physics and Biophysics; Fundaments of Biocybernetics;
Kinematics and Mechanics in Nature; Forces, and Centrifugal Systems; Locomotoric System of
Men; Physics of Bone, Muscle and Joint; Pressure and Biological Systems; Atmospheric and Blood
Pressure; Work and Power of Man and Heart; Physics and Biophysics of Fluids; Transport
Phenomena in Living Organisms; Diffusion and Osmosis in Cell Membrane, Filtration; Heat and
Thermodynamics in Biological Systems; Humidity as a Biological Factor; Evaporation and
Condensation; Bio Acoustics; Biomaterials; Bioelectricity; Bioelectric, Membrane’s and Action
potentials; Magnetic and Electric Fields and Living Organisms; Light and the Optics of Vision;
11
Photobiological Processes and Mechanisms; Bioluminescence; Ionizing and Non Ionizing
Radiation; Consequence and Safeguard of Radiation.
Outcome:
• Knowledge of the main physical principles and methods needed for explaining the bioprocesses.
• Every organism must interact with its environment in order to obtain energy and substance.
• Modelling and identification of bio systems.
• Moving in nature and biological systems. Work and power of men and heart.
• Biomechanics of fluids. Pressure, Viscosity, Tensioactivity, Capillarity, Sedimentation
• Life is an irreversible process. Bio energetic Temperature and Heat
• Life involves a temporary decrease of entropy for which energy is spent.
• Diffusion. Osmosis. Humidity. Evaporation. Filtration.
• Biophysics of hearing. Ultrasound. Equipment for diagnostics and therapy.
• Bioimplantant, New materials. Biomaterials.
• Electric current and living organisms. Therapeutic methods and equipment.
• Membrane’s Transport. Bio potentials. Na-K pump, ECG, EEG, EMG.
• Biophysics of vision. Physical phenomena, Optic instruments, fiberoptics. Lasers.
• Fundaments of Modern physics. Transmutation, Nuclear fusion and fission.
• Sources of radiation. Interaction of radiation and biomaterials. Radioisotopes in medicine.
• Measurement of radiation, monitoring and protections.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 30
Group work 15
Preparation for group work 10
Subtotal 130
Evaluation 50
Total 180 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Stanoja Stoimenov, stanojas@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk
12
Applied Statistics
Status: Compulsory
Time schedule: 2nd semester
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals (class hours),
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to introduce students into basic statistical parameters ant tests.
Pre – requests:
The course is organised on the assumption that the students have knowledge in Mathematics.
Content:
Combinatorial Analysis; Probability; Stochastic event and probability of the event;
Formula of total probability; Binomial distribution of the probabilities; Random variables; Statistics
definition, task of the statistics and some elementary measures of central tendency; Measures of
spread; Normal distribution; Test of hypotheses.
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course the students are expected to be able to deal with statistical problems
related to pharmaceutical practice
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 15
Practicals 30
Subtotal 75
Evaluation 30
Total 105 hours
13
Course responsible:
Prof. Borko Ilievski, Faculty of natural sciences and mathematics
14
Physical Chemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 minutes and 45 practicals of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Martin A. : Physical Pharmacy, Williams&Wilkins, 1993
• Min~eva-[ukarova B.: Fizi~ka hemija, PMF, 1993
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the main principles of physical
chemistry in thermodynamics (phase equilibria, solutions, electrolyte solutions, electrochemistry)
and reaction kinetics; Application of physico-chemical principles on interface- and colloid-
chemistry, durability problems, phase equilibria and structural aspects in systems of pharmaceutical
interest together with macromolecular aspects of relevance to pharmacy and biology. Theoretical
foundation for the laboratory course.
Pre – requests:
The teaching is organized on the assumption that the students have a knowledge corresponding to
the content of the courses Mathematics and Biophysics.
Content:
Main principles of physical chemistry in thermodynamics (phase equilibria, solutions, electrolyte
solutions, electrochemistry) and reaction kinetics. Application of physico-chemical principles on
interface- and colloid-chemistry, durability problems, phase equilibria and structural aspects in
systems of pharmaceutical interest together with macromolecular aspects of relevance to pharmacy
and biology. Theoretical foundation for the laboratory course.
Outcome:
• Demonstrate knowledge of the principles in physical chemistry
15
• Discuss and explain the application of physico-chemical principles in systems of pharmaceutical
interest
• Have practical knowledge of the experimental methods covered by the course
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 45
Subtotal 125
Evaluation 70
Total 195
Course responsible:
Prof. Zoran Kavrakovski, zoka@ff.ukim.edu.mk
16
Analytical Chemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, group work, projects, practicals
Dimension of course: 8.0 CP
Number of hours 30 lectures of 45 min, 15 tutorials of 45 minutes, 45 practicals, 15
group work, 1 project
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
Skoog D., West D., Holler F., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition Harcourt Brace
College Publishers,
Purpose:
To provide the student knowledge on the theoretical fundamentals of qualitative and quantitative
analyses and the influence of the experimental conditions on the chemical reaction and analytical
results.
Pre – requests:
the content of the course General and Inorganic Chemistry.
Content:
The course is a base for the future courses and deals with the main principles of analytical
chemistry; principles and application of the classical quantitative methods; usage of chemical
reaction schemes, calculations of concentrations and chemical equilibrium.
The course comprises:

• The scope and function of analytical chemistry: chemical reactions in solution; acid-base
equilibrium; complexation equilibrium; solvent extraction; redox equilibrium; colour and
precipitation reactions
• Qualitative inorganic analysis: procedures for detection of ions in solution; sensitivity and
detection limit
17
• Quantitative analysis: analytical problems and their solution, sampling and sample pre-
treatment, the assessment of analytical data, gravimetry, titrimetry (acid-base, redox,
complexometric and precipitation titrations)
• Introduction to electroanalytical methods: potentiometry, potentiometric titrations, ion selective
electrodes; conduncometric titrations
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the student after passing the course:
• has knowledge of the influence of equilibrium on chemical reactions
• has knowledge of the classical analytical methods described
• can explain the principles of the methods, their application area and potential sources of error
• is able to use chemical reaction schemes and make the calculations needed in the application of
the methods
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Tutorials 15
Preparation for tutorials 15
Practicals 45
Group work 15
Project 5
Subtotal 180
Evaluation 60
Total 240
Course responsible:
Prof. Suzana Trajkovic-Jolevska, suzana.jolevska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
18
Bioorganic Chemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practical
Number of hours: 60 lectures of 45 min, 60 practical of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• McMurry J. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Brooks/Cole, 2003

• Peter K., Vollhardt C., Schore N. Organic Chemistry: structure and function, 4th Ed W. H.
Freeman and Company, 2003
• Carey F. Organic Chenmistry 4th Ed ,McGraw-Hill, 2002
• Brown W. Organic Chemistry, International Edition, Harcourt Brace College, 1995
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the molecular structure and
reactivity of bioorganic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and peptides, and heterocyclic
biomolecules including stereochemistry, classes of bioorganic compounds, their physical properties
and chemical reactivity
Pre – requests:
It is expected that students before the start of the course have obtained knowledge corresponding to
the content of the course Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry.
19
Content:
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates; Amino Acids, Peptides; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; The Organic
Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways; Heterocycles; Heterocyclic Systems with Five-member Ring
with One Heteroatom; Heterocyclic Systems with Six-member Ring with One Heteroatom;
Heterocyclic Systems with Six-member Ring with Two Heteroatoms; Heterocyclic Systems with
Five-member Ring with Two Heteroatoms (Azoles); Heterocyclic Systems with Six-member Ring
with Nitrogen and Sulfur; Condensed Heterocyclic Systems with more Heteroatoms; Heterocyclic
Systems with Seven-member Ring
Outcome:
After finishing the course the student
• Has obtained knowledge for systematic nomenclature and structures of different classes of
bioorganic compounds
• Can account for pathways of synthesis, physical properties and chemical reactivity of different
classes of bioorganic compounds
• Can account for stereochemistry of bioorganic molecules
• Is able to plan (methods, procedures, equipment) and carry out synthesis of simple and more
complex organic compound
• Is able to evaluate the identity and purity of simple organic and bioorganic compounds
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 60
Practicals 60
Subtotal 210
Evaluation 90
Total 300 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Vaska Arsova
Ass. Ana Poceva-Panovska
20
Evaluation of pharmacopoeial substances
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Project including laboratory exercises
Dimension of course: 2.0 credit points
Number of hours Tutorial 10 hours, laboratory exercises 20 hours (5 x 4 hours)
Evaluation: Passed/not passed
Teaching material: Material used for analytical chemistry and general and inorganic
chemistry
Purpose:
The purpose of the project is to make the student able to plan and accomplish an evaluation of the
pharmacopoeial substances by combining the skills they have acquired in the chemistry courses.
Pre – requests:
The course is organized on basis of the assumption that the student has followed or follows the
compulsory courses of 1st and 2nd semesters.
Content:
The project is organized in three phases: literature studies and planning, laboratory work and report
writing. The students work in groups of 2 or 3 persons. The project includes qualitative and
quantitative evaluations of a compound described in a pharmacopoeia. Literature studies and
preparation of a plan for the experiments, chemical evaluation of chosen methods and tests and
performances of the analysis.
Outcome:
After passing the course the student will be able to make a complete analysis of pharmacopoeia
substances.
Student load:
Hours:
Tutorial 10
Practicals 20
Total 60
Course responsible:
Suzana Trajkovic-Jolevska, suzana.jolevska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Aneta Dimitrovska, aneta.dimitrovska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
21
Instrumental Pharmaceutical Analysis
Status: Compulsory
Time schedule: 3rd semester
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, group work, projects, practicals
Number of hours 20 lectures of 45 min, 10 tutorials of 45 minutes, 45 practicals, 15
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Skoog DA, Holler F.J. and Nieman T.A., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Fifth Edition,
Saunders College Publishing
• Harris D.C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman and Company
Purpose:
To obtained theoretical knowledge on a variety of instrumental analytical methods with a focus on
the application of the methods for the quantitative analysis in different fields in pharmacy.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Physical Chemistry and Applied Statistics.
Content:
A variety of analytical methods are described with a focus on their application for quantitative
determination and identification (separation methods, optical methods, electrochemical methods).
Principles of the methods, apparatus, techniques, validation of the methods, including influence of
different sources of error, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity are also included
in this course.
- Molecular spectrometry: ultraviolet/ visible spectrometry; infrared spectrometry; fluorescence
spectrophotometry; nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry; mass spectrometry
- Atomic spectrometry: atomic absorption spectrometry; atomic fluorescence spectrometry;
atomic emission spectrometry
- Separation methods – chromatography: gas chromatography; high-performance liquid
chromatography; thin-layer chromatography; electroseparations method-capillary
electrophoresis
22
- Electroanalytical methods: voltametry; polarography
Outcome:
• has knowledge of the analytical methods described
• can explain the principles of the methods, their application area and potential sources of error
• is able to make the calculation needed for the application of the methods
• is able to write a report and read the literature
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 20
Tutorials 10
Practicals 45
Group work 15
Project 5
Subtotal 150
Evaluation 60
Total 210
Course responsible:
Prof. Aneta Dimitrovska, aneta.dimitrovska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Zoran Kavrakovski, zoran.kavrakovski@ff.ukim.edu.mk
23
Biochemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals,
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 min, 20 practicals of 45 minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Berg JM, Tymoczko Jl, Stryer L, Biochemistry.6th Edition,W.H. Freeman & Company, 2006
• Xekova-Stojkova SA, Korneti P\, Todorova BB i Trajkovska SK. Biohemija, Univerzitet
Sv.Kiril i Metodij, 1999
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the biochemical characteristics
of living matter.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: General and Cell Biology, Organic chemistry.
Content:
Structure and function of proteins; Nucleoproteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids and synthesis of
proteins; Enzymes with biological catalysis; metabolism of proteins, digestion, resumption; Lipids.
Lipoproteins, biological membranes, digestion and resumption, β-oxidation of fatty acids,
biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol; Carbohydrates, digestion and resumption, glycogenolysis
and glycogenesis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle,
electron transport, oxidative phosphorilation;
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course, the students are expected to:
• Demonstrate knowledge of the chemical structure of biological macromolecules
• Discuss and explain the functions of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
• Understand the major pathways involved in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates
as well as the mechanisms for metabolic regulation
24
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 20
Subtotal 120
Evaluation 60
Total 180 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska, taka@ff.ukim.edu.mk
25
General and cell biology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, group work, project
Number of hours: 15 lectures of 45 min, 5 tutorials of 45 minutes, 15 practicals of 45
minutes, 15 group work of 45 minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Alberts B, Johnson A., Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K.,Walter P, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th
Ed., Garland Science, 2002
• Carp G., Cell and Molecular Biology; concepts and experiments, 4th Ed., , John Wiley & sons,
Inc., 2005
• Jancic R, Botanica pharmaceutica, Nauka, Beograd, 2003
• Stern K., Jansky S., Bidlack J., Introductory Plant Biology, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, 2003
• Mauseth J., Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, 2nd Edition, Saunders College
Publishing, 1995
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the cell, plant cell, plant tissues,
and plant organs.
Pre – requests:
No subject is pre-request for General and cell biology.
Content:
Introduction in biology, Organization of living systems. Cytology: Cellular chemistry, Prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells, Cell structure and function, Cell surfaces and biological membranes, Plant cell,
Cell wall, Chemical organization and function of plasma membrane, Cytological characteristics of
transport mechanisms into, through and out of cells, Structure and function of major cell organelles,
Cell Reproduction, Cell nutrition.
26
Plant organisms - Plant Histology: Meristematic tissues; Permanent tissues: Permanent simple
tissues: Parenchyma tissues, Mechanical tissues; Permanent tissue systems: Dermal system
(Epidermis, Periderm, Bark), Vascular system, Secretory & excretory systems; Plant organs:
Vegetative plant organs (Root, Stem, Bud, Trunk, Leaf); Plant reproduction, Reproductive plant
organs: Flower, Seed, Fruit.
Outcome:
• Ability to explain the unique structure of cells and plant cells and how communication between
and within cells occurs.
• Knowledge of the following cell structures and organelles as well as to indicate the function of
each: plasma membrane, plastids, vacuoles, cell wall.
• Understand the cell cycle and the events that take place in each phase of mitosis
• Know the meristems present in plants and where they are found
• Learn the permanent tissues of plants and the function of each cell component
• Know the primary function and forms of plant vegetative and reproductive organs
• Distinguish among organs and metamorphoses
• Learn the features that distinguish monocots from dicots
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 15
Tutorials (class hours) 5
Practicals 15
Group work 15
Subtotal 82
Evaluation 38
Total 120 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Biljana Bauer Petrovska, biba@ff.ukim.edu.mk
27
Molecular cell biology and genetics
Status: Compulsory
Time schedule: 4th semester
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, project
minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Alberts B, Johnson A., Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K.,Walter P, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th
Ed., Garland Science, 2002
• Carp G., Cell and Molecular Biology; concepts and experiments, 4th Ed., , John Wiley & sons,
Inc., 2005
• Lehninger P, Principles of Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman, 4th Ed., 2004
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students advanced knowledge about the cell processes on
molecular and genetic levels.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: General and cell biology, Biochemistry.
Content:
Molecular aspect of the processes associated with the plasma membrane and cytoplasmatic
membrane systems (structure, transport, compartments and trafficking); The cytoskeleton and cell
motility; Cell junctions, cell adhesion and extra cellular matrix; Development of multicellular
organisms; Cell communication (receptors, signal transduction pathways); Cell cycle and
programmed cell death; Cellular reproduction; Expression of genetic information; Molecular
pathology of inherited, malignant and infectious diseases; Techniques in cell and molecular biology.
Outcome:
• Demonstrate knowledge of the molecular mechanisms employed in the cell functioning
28
• Discus and explain the detailed structure of the DNA and the processes associated with it
• Understand the molecular pathology of many diseases
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 10
Practicals 15
Subtotal 135
Evaluation 45
Total 180 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Aleksandar Dimovski, adimovski@baba.ff.ukim.edu.mk
29
Microbiology
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours: 35 lectures of 45 min, 30 practicals of 45 minutes, 3 seminars of 45
minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Denyer SP, Hodges NA, Gorman SP, Hugo & Russels Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell
Sci Ltd, 2004
• Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg: Medical Microbiology, 23rd ed., Prentice-Hall international Inc.,
2004
• Broock, Biology of Microorganisms, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006
• Petrovska i sorabotnici, Nastavno pomagalo za medicinska mikrobiologija i parazitologija,
Katedra za mikrobiologija, Medicinski fakultet, 2002
• Karaka{evi} i sor: Medicinska mikrobiologija, Medicinska kniga, Beograd, 1987
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the world of microorganisms,
their involvement in diseases, factors that have negative influence on microorganisms as well as
treatment and prophylaxis of infective diseases.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Cell biology, Molecular biology and genetics.
Content:
Morphology and structure of bacteria; Morphology and structure of viruses and differences with
bacteria; Physiology of microorganisms: Growth and replication; Physical and chemical factors
inhibiting the growth and replication, including antimicrobial agents (antibiotics and
chemotherapeutics); Sterilization; Genetic of prokaryotes and viruses; Normal microflora and
associations of microorganisms; Pathogenesis and virulence of microorganisms, Pathogenesis of
infection; The regulation of microorganisms and synthesis of macromolecules in connection with
30
the understanding of the mode of action of different chemotherapeutics and as a background for
gene-technology. Methods for documentation of the effectiveness of sterilization, the demand of
sterilization procedures for the process control.
Outcome:
• Demonstrate knowledge of the general characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi and helmints
• Be familiar with the morphology, pathogenicity of microorganisms of interest in human
medicine, the infective diseases they produce and their prophylaxis and treatment
• Be able to do macroscopical and microscopical identifications of bacteria
• Have practical knowledge of the sterilization processes
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 35
Seminars 3
Preparation for seminars 7
Practicals 30
Subtotal 140
Evaluation 70
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine
31
Anatomy and physiology
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours: Anatomy: 9 lectures of 45 min, 15 practicals of 45 minutes
Physiology: 30 lectures of 45 min, 40 practicals of 45 minutes, 10
seminars of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Lazareva D. Korneti K., Strateska A, Na}eva N.,Papazova M. Anatomija na ~ovekot – Nastavno

pomagalo.
• Guyton AC, Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology.11th ed. 1999, Elsevier Science, 2006
• Bo`inovska L., Maleska-Ivanovska V., Antevska V., Fiziologija – Nastavno pomagalo. Katetra
za fiziologija, Medicisnki fakultet, Skopje 2002
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the anatomical construction of
the human body and includes morphologic organisation of human body, parts of the body, regions
and organic systems. Further to the anatomy, the students are being introduced to the functioning of
cells, organs and systems in the human body as well as the interactions that assure its proper
functioning as a whole unit.
Pre – requests:
None
Content:
Anatomy of Human Skeleton; Classification of Joints; Anatomy of Muscular System; Anatomy of
Respiratory System; Anatomy of Human Heart; Angiology; Cavum Oris Pharynx, Esophagus;
Peritoneal Abdominal Cavity – Contents in Upper and Lower Peritoneal Cavities; Anatomy of
Intestine; Retroperitoneal Abdominal Cavity: Urinary System;Genital Glands and Organs in Male;
Genital Glands and Organs in Female;Anatomy of Ear; Anatomy of Eye.
32
A Framework for Human Physiology; Cell Physiology; Muscle; Physiology of Nervous System;
Motor Systems; Conscience and Behavior; Endocrinology and Reproduction; Blood Cells,
Immunity; Heart and circulation; Electrocardiogram; Physiology of the Respiratory System;
Digestive System; Metabolism; Physiology of the liver, skin and thermoregulation; Body fluids;
Physiolgical anatomy of kidney and urinary ducts
Outcome:
• Demonstrate theoretical and practical knowledge of the human anatomy
• Demonstrate theoretical knowledge of the functional organisation of human body and control in
it
• Discuss and explain the functioning of separate systems and their control mechanisms
• Be able to perform common test of physiologic parameters
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 9+30
Preparation for lectures 9+60
Practicals 15+40
Preparation for practicals 7+20
Seminars 0+5
Preparation for seminars 0+15
Subtotal 40+170
Evaluation 20+70
Total 300 hours
Course responsible:
Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine
Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine
33
Basic immunology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals, project
Number of hours: 12 lectures of 45 min, 5 practicals of 3 hours
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Male D, Imunology: An Illustrated Outline, 4th Ed., Mosby October, 2003
• Roitt I, Peter J. Delves, Roitt’s Essential Immunology, 2003
• Roitt I., Brostoff J., Male D.,Immunology, 6th ed., London: Mosby, 2001
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the basic immunology; organs,
cells and molecules involved in immunology response; innate and adaptive immunology response;
host defence to infections and basic immunodiagnostic methods.
Pre – requests:
Pre-requested subjects are General and cell biology, Biochemistry, Molecular biology and Genetics
Content:
The lectures cover all major topics of basic immunology, and the theoretical principles of most
immunological methods. The practical part of the course offers hands-on experience with
techniques based on precipitation, agglutination and techniques like ELISA and RIA, PAGE and
Western blot.
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course, students are expected to:
• Understand the fundamental principles of basic immunology
• Learn the structure and function of cells and molecules involved in immunology response
• Distinguish the difference between innate and adaptive immunity
• Learn the concept of humoral and cellular responses.
• Know the basic immunodiagnostic mechanisms
34
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 12
Practicals 15
Project 5
Preparation for project 10
Subtotal 60
Evaluation 30
Total 90 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Aleksandar Dimovski, adimovski@ff.ukim.edu.mk
35
Phytochemistry
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals,
minutes, group work 10 of 45 minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Kulevanova S., Farmakognozija, fitohemija i prirodni lekoviti i aromati~ni surovini, Kultura,

Skopje, 2006
• Bruneton J., Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition, Intercept Ltd.,
Londres, Paris, New York, 1999
• Evans W. C., Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy, 15th edition, W. B. Saunders, Edinburgh,
London, New York, Philadelphia, St. Luis, Sydney, Toronto, 2002
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the main classes of secondary
metabolites, classified according to their biosynthesis and their physico-chemical characteristics.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Organic Chemistry, General and cell biology and Instrumental
pharmaceutical analyses.
Content:
The course deals with the chemical composition of living plants; Photosynthesis, Primary
metabolites (plant carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins); Basic biosynthetic pathways of
secondary metabolites; Classification of secondary metabolites; Physico-chemical characteristics,
extraction and methods of investigations as well as pharmacological activity and use of secondary
metabolites:
• Plant phenolics: simple phenols and phenol glycosides; coumarines; lignans, neolignans and
related compounds; flavonoids; anthocyanidins; tannins; quinines
36
• Terpenoides and steroids: monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes; essential oils; iridoids; diterpens;
triterpenoid and steroidal saponins; cardioactive glycosides; tetraterpenes
• Alkaloids: derivatives of ornithine and lysine; derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine;
derivatives of tryptophan; derivatives of anthranilic acid; derivatives of histidine; derivates from
terpene metabolism; steroidal alkaloids; purine basis; compounds with miscellaneous structure.
Outcome:
• Knowledge of the main classes of secondary metabolites.
• Ability to explain the biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite based on organic chemical
principles.
• Ability to explain the structure and solubility and chemical properties of secondary metabolites
• Ability to discuss the extraction of herbal drugs and isolation of a secondary metabolite from
plant material.
• Ability to explain methods for analyses of secondary compounds in herbal drugs.
• Knowledge of pharmacological properties of secondary compounds and their usage as chief
substances and as constituents of herbal drugs or herbal extracts.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 45
Group work 10
Subtotal 150
Evaluation 60
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Svetlana Kulevanova, svku@ff.ukim.edu.mk
37
Pharmaceutical chemistry I
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals, tutorials,group work
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 min, 30 practicals of 45 minutes, 10 tutorials of
45min, group work 20 of 45minutes, 1 project of 5 hours.
Evaluation: Lectures (12-15 points), tutorials + practicals (26-30 points), project
(3-5 points), group work (5-10) points, 2x midterm evaluation (written
test with multiple choice – 8-20 points)
Students are obliged to collect 45 points throughout the semester in
order to be eligible for a final exam. The final exam is a 4 hours
written exam. Student can pass the subject without a final exam if
he/she collects more than 76 points throughout the semester with the
following mark scale:
76-80 points – 6
81-85 points – 7
86-90 points – 8
91-95 points – 9
96-100 points – 10
Students that will not collect 45 points throughout the semester or
students that will not pass the final exam in 2 different terms are
obliged to repeat the whole course.
Teaching material:
• Wilson and Gisvold’s Text Book of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11th ed.,
Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 2004
• Molecular Conceptor CD-ROM
• Campbell M.M., I.S. Blagbrough, Medicinal Chemistry
Purpose:
Pharmaceutical chemistry I is an innovative course for teaching the fundamentals of medicinal
chemistry, drug design, molecular modeling and cheminformatics.The objective of the course is to
give the students knowledge about the physicochemical properties of drugs used to develop new
pharmacologically active compounds and their mechanisms of action, the drug’s metabolism
including possible biological activities of the metabolites, the importance of stereochemistry in drug
design, and the methods used to determine what ”space” a drug occupies.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Organic chemistry, Physical pharmacy and Biochemistry.
Content:
Lectures:
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action (drug distribution, acid-based
properties, percent ionization drug distribution and pKa); Statistical prediction of
38
pharmacological activity (partition coefficient, QSAR models); Combinatorial chemistry
(drug like molecules, resources for combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial chemistry
terminology); Molecular modelling (Computer-aided drug design, drug-receptor interactions,
receptor, steric features of drugs optical isomerism and biological activity, three-dimensional
quantitative structure-activity relationships,isosterism); Biotechnology and new drug
development (biotechnology of recombinant DNA, some types of cloning, expression of cloned
DNA, manipulation of DNA sequence information, new biological targets for drug
development, recombinant drug products); Metabolic changes of drugs and related organic
compounds (general pathways of drug metabolism, sites of drug biotransformation, role of
cytochrome P-450, oxidative biotransformation, oxidative reactions, reductive reactions,
hydrolytic reactions, phase II of conjugation reactions, factors affecting drug metabolism);
Prodrugs and drug latentiation (basic concepts, prodrugs of functional groups, bioprecursors
prodrugs, chemical delivery systems).
Practicals:
Partitional coefficient (P) and coefficient of distribution (D); Determination of maximal solubility of
salicylic acid and Na-salicylate according to pH of the solvents and temperature, Handerson-
Hasselbach equitation and determination of pKa of Bromphenol Blue, Binding parameters of
Chloramphenicol on Bovine Serum Albumine(BSA), Metabolism of marihuana and detection of
canabinoides using TM, Metabolism of phenacetine and detection of metabolites using HPLC,
Working examples of metabolic transformations- functionalization reactions and conjugation
reactions, Metabolism of midazolam and detection of metabolites using HPLC,
Classroom lessons:
Working examples -pH, pKa, Volumetric, Buffers, solubility
PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances)
Tutorials:
Innovative course for teaching the fundamentals of medicinal chemistry, drug design molecular
modeling and cheminformatics
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the students
• acquire basic knowledge about physicochemical and biological factors which contribute to drug
action; in vivo and in vitro biotransformations of drugs and related organic compounds
• obtain basic knowledge about principles of how new drugs are discovered with emphasis on the
drug discovery pipeline, target identification, screening methodologies and assays, mechanism-
based design, structure-based design, in vitro and in vivo testing, chemical analoging and
development issues.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 30
Tutorial (class hours) 10
39
Group work 20
Project 5
Subtotal 150
Evaluation 60
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Ljubica Suturkova, ljsu@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Kristina Mladenovska, krml@ff.ukim.edu.mk
40
Social pharmacy and methodology
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours: 10 lectures of 45 minutes, 15 hours of class hours
Evaluation: Written exam of 3 hours
Teaching material:
• Taylor K. and Harding G., Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 2001
• Werheimer A.I. Smith M.C., Pharmacy Practice, Social and Behavioural Aspects, 3rd ed.,
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989
• Cipolle R.J., Strand L.M., Morley P.C., Pharmaceutical Care Practice, McGraw-Hill,
1998
Objective:
To give students a basic knowledge in social pharmacy in general.
Pre-requests:
Introductory course
Content:
Methodology in social pharmacy including general introduction in the stages of the research
process. Organization of the health system in Macedonia including the Health Insurance Fund.
Referent prices and referent pricing system. Consumers of health care. Pharmaceutical care:
concepts, applications and prevention of drug related problems. Evidence based
medicine/pharmacy. Pharmacy ethics. Patient’s safety. Pharmaceutical policies and pharmacists’
role in the health sector.
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course, the students are expected to have basic knowledge about topics and
problems of the field of social pharmacy.
Student load: Hours:

Lectures 10
Classwork 15
Preparation for classwork 15
Subtotal 60
Evaluation 30
Total 90 hours
Responsible professor:
Prof. Ljubica Suturkova; ljsu@ff.ukim.edu.mk
41
Pathophysiology with pathology
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours: Pathophysiology: 40 lectures of 45 min, 14 practicals of 45 minutes.
Pathology: 13 lectures of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Robbins & Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 7th Ed., W. B. Saunders Company; 2004
• Georgievska B, Karanfilski B., Serafimov N., Simova N. Patolo{ka fiziologija., Medicinska
kniga, 1998
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the functional aspect of
mechanism of illnesses and the altered reactions of the human body to the changes in its
environment.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Anatomy and Physiology, Basic Immunology, Molecular Biology and
Genetics and Biochemistry
Content:
Pathogenic factors of the environment: physical, chemical and biological; Reactivity and resistance
(Inheritance; constitution, diathesis); Disturbances of metabolic processes; Pathophysiology of
blood and hemostasis; Pathophysiology of the respiratory system; Pathophysiology of the Heart &
Circulation; Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract; Pathophysiology of the hepato-billiary
tract; Pathophysiology of the kidney and acid-base metabolism; Pathophysiology of the endocrine
glands; Pathophysiology of pain;
Cellular injury and cellular death; Cellular growth and differentiation: normal regulation and
adaptations; Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis and shock; Inflammation and repair; Neoplasia;
Iatrogenic pathology
42
Outcome:
• Demonstrate knowledge of the human pathology

• Discuss and explain the pathophysiologic mechanisms of diseases
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 40+13
Preparation for lectures 80+26
Practicals 14+0
Preparation for practicals 7+0
Subtotal 141+39
Evaluation 90
Total 270 hours
Course responsible:
Institute for Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine
Institute for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine
43
Basic Pharmaceutical Technology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, classroom lessons, practicals, work group. Student will be
encouraged to participate with their work in different problems
solving, case studies and short seminars and projects.
Number of hours: 25 lectures of 45 min, 5 classroom lessons (practical application of
theory and problem solving ability) of 45 minutes, 15 classes x 45 min
work group, 25 practicals (experimental work and report writing) of
45 minutes, and 10 classes x 45 min. project and report writing.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Simov, Pharmaceutical Technology; 2001
• Aulton M., Pharmaceutics, The science of dosage form design,2nd Ed; Churchill Livinstone,
2002
• Ansel M., Popovich N., Allen L., Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems 8-th
Ed.; Williams & Wilkins, 2004
• Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st Ed, Mack Pub. Co., 2005,
• Greidon J., Greidon T., Deadly drug interactions, St Martin’s Griffin, New York, 1997
• Eur. PH.,
• USP,
• BP,
• BNF,
• USP DI
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to get the students familiar with basic pharmaceutical operations
commonly used during magistral compounding and industrial production. It is a priority to learn the
art, science, and the correct procedures in order to extemporaneously compound a prescription
product and then put this knowledge into practice in the laboratory class. Major incompatibilities
give to the student an insight into the complexity of the dosage forms, dosage form production,
packaging and dosage form stability. The basics of the pharmaceutical production are then compiled
(with basics of formulation and production of a stable product (stability testing and importance of
44
the stability testing during formulation, preformulation and production, in order to understand the
principles and factors controlling drug stability). The basics of good manufacturing practice and
validation as legal and practical aspects of drug production and drug quality are also emphasised.
Pre – requests:
General background knowledge required to complete this subject area can be found in the content of
the courses: biophysics, physical pharmacy, social pharmacy, microbiology, and evaluation of
pharmacopoeial substances
Content:
Official compendia, Pharmaceutical technology and pharmacy practice, Prescription and
regulations, Good pharmacy practice, compounding and dispensing techniques; Basic
pharmaceutical incompatibilities, (drug-drug,drug-excipient, drug-container, Excipient-container);
Pharmaceutical technology and industry (large scale production), Good manufacturing practice,
basics of and standards for, Validation, basics of, Pharmaceutical technology and small scale
production; Basic pharmaceutical operations, Mechanical operations, Heat operations, Diffusion
operations, Sterilization; Drug stability and stability testing
Outcome:
The aim of the course is the student:
• to get familiar with basic pharmaceutical operations commonly used during magistral
compounding and industrial production
• to explore different drug-drug, drug-excipients, drug-container, excipient-container interactions,
• to understand the stability of the dosage form, to discuss stability studies during formulation and
preformulation, and stability as a quality control parameter
• to discuss the various factors influencing the drug quality.
• to discuss the demands for and the contents of a quality assurance program.
• to explain the GMP demands for drug production.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 25
Classroom lessons 5
Preparation 5
Practicals 25
Work group 15
Project 10
Subtotal 120
Evaluation 60
Total 180hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Katerina Goracinova, katerina.goracinova@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Renata Slavevska Raicki, rera@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Marija Glavas Dodov, magl@ff.ukim.edu.mk
45
Pharmacognosy
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, seminars
minutes, group work 15 of 45 minutes, seminars 15 of 45 minutes.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Kulevanova S., Farmakognozija, fitohemija i prirodni lekoviti i aromati~ni surovini, Kultura,
Skopje, 2005
• Bruneton J., Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition, Intercept Ltd.,
Londres, Paris, New York, 1999
• Evans W. C., Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy, 15th edition, W. B. Saunders, Edinburgh,
London, New York, Philadelphia, St Luis, Sydney, Toronto, 2002
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about pharmaceutically important
plants and pharmacopoeial drugs, their macro- and microscopical characteristics, chemical
composition, biological and pharmacological activities and usage, and their quality assessment as
well.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Organic Chemistry, Phytochemistry and General and Cell biology.
Content:
The course deals with the pharmaceutically important plants and pharmacopoeial drugs,
Classification of drugs according to the biosynthetic origin of the main compounds; Macroscopical
and microscopical characteristics of drugs, the chemical composition, quality assurance and the
biological and pharmacological activities as well as usage of drugs that belong to the group of drugs
that contain:
• different types of plant phenolics (simple phenols and phenol glycosides, coumarines, lignans,
neolignans and related compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, tannins, quinines, etc.);
46
• differents types of terpenoids and steroids (essential oils, iridoids, diterpens, triterpenoid and
steroidal saponins, cardioactive glycosides, tetraterpenes, etc.);
• different types of alkaloids.
Outcome:
• Knowledge about the biological origin of drugs, and plants as a source of drugs.
• Knowledge of the most important pharmacopoeial and related plant drugs.
• Ability to explain the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics of drugs.
• Ability to explain the chemical composition of drugs.
• Ability to discuss the quality assessment of drugs according European pharmacopoeia and other
standards of quality.
• Ability to explain the biological and pharmacological properties of drugs and their usage in
nowadays practice.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 45
Group work 15
Seminars 15
Preparation for seminars 15
Subtotal 210
Evaluation 60
Total 270 hours
Course responsible:
47
Basic Pharmacology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals
hours,
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
Rang H.P., Dale M.M., Ritter J.M. & Moore, P. K.: Pharmacology. 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone,
2003
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge in basic pharmacology.
Pre-requests:
the content of the courses in Anatomy and Physiology and Biochemistry.
Content:
Definition of pharmacology, General principles of drug action, Molecular aspects of drug action,
Cellular mechanisms: excitation, contraction and secretion, cell proliferation and apoptosis,
Methods and measurement in pharmacology, Absorption and distribution of drugs, Drug elimination
and pharmacokinetics: general kinetics, absorption, distribution, elimination, metabolism, excretion
and drug interactions., Methods in development of drugs: animal models, preclinical development,
clinical development, registration, toxicology and regulatory affairs. Chemical mediators.
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course students are expected to
• Demonstrate knowledge and understand concepts used within basic pharmacology.
• Calculate and estimate parameters used in solving pharmacological problems from experimental
and clinical data (pharmacodynamic and kinetic data).
48
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 20
Subtotal 150
Evaluation 30
Total 180
Course responsible:
Prof. Aleksandar Dimovski, adimovski@ff.ukim.edu.mk
49
Pharmaceutical Technology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, classroom lessons, practicals, work group. Student will be
encouraged to participate in different problem solving cases, case
studies and short projects and seminars.
Number of hours: 45 lectures of 45 min, 15 classroom lessons of 45 minutes (practical
application of theory and problem solving ability), 15 classes x 45
min. group work, 45 practicals of 45 minutes and 10 classes x 45 min
project (experimental work and report writing).
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Simov A., Pharmaceutical Technology; 2001
2002
• Ansel M., Popovich N., Allen L., Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems 8-th
Ed.; Williams & Wilkins, 2004
• Greidon J., Greidon T., Deadly drug interactions, St Martin’s Griffin, New York, 1997
• Eur. PH.,
• USP,
• BP,
• BNF,
• USP DI
50
Purpose:
During this course the student will learn the theoretical background and work on different problems
and case studies on formulation, production and GMP aspects of production of liquid, semisolid
and solid dosage forms in order to understand the therapeutic considerations of dosage form design,
functionality as well as the physical and chemical properties of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients
in liquid, semisolid and solid pharmaceutical dosage forms, production of liquid, semisolid and solid
dosage forms and current GMP standards.
Pre – requests:
the courses: biophysics, physical pharmacy, social pharmacy, microbiology, evaluation of
pharmacopoeial substances, basic pharmaceutical technology.
Content:
Introduction to pharmaceutical dosage forms, pharmaceutical excipients - the importance of
different classes and proper choice; Basics of and formulation aspects of liquid dosage forms;
Disperse systems, pharmaceutical application, preparation and stabilization; Formulation aspects
and GMP of sterile products; Formulation aspects of ophthalmic products; Formulation aspects and
quality assurance of parenteral dosage forms; Formulation aspects of topical semisolid preparations,
criteria for dermatological formulations, Formulation and production aspects of rectal dosage forms,
Semi-industrial and industrial aspects of production of powders as dosage forms for per oral and
topical application, Powders as intermediate products; Formulation and production aspects of solid
dosage forms: different type of tablets, hard and soft gelatine capsules, Validation of the
technological process of technological parameters of quality control.
Outcome:
The aim of the course is to understand the principles of formulation technology, processing and
manufacturing of stable liquid, semisolid, and solid pharmaceutical products (the importance of the
quality of API and pharmaceutical excipients, excipients” role in different dosage forms, their
physico-chemical properties from two aspect: (1) quality and safety of the raw material and (2)
physico-chemical properties and fulfilling the role in the formulation as well as fulfilling the role in
the production process; production process as integral part of efficacy and quality of the dosage
forms, packaging, labelling.
• Formulation, production aspects and quality assurance of liquid dosage forms
• Formulation aspects and quality assurance of parenteral dosage forms;
• Formulation aspects of topical semisolid preparations
• Formulation and production aspects of rectal dosage forms
• Formulation and production aspects of solid dosage forms
51
Student load: Hours
Lectures 45
Preparation 45
Classroom lessons 15
Preparation 15
Practicals 45
Preparation 20
Work group 15
Project 10
Subtotal 210
Evaluation 90
Total 300
Course responsible:
Prof. Renata Slaveska Raicki, rera@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Marija Glavas Dodov, magl@ff.ukim.edu.mk
52
Pharmaceutical chemistry II
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals, tutorials, group work, project
Number of hours: 20 lectures of 45 min, 30 practicals of 45 minutes, 5 tutorials of 45
minutes, group work 15 of 45 minutes, 1 project of 5 hours.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Wilson and Gisvold’s Text Book of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11th
ed., Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 2004
• Discher C.A., Medwick T., Bailey L.C., Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about chemical and pharmacological
principles necessary for understanding properties of drugs , structure activity relationships (SAR),
molecular mechanisms of drug actions, and therapeutic substances used in calciotherapy, treatment
of anemia, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral and cancer therapies.
Pre – requests:
the content of the course Pharmaceutical chemistry I
Content:
Calcium preparations used in therapy for disorders of calcium homeostasis, Antianemic
preparations, Plasma expanders, Agents for Diagnostic Imaging, Antibacterial Antibiotics, Anti-
infective agents, Sulfonamides, Sulphones and Folate Reductase inhibitors with antibacterial action,
Antineoplastic agents, Proteins, enzymes and peptide hormones, Vitamins and related compounds,
Oligoelements.
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the student acquire basic knowledge about the chemical structure,
mode of action and SAR of the therapeutical agents currently in use for treating diseases.
53
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 20
Practicals 30
Tutorial (class hours) 5
Group work 15
Project 5
Subtotal 120
Evaluation 60
Total 180 hours
Course responsible:

Prof. Aneta Dimitrovska, andi@ff.ukim.edu.mk
54
Basic phytotherapy
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, group work (seminars)
Number of hours: 15 lectures of 45 min, 15 tutorials of 45 minutes, 15 group work hours
of 45 minutes (seminars).
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Schulz V., Hansel R., Tyler V.E., Rational Phytotherapy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
2001
• Capaso F., Gaginela T., Grandolini G., Izzo A., Phytotherapy, A quick reference to herbal
medicine, Springer, 2003
• Mills S., Bone K., Principles and practice of Phytotherapy, Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students basic knowledge about the use of herbal
medicines in the treatment of diseases, about the complexity of herbal medicines and therapeutic
considerations.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Phytochemistry, Pathophysiology, Microbiology, Pharmacognosy and
Basic pharmacology.
Content:
The course deals with basic information about herbal medicines, their complexity, standardization,
quality, efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Part of the introduction in the subject is devoted to the
pharmaceutical forms of modern herbal medicines and the requirements for their quality. The rest
is devoted to the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of different diseases and is divided in the
following sections: Plants and the nervous system; Plants and the cardiovascular system; Plants and
metabolic diseases; Plants and the renal system; Plant and the respiratory system; Plants and the
Reproductive system; Plants and the Digestive system; Plants, liver and biliary system; Plants and
cutaneous system
55
Part of the content deals with the use of herbal medicines in specific situations (pregnancy, breast-
feeding, paediatric age group, geriatric age group).
Outcome:
• Ability to understand principles of modern herbal medicine and modern herbal medicinal
products, their complexity, standardization and quality requirements.
• Knowledge of the safety of herbal medicines, side effects, contraindications.
• Knowledge of the most important herbal medicines used for treatment of different disturbances
and diseases.
• Knowledge of use of herbal medicines in specific situations, such as pregnancy, nursing,
pediatric age group, geriatric age group.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 15
Tutorials 15
Preparation of tutorials 15
Seminars 15
Subtotal 75
Evaluation 45
Total 120 hours
Course responsible:
56
Individual Project
Practical information:
Status: Compulsory course
Time: 6th semester
ECTS credits: 4 CP
Duration/time: Introduction: 1 h, Elaboration of experimental plan: 60 h, Laboratory
work: 65 h, Report writing: 40 h
Frequency: Once a year
Evaluation: Oral presentation of the project in groups, evaluation of the written
project
Teaching material: Selected references
Objective:
• Introduction to scientific & research, critical thinking, development of written and presentation
skills
Pre-requisites:
• The student must pass exams relevant to the individual project thesis
Content of the course:

• Defining project topic, selection and preview of relevant references, writing and defending
project thesis
Students’ load:
Hours
Defining project topic 8
Literature search 30
Preliminary report 25
Writing 30
Project evaluation 10
Preparation of public presentation 10
Public presentation/Defending 2
Total 120
57
Pharmaceutical Technology advanced
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, classroom lessons, practicals, group work, project. The
course is defined in terms of course goals and objectives. Information
is provided to the students in a lecture format. The students are
encouraged to actively participate in class discussions throughout the
course. Students will be also encouraged to work on solving different
problems, short seminars and case studies. Current research directions
and applications will also be included to reflect the latest development
in pharmaceutics areas.
Number of hours: 40 lectures of 45 min, 15 classroom lessons of 45 minutes (practical
application of theory and problem solving ability), 5 classes x 45 min.
work group, 45 practicals of 45 minutes and 10 classes x 45 min
project (literature survey and report writing).
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
2002
• Ansel M., Popovich N., Allen L., Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems 8-
th Ed.; Williams & Wilkins, 2004
• Gibson M., Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, ,Taylor and Francis, 2001
• Wise D. L., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology, , Marcel Dekker,
2000
• Kreuter J.,Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, r Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994
• Microspheres, Microcapsules and Liposomes, , Citus, 1999
• Rolland, Pharmaceutical Particulate Carriers, Marcel Dekker, 1993
• Sanders L. M., Hendren R. W., Protein Delivery, Physical Systems, Plenum Press, 1997
• Lachman L., Lieberman H., Kanig J., The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy; Lea &
Febiger, Philadelphia,
• Banke G., Rhodes C., Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Ed, Marcel Dekker, 2002
• Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3th Ed.
58
• Florence T., Attwood D.,Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy 2nd Ed., MacMillan Pess
Ltd, 1988
• Eur. PH.,
• USP,
• BP,
• BNF,
• USP DI
Purpose:
The student will go through the aspects of design and development of delayed and extended release
conventional dosage forms in order to gain knowledge of the principles of formulation technology,
processing and manufacturing, application of drug substance physico-chemical properties, physico-
chemical properties of polymers and of modified release systems into successful production process
for stable modified release dosage form with a certain biological performance (rate controlled drug
release at the site of absorption). Novel drug delivery systems, like targeted drug delivery systems
and colloidal drug carriers for low molecular drugs, carriers for peptide and protein therapeutics will
be discussed in order to understand the principles and concepts of drug delivery, drug targeting to
different moieties, cells or intracellular delivery as well as basic principles of gene delivery using
different carriers, current options and challenges. Basic production and quality aspects of
radiopharmaceuticals, blood and blood products, imunopreparations as well as application of
microcarriers in both radiopharmaceutical preparations and in immunotherapy will be discussed.
Pre – requests:
the courses: biophysics, molecular biology, physical pharmacy, social pharmacy, microbiology,
immunology and immunochemistry, evaluation of pharmacopoeial substances, basic pharmaceutical
technology and pharmaceutical technology.
Content:
Modified release drug products: def. basic characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of delayed
release products, extended release products (sustained, controlled-release; long acting products);
kinetics of extended release dosage form (Di, Dm and Dtot), Polymers as biomaterials,
Biodegradable polymers, Microencapsulation; Types of extended release products, Diffusion
systems (reservoir and matrix systems), Chemically controlled systems ( biodegradable systems and
conjugates), Solvents controlled systems (swelling systems and osmotic pumps), Consideration in
formulation of modified release products (substances with good solubility and low solubility
substances, weak bases in dosage forms with controlled pH independent release), Oral controlled
release forms (oral controlled release technologies; polymers used; design of different types of oral
controlled release systems), Evaluation of modified release products, Drug targeting and targeted
drug delivery systems, Colloidal drug carriers (microspheres, nanospheres, lipozomes – def,
biopolymers, preparation methods, strategies for targeted delivery), Formulation aspects
(biopolymers, design, preparation, drug release) of pulmonary drug delivery - pulmonary drug
delivery systems for targeting peptides, proteins and other drugs to lungs, Dosage form design of
nasal drug delivery vehicles, Transdermal drug delivery systems (design of vehicles and devices,
drug release and abs enhancers); Implantable drug delivery systems, Protein and peptide delivery,
Gene delivery, Radiopharmaceuticals - preparation and supply of radiopharmaceuticals, quality
assurance, therapeutic and diagnostic application, TPN, Blood and blood-cell products; Production
59
aspects of Immunological products, Definition and production of veterinary preparations; Surgical
supplies; Encapsulation in cosmetology.
Outcome:
At the end of this course the student will have knowledge on and clearly understand the principles
of:
• diffusion controlled(reservoir-and matrix) systems and the drug release mechanism
• solvent controlled drug delivery systems
-osmotically controlled systems - OROS system
• chemically controlled DDS
-biodegradable drug delivery systems (biodegradability, biocompatibility, biodegradable polymers)
-ion exchange systems etc.
• targeted drug delivery systems
-biophysical aspects
-passive and active targeting
-liposomes
-nanoparticles
-prodrugs
-cellular drug carriers
The student will get familiar with formulation and development of a variety of controlled release
dosage forms for oral, peroral application, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal and other routes of
administration. Through problem solving and project, students will apply knowledge of physico-
chemical principles and properties of the drug, excipients and technology of dosage form in
formulation of different CRDS, for example pH independent release CDDS for gastrointestinal
application, then the importance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for
formulation of CDDS, also the importance of biophysics and surface and other physical properties
of advanced colloidal drug carriers, microspheres, nanospheres as systems for controlled release
and/or targeted delivery.
Student load:
Hours
Lectures 40
Preparation 40
Preparation 10
Practicals 45
Preparation 20
Work group 5
Project 10
Subtotal 185
Evaluation 55
Total 240
Course responsible:
60
Biopharmacy
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, work group, project. The course is
defined in terms of course goals and objectives. Information is
provided to the students in a lecture format. The students are
encouraged to actively participate in class discussions throughout the
course. Students will be also encouraged to work on solving different
problems, short seminars and case studies. Current research directions
and applications will also be included to reflect the latest development
in pharmaceutics areas.
Number of hours: 35 lectures, 15 tutorials (practical application of theory and problem
solving ability) 30 practicals (experimental work and report writing),
10 hours work group, 10 hours project.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Banker GS, Rhodes CT, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th edition 2002, Marcel Dekker Inc.
• Shargel L, Wu-Pong S., Yu A.B.C., .Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, 5th
edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2004
• Wagner J. G., Biopharmaceutics and relevant pharmacokinetics, Hamilton, Ill., Drug
Intelligence Publications, 1971
• Dzuric Z., Biofarmacija,2004
• Washingtron N., Washington C., Wilson C., Physiological Pharmaceuticals: Barriers to Drug
Absorption, 2nd edition, CRC, 2001
Purpose:
The aim of the lectures of this active learning course with a lot of illustrative problem solving
examples after the presented theoretical issues is to introduce and teach the student how to
understand and apply pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic knowledge in drug formulation and
therapy, conventional and nonconventional, as well as to discuss and understand biopharmaceutical
aspects of the dosage form, conventional as well as controlled and targeted release DF, related to the
61
site of administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The students are
encouraged to work on different problems solving, short seminars and case studies.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: biophysics, physical pharmacy, general and cell biology, molecular
biology with genetics, anatomy and physiology, pathology with pathophysiology, drug metabolism,
basic pharmaceutical technology, pharmaceutical technology
Content:
Parenteral drug delivery, Intravenous delivery (pharmacokinetic aspects, formulation
considerations), Intramuscular delivery (pharmacokinetic aspects, formulation considerations),
Subcutaneous delivery, subcutaneous colloidal delivery systems, Drug distribution following
parenteral administration (protein binding, blood brain barrier-uptake by diffusion,receptor
mediated transport, colloidal delivery), Biopharmaceutical Model of Oral drug Absorption (profiles
for one and two compartment model substances, physiological pharmacokinetic models, population
pharmacokinetics, clinical apllication of pharmacokinetics), Bioavailability and bioequivalence,
Pharmaceutical dosage forms and factors influencing bioavailability, Biopharmaceutical
classification system and formulation, IVIVC, Drug delivery to the oral cavity or mouth (migration
and clearance of substances from the oral cavity, absorption of drugs across oral mucosa,
formulation aspects of dosage forms for the oral cavity, drugs administered via the oral mucosa),
Oesophageal transit, Importance of biological aspects of the site of administration for efficacy and
formulation of dosage forms, Drug delivery and absorption through GIT (Gaster-pH, dispersion and
emptying of dosage forms, gastric pH and enteric coating, Small intestine-small intestine pH, transit
time and formulation aspects, absorption of drugs and formulation aspects, first pass metabolism
and formulation aspects, Absorption and delivery of macromolecules, Drug delivery to the large
intestine- transit, drug absorption and targeting colon, rectal administration, Transdermal drug
delivery- passage of drugs through skin and factors affecting percutaneous absorption, Nasal drug
delivery-pharmacokinetic and biological aspects of intranasal administration of drugs for local and
systemic effect, Pulmonary drug delivery-pharmacokinetics and biological aspects of dosage forms
for pulmonary drug delivery, Ocular drug delivery, pharmacokinetics of dosage forms for ocular
delivery-topical, intraocular and systemic delivery, Vaginal and intrauterine drug delivery
Outcome:
At the end of this course students will be able to;
• Describe the principles of various drug delivery including oral, parenteral, nasal, sublingual,
ocular, pulmonary, transdermal and topical;
• describe the relationship among drug dosage forms formulation and efficacy and the route of
administration (physicochemical and biological factors, routes of administration and therapeutic
outcome)
• to make the students aware of the potential of pharmacokinetics for individual drug therapy and
for development of adequate drug formulations and to apply the principles of pharmaceutics and
pharmacokinetics to the design of appropriate dosage forms in order to provide the students with
tools to participate actively in the development and competent application of drugs;
• understand bioavailability and bioequivalence, BCSystem and IVIVC
• understand the biopharmaceutical aspects of novel drug delivery and targeting;
• Understand the connection among dosage form design, biophysical properties of the drug
carriers and physiological performance, distribution, drug release and delivery.
62
Student load:
Hours
Lectures 35
Preparation 35
Preparation 10
Practicals 30
Preparation 15
Work group 10
Project 10
Subtotal 160
Evaluation 50
Total 210
Course responsible:
Prof. Katerina Goracinova; katerina.goracinova@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Kristina Mladenovska, krml@ff.ukim.edu.mk
63
Pharmaceutical Chemistry III
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, tutorials, practicals, group work, project
minutes, 15 group work hours of 45 minutes, 1 project of 5 hours.
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Wilson and Gisvold’s Text Book of Organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11th
ed., Lippincot Williams & Wilkins 2004
• Foye, Lemke & Williams, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th ed., Lippincot Williams &
Wilkins 1995
• Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5th ed., Willey Interscience, 1995
• Campbell & Blagbrough, Medicinal Chemistry into the Millenium, RS&C 2001
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about chemical and pharmacological
principles necessary for understanding structure activity relationships (SAR) and molecular
mechanisms of drug actions.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Basic Immunology and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II.
Content:
CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, Adrenergic agents, Cholinergic drugs and related agents,
Diuretics, Cardiovascular agents, Local anaesthetic agents, Histamine and antihistamine agents,
Analgesic agents, Steroids and therapeutically related compounds, Prostaglandins, Leukotriens,
Immunotherapy.
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the student obtain basic knowledge about mode of action and SAR of
the therapeutic agents currently in use for treating diseases
64
Classroom lessons:
The course deals with the mode of action, SAR, therapeutic substances and their use in therapy,
divided within the following therapeutic categories: Local anaesthetic agents, CNS depressants,
CNS stimulants, Adrenergic agents, Cholinergic drugs and related agents, Diuretics, Cardiovascular
agents, Histamine and antihistamine agents, Analgesic agents, Steroids and therapeutically related
compounds.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 60
Practicals 30
Group work 15
Project 5
Subtotal 200
Evaluation 100
Total 300 hours
Course responsible:

Prof. Dimovski Aleksandar, adimovski@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Mladenovska Kristina, krml@ff.ukim.edu.mk
65
Food and Nutrition
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, cases in groups, practicals,
Number of hours: 20 lectures of 45 min, 20 cases in groups of 45 min, 10 practicals of
45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Brown M. L., Present Knowledge in Nutrition, ILSI Press, 2003
• Zeman Ney, Applications in Medical Nutrition Therapy, Prentice Hall, 1996
• Nielsen S.S., Food Analysis, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2003
• Wrolstad R.E., Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry: Pigments, Colorants, Flavors,
Texture, and Bioactive Food Components v. 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2004
• Wrolstad R.E., Acree T.E., Decker E.A., Penner M.A., Reid D.S., Schwartz S.J., Shoemaker
C.F., Smith D.M., Sporns P., Handbook of Food Analytical Chemistry: v. 1 & 2, John Wiley &
Sons Inc, 2004
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge of the basic characteristics of food and
principles of nutrition and the effect on humans’ health, which will provide an application in clinical
practice.
Pre – requests:
the content of the course Biochemistry.
Content:
The course deals with the basic characteristics of food and nutritional products divided into the
following branches:
• Energy
• Macronutrients
• Vitamins, macro and microminerals
• Special physiological needs
• Chronic deseases
66
• Evaluation of nutritional status
• Special topics
• Dietary standards and dietary guidelines
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course the students are expected to obtain knowledge about the basic
characteristics of food and principles of nutrition with the effect on humans’ health
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 20
Practicals 10
Cases in groups 20
Preparation 10
Subtotal 100
Evaluation 50
Total 150 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Lidija Petrushevska-Tozi, lito@baba.ff.ukim.edu.mk
67
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours:
Evaluation: Written exam of 4 hours
Teaching material:
• Roger Walker R., Edwards C.,Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 3rd Ed., Sections 1&2,
Churchill Livnigstone, 2003
• Stockley I.,Drug Interactions, Blackwell Scientific Publications
• Smith D.A., Van de Watrbeemd H., Walker D.K., Mannhold R, Kubinyi H, Timmerman
H.,Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Drug Design (Methods and Principles in Medicinal
Chemistry)
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students basic knowledge on the pharmacokinetics,
adverse effects and drug interaction, as well as knowledge on therapeutic drug monitoring and
interpretation of clinical laboratory data.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Basic pharmacology and Pharmaceutical chemistry III and that the course
on Clinical Biochemistry is run in parallel.
Content:
Clinical pharmacokinetics, metabolism relevant to pharmacokinetics, interpretation of clinical
laboratory data, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, drug induced diseases, life stages –
neonates, pediatrics and geriatrics
Outcome:
Upon completion of the course the students are expected to demonstrate knowledge on the
interpretation of laboratory data relevant to drug monitoring and adverse drug reaction.
Practicals and tutorials:

Practical pharmacokinetics, Drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, Laboratory data, Parenteral
nutrition.
68
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 10
Practicals: 16
Preparation for practicals: 8
Tutorials: 8
Preparation for tutorials: 16
Subtotal 78
Evaluation 42
Total 120 hours
Course responsible:
69
Toxicology
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals and cases in groups
Dimension of course: 9 ECTS-points
Number of hours: 40 lectures of 45 min, 30 practicals of 45 minutes, 20 cases in groups
of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Klaasen C.D., Watkins J.B.III,, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, The basic science of poisons,
5th ed., 1999
• Hayes A.W., Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 4th ed., Taylor and Francis, 2001
• Dreisbach R.H., Robertson W.O., Handbook of poisoning, 20th ed., Appleton&Lange, 1987
• Berman E., The Laboratory Practice of Clinical Toxicology, Charles C. Thomas, 1996
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the general principles of
toxicology necessary for exploring the mechanisms by which chemicals produce adverse effects in
biological systems.
Pre – requests:
the content of the courses: Clinical biochemistry and Basic Pharmacology.
Content:
The course deals with the adverse effects of xenobiotics divided into the following branches:
• General Principles of Toxicology
• Disposition of Toxicants
• Nonorgan-directed toxicity
• Target organ toxicity: Blood, Immune System, Liver, Kidney, Respiratory System, Nervous
System, Heart and Vascular System, Skin, Reproductive System, Eye, Endocrine System
• Toxic agents: Pesticides, Metals,Solvents and Vapours, Radiation and Radioactive Materials,
Animal Toxins, Plants
• Environmental Toxicology
70
• Applications of Toxicology: Food Toxicology, Analytic/Forensic Toxicology, Clinical
Toxicology
Outcome:
• Obtain basic knowledge about toxicological principles and thereby be able to describe the
essential variants of toxic effects (both acute opposed to chronic and local opposed to systemic
effects).
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 40
Practicals 30
Case in groups 20
Preparation 10
Subtotal 190
Evaluation 80
Total 270 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Lidija Petrushevska-Tozi, lito@baba.ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Tatjana Kadifkova-Panovska, taka@baba.ff.ukim.edu.mk
71
Regulatory Affairs and Drug Quality
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals, tutorials, group work, project
Number of hours: 20 lectures of 45 min, 10 tutorials of 45 minutes, 45 practicals, 15
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• ICH Guidelines; EU Directives; Ph. Eur., USP; BP;
• Watson D., Pharmaceutical Analysis, Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, 2005;
• Streeter J. A., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002;
• S. Scypinski, Handbook of modern pharmaceutical analysis, Academic Press, 2001;
• Castensen T., Drug Stability, Principles and Practice, 1995;
• Grimm, Krummen, Stability testing in the EC, Japan and the USA, Scientific and Regulatory
Requirements, 2003
Purpose:
To give the student knowledge on quality assessment of drug based on chemical, physico-chemical
and biological methods and stability of pharmaceuticals.
Pre – requests:
The teaching is organized on the assumption that the students have knowledge corresponding to the
content of the courses: Analytical Chemistry, Instrumental Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry 2 and Pharmaceutical Technology 3.
Content:
Drug control is an applied scientific discipline, the aim of which is to guarantee quality, safety and
efficiency of drugs. The central component of this subject is analytical evaluation of drugs.
Instruction in drug control concerns the use of chemical, physicochemical, biological and
pharmaceutical tests and methods and validation requirements of the method. The subject deals with
the analytical indices necessary for drug quality evaluation and the factors influencing the stability
of pharmaceuticals.
• Regulatory affairs
• Physical and chemical properties of drug molecule
72
• Drug identification
• Drug assay
• Purity and stability of drug
• Method development and validation requirements
• Pharmaceutical technical procedures in drug quality control
• Biological test and assays
• Setting specification
Outcome:
• has knowledge and skills for the assessment of drug quality
• is able to set the specification for drug quality
• has knowledge of drug stability, processes of decomposition, factors influencing stability,
setting stability study and make stability report of drug product
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 20
Tutorials 10
Practicals 45
Group work 15
Project 5
Subtotal 150
Evaluation 60
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Suzana Trajkovic-Jolevska, suzana.jolevska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
Prof. Aneta Dimitrovska, aneta.dimitrovska@ff.ukim.edu.mk
73
Clinical biochemistry
Status: Compulsory
Number of hours: 30 lectures of 45 min, 20 cases in groups, 20 practicals of 45 minutes
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Gaw A. et al., Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Churchill Livingstone, 1999
• Devlin T.M., Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., John Wiley&Sons
inc., 2002
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to apply basic biochemistry and analytical chemistry to medical
diagnosis, treatment and management. It provides a sound, objective basis on which to gauge the
extent of a clinical disorder, the biochemical consequences of a particular disease process, and the
response to therapy.
Pre – requests:
the content of the course in Biochemistry.
Content:
The course deals with the mode divided into the following branches:Introduction to Clinical
Biochemistry; Quality control implementation, monitoring, performance, evaluation; Clinical
features and the role of the laboratory in the diagnosis of diseases; Laboratory data processing and
computing; Specimen collection; The effect of drugs on test results; Therapeutic drugs monitoring;
Clinical features and role of the laboratory in the diagnosis of hematologic disorders; Haemostasis;
Carbohydrate metabolism; Proteins; Metabolism of individual amino acids; Enzymes; Water and
electrolytes; Renal function; Acid base function;Lipids; Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders;
Hormones; Biochemical aspects of oncology
Outcome:
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• Understand the principles of the analytical techniques used in a Clinical Biochemistry
• Understand the physiological and pathological processes affecting biochemical investigations.
• Understand the use of clinical biochemistry results in the diagnosis and management of common
medical disorders.
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 30
Practicals 20
Cases in groups 20
Preparation 10
Subtotal 135
Evaluation 75
Total 210 hours
Course responsible:
Prof. Tatjana Kadifkova-Panovska, taka@baba.ff.ukim.edu.mk
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Pharmacoinformatics
Status: Compulsory
Teaching methods: Lectures, practicals, tutorials, group work
Final: 50 points
scale:
71-76 points – 6
77-82 points – 7
83-88 points – 8
89-94 points – 9
95-100 pints – 10
Teaching material:
• Malone P.M. et al., Drug Information: A Guide for Pharmacists
• Malone P.M., Kier K.L., Stanovich J., Drug Information
• Strom B.L., Pharmacoepidemiology
• Drummond M., O’Brien B., Stoddart G.L., Torrance G., Drummond M. F., Methods for the
Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programs, Oxford Medica Publications
• Wertheimer A., Smith M., Casebook in Social and Behavioral Pharmacy
• Alasdair M. et al.,Pharmacoeconomics
• Robert J., Pharmacoeconomics in Perspective: A Primer on Research, Techniques and
Information
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about the drug information center,
process of providing drug information, basic knowledge about pharmacoeconomy,
pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance
Pre – requests:
Social pharmacy
Content:
Drug Information Centers; Providing Information; Drug Information Resources; Literature
evaluation; Evidence-based medicine and pharmacy; Principles of Pharmacoeconomics;
Epidemiology and Public Health; Pharmacoepidemiology in Pharmacy Practice; Legal and Ethical
Aspects of Drug Information Practice ; Pharmacovigilance
Outcome:
The aim of the course is that the students:
• Obtain basic knowledge about evaluation of information about drugs,
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• Obtain basic knowledge about pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoepidemiology, evidence based-
pharmacy and pharmacovigelance
Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 15
Practicals 20
Subtotal 60
Evaluation 30
Total 90 hours
Course responsible:
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Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Status: Compulsory.
Time schedule: 9th semester.
Teaching methods: Lectures and class hours.
Number of hours: 43 lectures of 45 min. and 20 tutorials of 45 min.
Evaluation: Written examination of three hours duration.
Teaching material:
Walker R., Edwards C., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill Livingstone, 2003
Purpose:
The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge about clinical cases of illness and an
understanding of the principles behind a safe and rational use of drugs.
Pre-requests:
The teaching is organized under the assumption that the students have knowledge corresponding to
the content of the courses: basic pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry III, clinical pharmacy,
clinical biochemistry, toxicology.
Content:
The course covers both lectures and tutorials. After some introductory lectures where the
terminology of diseases (definition, etiology, pathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and
strategies for treatment) and cases of diseases (description of patients, investigations, laboratory
values, diagnoses and treatments) are looked into, the teaching will be based on “patient cases” and
problem solving cases, where the students work independently in solving of case histories
(elucidation of a case history and suggestion to treatment). Each of the representative “patient
cases” is introduced with a lecture, where the specific theoretical aspects are evaluated, after which
the students independently work on. The rational therapy of the following diseasestopics will be
evaluated: Lung diseases (asthma and allergy), renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of
the gastro-intestinal tract, liver diseases, treatment of pain, rheumatic diseases, neurological
diseases, psychiatric diseases, endocrinological diseases, infectious diseases, hematopoietic
diseases, cancer, skin disorders.
Outcome:
It is the purpose of the course, that the students:
• Know the most important groups of diseases.
• Can propose an optimal treatment, based on the particular disease and the patient’s clinical
situation..
• Are able to collect the necessary information about drugs and treatment for proposals of an
optimal pharmacotherapy.
• Can evaluate and if necessary suggest changes to modify an ongoing drug treatment.
• Can present and summarise a patient case for colleagues.
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Student load:
Hours:
Lectures 50
Preparation 100
Class hours 20
Preparation 40
Evaluation 90
Total 300
Course responsible:
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Professional practice
Practical information
Status: Compulsory. (The study board can grant an exemption to a student in
such a way that the internship can take place at another
pharmaceutically relevant workplace).
Time: 10th term in the normal course of study
Course size: 20 ECTS points
Number of hours
and content: 600 hours practice in the internship linked to: Pharmaceutical care in
community pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy in Primary Care, Inpatient
Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Practice (cardiology, psychiatry,
pediatrics, etc), Hospital Pharmacy Management (Hospital Medicines
Management and Hospital Manufacturing), Drug Information,
Pharmaceutical Production, Administrative pharmacy, Students will
be involved in a number of case studies through the practice. The
success of the student will be followed through the abilities to solve
different case studies and problems, by teachers and external
examiners
Frequency: Once a year, during the 10th semester
Evaluation: Case studies and oral evaluation during the courses of the internship
by the teachers and external examiners.
Teaching materials: The applied teaching materials at the obligatory courses
Objective:
The objective of the internship is:
• To integrate and practice the knowledge on prescription medications, over-the-counter products,

drug interactions, pharmacotherapy, herbal products, patient counseling guidelines, disease state
information, pharmacy laws & ethics, and management of the pharmacy in the service of patient
and disease management as community pharmacist.
• The objective during the inpatient hospital/clinical pharmacy practice is to involve the students
in central pharmacy distribution, computerized intravenous admixture and unit dose
dispensing, investigational drug studies, pharmacokinetic monitoring, patient education
programs, drug information programs, evaluation of patient demographic data, laboratory
data, microbiology data, medications, parenteral nutrition information and drug levels while on
team rounds, during order processing and during medication profile review. During the in
patient ward internship the student will gain knowledge and practice to: Identify patients
whose medication therapy requires a pharmacist's daily review, Identify and review
treatments, Document pharmacist-performed clinical activities, interventions and monitoring
notes.
Prerequisites:
The students must have passed the following courses before the internship can begin:
pharmacology, drug formulation – laboratory course, drug production – laboratory course, social
pharmacy, clinical biochemistry, toxicology, food and nutrition, clinical pharmacy and therapeutics.
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Contents:
During the internship, after the introductory lectures the student participates in the daily tasks of the
community pharmacy or inpatient hospital clinical pharmacy in relation to drug dispensing,
pharmacotherapy in practice (medicine profiles, drug related problems, clinical pharmaceutical
functions and guidance of patients), drug committee work, meetings with other health professionals,
the pharmacy organisation, management and economy, and quality assurance.
During the internship, the student is to complete independent study assignments, in the form of
special tasks or case studies given by the teacher/evaluator.
Outcome:
The aim of the practice is that the student after completing the practice:
• has acquired understanding of the functions of drugs and their significance in practice
• has gained insight into interdisciplinary co-operation in the health service
• has an overview over and practical experience in drug dispensing and communication
• has obtained insight into pharmaceutical care and clinical pharmaceutical function
• has knowledge of organisational, managerial and financial conditions in a business and in the
health service within a local area.
Student load: Hours:
Community Pharmacy 200

Lectures: 2
Class teaching/Case studies: 18
Practice 180
Inpatient hospital/clinical pharmacy 400
lectures 4
class teaching/case studies 36
practice 360
Total number of hours: 600
Course responsible:
Prof. Renata Slaveska Raicki, rera@ff.ukim.edu.mk
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ELECTIVE COURSES (GROUP 1)
Pharmacoeconomics 2.0ECTS
Pharmacoepidemiology 2.0ECTS
Public health 2.0ECTS
History of Pharmacy 2.0ECTS
Pharmaceutical botany 2.0ECTS
Quality control of herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products 2.0ECTS
Basic of ecology 2.0ECTS
Cosmetology 2.0ECTS
Hygiene 2.0ECTS
Cosmetology
Evaluation of written report and oral presentation of the report (pass/fail).The course has been
designed to provide the students with the knowledge of the main cosmetic products (hygiene,
treatment, protection products, make- up and alcoholic perfumery) and of the raw materials which
compose them, the technology of production, quality assurance and evaluation. Also the students
will be involved in studying the colloidal carriers and their application in cosmetics.
Quality control of herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products

The subject provides information about pharmacopoeias and other internationally established and
recognized regulations, rules, requirements and guidelines for assessing quality of herbal drugs and
herbal medicinal products. This subject also complies with national and international legislation
concerning herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products.
Basic ecology
The course deals with the object and task of ecology; methods of ecology research, interrelations of
living organisms; interrelations between biotic and abiotic world; ecology integration levels
(individual, population, biocenosis, biotop, ecosystem, biomes, biosphere); biotop and ecology
niche; the ecological basis of life, ecology factors; population ecology; environment; environment
protection, environment and health, ecosystem, ecosystem metabolism, biocenosis, trophic levels,
ecotoxicology, polutants, ecology & pharmacy. Part of the subject is devoted to the environment
protection regulations.
Pharmacoeconomics
In the course, welfare economics is studied as a basis for pharmaco-economics and as a possible
approach to solving questions of priority in the health service related to medicines. In addition, basic
elements of the health economics are studied. These include: health and health services as an
economic asset, the market for health services, financing and insurance aspects in the field of
medicine, health economic evaluation, including cost-benefit analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses
and cost-utility analyses, outcome measurement, including health status analysis.
Pharmacoepidemiology
The course deals with the basic principles of pharmacoepidemiology and methods in pharmacy
practice with an aim of rational use of drugs. It includes introduction to epidemiology in public
health, design of studies for obtaining pharmacoepidemiology data, identification and analysis of
data, pharamcoepidemiology in pharmacy practice.
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Public health
Planning, organization, financing in health system and health services. Health education and
increasing efficacy in health services. Population approach in public health (mental health),
immunization, education and protection, preventing infective diseases, chronic diseases, disability,
efficacious and economically justified protection and medication, social researches, health and
environment.
Hygiene
Communal hygiene, labour hygiene, hygiene of food and nutrition, biological and chemical food
safety, nutritional diseases, school hygiene, personal hygiene, mental hygiene and health education,
war hygiene, research methods in hygiene, hygiene and human health, hygiene requirements in drug
design, product safety.
History of pharmacy
Pharmacy in prehistory, antic times, middle century, renaissance and modern Europe, history of
pharmacy in Macedonia, organization of health profession during the world wars, between and after,
transition towards modern profession, future of pharmacy profession.
Pharmaceutical botany
Systematics, taxonomy and categories, classification of plants, the position and role of plants in
modern classification of alive world.
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ELECTIVE COURSES (GROUP 2)
I Module: Pharmaceutical technology

1. Unit processes in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals 5.0ECTS
2. Formulation of stable drugs 5.0ECTS
3. Advanced Drug Delivery systems and drug targeting 5.0ECTS
4. Controlled Release 5.0ECTS
5. Pharmaceutical Preformulation 5.0ECTS
6. Peptid and Protein drug delivery systems formulation 5.0ECTS
7. Industrial Production and Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals 5.0ECTS
8. Validation in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals 2.5ECTS
9. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics 5.0ECTS
10. Clinical pharmacokinetics 5.0ECTS
11. Pharmaceutical biotechnology 5.0ECTS
II Module: Drug Quality control
1. Drug registration 5.0ECTS
2. Drug stability 2.5ECTS
3. Pharmaceutical Analysis, Project 5.0ECTS
4. Bioanalytical chemistry 5.0ECTS
III Module: Pharmacognosy
1. Phytotherapy (advanced) 5.0ECTS
2. Phytochemical methods 5.0ECTS
3. Ethnopharmacology 5.0ECTS
4. Pharmacological methods in phytotherapy researches 5.0ECTS
5. Plant biodiversity and protection of genetic resources of
medicinal plants 5.0ECTS
IV Module: Biomolecular sciences
1. Therapeutic drug monitoring and Toxicology 5.0ECTS
2. Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment 5.0ECTS
3. Drug toxicity 5.0ECTS
4. Interaction drug-food 5.0ECTS
5. Pharmacogenetics 5.0ECTS
6. Methods in Molecular Biology 5.0ECTS
7. Microbiological and Immunological Methods for Drug Control 5.0ECTS
8. Pharmaceutical immunobiology 5.0ECTS
V Module: Social pharmacy
1. Communication and information 5.0ECTS
2. Research methods in social pharmacy 5.0ECTS
3. Drug cultures in contemporary modern societies 5.0ECTS
4. Drug dispensing and communication 5.0ECTS
5. Healthcare theories: how to search, choose and use them 5.0ECTS
6. Clinical drug development 5.0ECTS
7. Intellectual property rights in pharmaceutical sciences 5.0ECTS
8. Course in international health care 2.5ECTS
VI Module: Pharmaceutical chemistry
1. Medicinal chemistry 5.0ECTS
2. Structural chemistry 5.0ECTS
3. Advanced organic chemistry 5.0ECTS
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4. Advanced organic chemistry-laboratory course 5.0ECTS
VII Compulsory course for the Master of Sciences program
1. Writing, ethics and philosophy of science 5.0ECTS
Unit Processes in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals

The objective of the course is to give the students further experience in unit operations used in
industrial manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, with focus on process control and automation. The
course includes a short introduction to transducers, analog/digital conversion and computerized data
collection. Handling and manipulation of large sets of data using spread sheet programmes are
demonstrated. The course focuses on the unit operations: granulation and agglomeration,
pelletization, drying by fluidisation techniques, tableting, coating of tablets and sterilization.
Formulation of stable drugs

The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge of how to prepare stable drugs, how to
preserve and/or improve stability during drug formulation work and drug production process. At the
end of the course the student should be able to (i) plan a comprehensive stability study of a drug
substance/prodrug, (ii) interpret the obtained rate data and subsequently (iii) design pharmaceutical
formulations possessing adequate storage stability.
Advanced Drug Delivery systems and drug targeting

The scope is pharmaceutical aspects of novel drug delivery systems to optimise the therapeutic
effect. The students will get deeper knowledge of the concept of drug targeting (physical, chemical
and biological) and its importance in therapeutics, organ targeting, cell membrane and/or nuclei
targeting, methods in drug targetting and delivery systems for drug targeting: characteristics,
formulation, evaluation. Course material is devoted to understanding the principles and applications
of targeted and self-regulated drug delivery systems as well as the application of principles of
advanced drug targeting and delivery to specific areas of the body (buccal, nasal, pulmonary, blood-
brain barrier, etc). Special emphasis is addressed to different levels of targeting, efficacy of
targeting, formulation aspects of achieving efficacious targeting of therapeutics using biopolymers
and specific delivery systems(gene delivery, delivery of macromolecules etc).
Controlled Release
The course covers the pharmaceutical aspects of controlled release systems, including parenteral,
oral and topical dosage forms. The focus is on physico-chemical methods for controlling drug
release and the theory of controlled release drug delivery systems as well as general methods of
design and evaluations of controlled release products. Upon completion of the course, the students
will have acquired knowledge of the formulation principles of controlled release systems as well as
general factors of significance to the technical, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic aspects of
these systems. They will also be able to explain the formulation and therapeutic rationale for
marketed controlled release products and to evaluate scientific literature within the field of
controlled drug release.
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Pharmaceutical Preformulation
The objective of the course is to train the students in physical and physicochemical methods used to
characterize solid drug substances (crystal structure and polymorphism, crystallinity, specific
surface of particulate solids, solubility enhancing methods including solid dispersions, inclusion
complexes and co-precipitates and powder compaction).
Peptides and Protein drug delivery systems formulation

The objective of the course is to give the students knowledge of the use of bio-products (proteins,
DNA) as therapeutic drugs and incorporate them in a peptide and protein carriers with emphasis on
the aspects related to formulation of protein and peptide drug dosage forms. Topics include protein
and peptide formulation, with emphasis on the importance of maintaining protein
structure/conformation, physical and chemical stability, and the role of lyophilization and
cryoprotectants.
Industrial Production and Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals

The objective of the course is to enable the students to state and discuss the GMP regulations and
documentation systems, to draw up relevant instructions, to plan and carry out hygiene control, to
state production management and planning.
Validation in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals

The objective of the course is to give the students a theoretical and practical introduction to
validation aspects of the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The lectures deal with general
requirements and guidelines for validation, validation master plan, installation and operational
qualification, process validation and cleaning validation. The project work deals with a practical
validation problem, which is solved during a stay in the pharmaceutical industry and described in a
final report.
PK/PD
The advanced course will deal with population pharmacodynamics with particular attention on
utility of simultaneous pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling in clinical application of
specific therapeutics; utility of pharmacodynamic concepts that integrate drug response,
pharmacokinetic properties and mode of action in drug selection and dosing to gain the maximum
therapeutic effect with minimum cost and toxicity.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
The advanced course will deal with the clinical pharmacokinetics and relevant pharmacodynamics
of specific single therapeutics and therapeutic classes, pharmacokinetic principles behind the
effective drug treatment of particular diseases, new concepts and principles in pharmacokinetics,
application of therapeutic drug monitoring to optimise therapy, prediction and avoidance of drug
interactions, new methodology in drug development and advances in drug delivery systems,
optimising treatment for particular patient populations, regulatory aspects of pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics with their practical implications
Pharmaceutical biotechnology
Introduction, ethics, development and production processes, gene farms, recombinant technologies,
principles of fermentation, bioreactors, raw materials an dbiomedical preparations, tissue
engineering, micro- and nanotechnology, biotechnology in pharmaceutical industry, antibiotics,
recombinant proteins, cytokines, interferon, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies.
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Drug registration
The objective of the course is to give the student knowledge of the legal aspect for obtaining
marketing authorization for drugs. The course is focused on principles and guidelines covering the
pharmaceutical-chemical documentation. Principles for making expert reports are also covered.
During the course, the student must write a project report as a part of a marketing authorization file
as well as an assessment report of such file. At the end of the course the student should be able to
explain the regulatory process for obtaining marketing authorization, and to prepare and evaluate the
pharmaceutical-chemical part of a marketing authorization.
Drug stability
The objective of the course is to give the student knowledge of chemical reactivity and stability of
drugs. The course is focused on practical applications of chemical kinetics in relation to assessment
of drug stability. The course also covers developmental stability testing, batch selection,
specification and test methods, storage conditions, testing frequency, data evaluation, statements
and labeling and postmarketing changes of drugs. During the course the students are required to
prepare report for assessment of stability of drugs and stability commitment...
Pharmaceutical Analysis, Project

The objective of the course is implementation and validation of analytical methods in solving
defined analytical problems. The solution of the individual analytical problem involves: definition
of the problem; literature studies; choice of method(s); experimental work; critical evaluation of
methods; report writing; evaluation of the report; discussion of the report. Students are required to
evaluate, comment on and apply analytical procedures in solving analytical problems. At the end of
the course student should be able to validate methods in accordance with ICH guidelines and to
report the results of the analysis in exact and cogent manner.
Bioanalytical chemistry
The objective of the course is to give the students advanced knowledge on separation techniques
and associated separation mechanisms. The course is also focused on sample preparation
techniques (solid phase extraction, protein precipitation) and detection principles (UV-VIS,
fluorescence, mass spectrometry). At the end of the course student should be able to perform
bioanalysis and to evaluate analytical data in bioequivalence studies.
Phytotherapy (advanced)
The course deals with the modern herbal medicinal products (HMP), their biological and
pharmacological activities, and their mechanism of action in comparison with similar activity of
synthetic drugs, most important HMPs with antimicrobial and antifungal activity, natural antiviral
products, HMPs with anti inflammatory action, adaptogens, natural antioxidants, natural citostatics,
possible food-HMPs and drugs-HMPs interactions. Part of the subject is devoted to the herbal
product regulations, such as WHO guidelines for herbal medicines, the European regulation,
regulation in non-European countries, etc.
Phytochemical Methods
The subject provides an outline of the methods and procedures for isolation and identification of
natural substances: extraction methods and separations of natural substances; purification of crude
substances; evaluation of the isolated components. Optimum procedures for isolation of fenols and
phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, lignanes, lipids, terpens, steroids, alkaloids, etc.
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Development, implantation and evaluation of new methods for qualitative and quantitative analyses
of natural products.
Ethnopharmacology
The objective of the course is to introduce students to the history, demographics and cultural context
of medicinal plant use, field and laboratory methods in ethnopharmacology and ethnopharmacology
as a base for development of new medicinal substances.
Pharmacological methods in phytotherapy researches

Methods and procedures for biological and pharmacological evaluation of herbal extracts and
isolated substances from herbal and animal raw materials in experimental models in vitro and in
vivo. Methods for evaluation of selected bioactivity in gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system,
respiratory system, CNS, liver, diabetes, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, endocrine effect,
etc.
Plant biodiversity and protection of genetic resources of medicinal plants

Plant biodiversity, methods for their inventorisation and evaluation of the degree of viability.
Criteria and methods for categorization and different degrees of exposure of the populations/species.
Principles of use of natural plant resources, methods for evaluation and system of sustainable use.
Plant genetic resources and their storage. Gen-banks, inventorisation, description, categorization,
evaluation, preservation and use of genetic material.
Therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology

Review of basic pharmacologic principles (e.g. absorption, distribution, excretion, half-life,
bioavailability, steady state, peak values, trough values, therapeutic range, etc.). Students should
make a distinction between therapeutic drug monitoring versus toxicological screening for drug
abuse. They are supposed to discuss on the legal ramifications of lab results regarding drug
screening. to state the indications for performing therapeutic drug monitoring and drugs of abuse
screening. They should be able to state the indications for performing testing for exposure to “heavy
metals”. The specimens required and assays included in a “heavy metal” screen, the preferred
specimen for performing therapeutic drug monitoring, the preferred specimen for performing
screening for drug abuse., the substances usually assayed for in a serum drug screen, the substances
usually assayed for in a urine drug screen.
Poisoning: prevention, diagnosis and treatment

Medical toxicology - including prevention and management of exposures, poisonings, adverse
effects, abuse and withdrawal from pharmaceuticals - and household, environmental, and natural
hazards; General information about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning; Medico
legal aspects of poisoning; Specific poisons, organized into agricultural, industrial, household,
medicinal, and natural hazards.
Interaction drug-food
The course deals with the basic characteristics of food and nutritional products affecting human
health. The phases of food-drug interaction are explored, GIT absorption, distribution of the drug,
metabolism and elimination of the drug. The levels of interaction are on the GIT, presystemic
metabolism, systemic circulation and renal excretion. The influence of some drugs on nutritional
status is of importance, as well as the effect of food products on the therapeutic effect of the drugs.
Methods for preventing food-drug interaction are very important
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Pharmacogenetics
The course gives introduction into various genetic profiles of response to drug substances, with
interaction on the level of drugs and genes, DNA polymorphism and molecular pharmacogenetics.
The subject also encompasses specific examples of pharmacogenic interactions in cardiology,
neurology, oncology and other medical branches.
Methods in molecular biology

The course deals with a broad spectrum of molecular biological methods used in biomedical
research in relation to development and production of new drugs as techniques for molecular
cloning; techniques for screening and identification, DNA sequencing; application of the
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method; transfection of selected genes into mammalian cells and
detection of selected gene-products.
Microbiological and immunological methods for drug control

The course contains a wide spectrum of microbiological and immunological methods intended for
control of pharmaceuticals including, immunoassays, and analyses including cell lines and intact
animals. The analytical problems in quantification of substances in pharmaceuticals in the pico gram
range are considered in details.
Pharmaceutical immunobiology
The course will provide the students with an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying
immunopathology associated with deficient, aberrant or hypersensitive reaction of the immune
system. Immunological aspects of common inherited and acquired diseases will be discussed in
details. Special emphasis will be on immunodiagnosis and different therapeutic possibilities in
modulation of the immune response.
Drug toxicity
Analytical and clinical toxicology of drugs, factor affecting drug toxicity, Structure-activity
relationship, mechanisms, signal pathways and networks of toxicity, toxicogenomics, toxicokinetics
and toxicodynamics, drug interactions, acute and chronic toxicity, drug toxicity affecting CNS,
respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive, immune system, liver, kidneys, skin, eyes. drug
abuse and addiction, risk assessment, preventive and therapy in drug toxicity, qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
Communication and Information

The aim of the course is to provide the students with tools and skills in organisation of
dissemination tasks within the pharmaceutical subject area. The term “tools” refers to the essential
relevant concepts and models as well as work methods and techniques.
Research Methods in Social Pharmacy

The main content in the course will comprise quantitative and qualitative research methods. The
teaching will focus on a specific and theoretical task with planning and application of qualitative
and quantitative methods and analysis of data, including data quality criteria. In addition, critical
reading of scientific articles will be applied. Individual interviews and focus group interviews will
be employed; observations; questionnaires; introduction to register-based studies and
epidemiological basic concepts.
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Drug Cultures in Contemporary Modern Societies
To an increasing degree, pharmacists are confronted with questions that relate to different medicine
cultures. The strong focus which the media, the authorities and the population have put on society's
use of medicine, which includes abuse, doping and use of natural medicines, shows a need for the
pharmacists' knowledge in these areas and that the pharmacist has acquired tools in order to analyse
these uses.The objectives of the course are to introduce the students to different medicine cultures in
modern societies, which include medicine abuse, doping, medicine enhanced normally and the use
of natural medicines and that the students work actively with different theories that can throw light
on medicine cultures in modern society.
Drug Dispensing and Communication

The teaching is build up on cases dealing with discussion about choice of drugs in the treatment of
disease, duties of the pharmacy in connection with dispensing drugs, instruction of the pharmacy in
connection with dispensing drugs, patients’ understanding and use of drugs, introduction to
Pharmaceutical Care, i.e. the pharmacist’s responsibillity to reveal, solve and prevent drug related
problems.In the lectures, communications theories, pharmaceutical care and quality in drug
information are studied. The class teaching is used for training and discussion referring the
distribution and dispensing of drugs and communication with costumers. In the practice sessions the
legal aspects concerniig dispensing of drugs are studied.
Healthcare theories: how to search, choose and use them

To provide the students with: insight into searching, selecting and employing healthcare theories,
insight into healthcare theories within the area of medicine use, knowledge of theoretical
background for relevant healthcare guidelines, basic theoretic foundation of scientific theories,
theoretical background for the assessment of problems relating to medicine use in the health sector
and entry to working with the theories as part of one's master’s thesis.
Pharmacoeconomics
In the course, welfare economics is studied as a basis for pharmacoeconomics and as a possible
approach to solving questions of priority in the health service related to medicines.
In addition, basic elements of the health economics are studied. These include: health and health
services as an economic asset, the market for health services, financing and insurance aspects in the
field of medicine, health economic evaluation, including cost-benefit analyses, cost-effectiveness
analyses and cost-utility analyses, outcome measurement, including health status analysis.
Clinical Drug Development

The regulatory guidelines and principles of pre-clinical and clinical research will be reviewed.
The core focus areas will be: Regulatory requirements for clinical trial protocols in Macedonia i.e.
the Macedonian Medicines Agency, principles for the development of pre-clinical documentation,
including discovery, pharmacological screening and safety pharmacology, clinical drug
development, including discussion of the randomized clinical trial design, GCP, the pharmaceutical
industry´s involvement in the development of clinical development plans and protocols, the conduct
and monitoring of clinical trials, study drug management, data management, quality assurance,
audits and inspections and project report, in which the students during the last weeks of the course
will develop a clinical trial protocol based on a medical case.
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Intellectual Property Rights in Pharmaceutical Sciences
The overall aim of the course is to provide the students with an understanding of the importance of
patenting in pharmaceutical research as well as the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of the course
is to give students an insight into why an active drug patent strategy is essential to a company, both
to ensure the profitability of the large investments in research and development and to maintain the
company’s key areas of research without violating patent rights of a third party. The participants on
the course will learn that whatever the function of a pharmaceutical candidate in the pharmaceutical
industry, it is important that the patent policy of the company has a positive effect which rubs off
and that all employees contribute to pinpointing future patent opportunities.
Moreover, the participans will gain an understanding of the importance of protecting the inventions
and new developments made by research institutions, including sector institutions and schools of
higher education.
Course in International Health Care

The aim of the course is to enrich and enhance the knowledge of the health sciences in issues of
importance to international health care. The course provides a general overview of issues involved
in the organisation of health care systems and drug distribution.
Medicinal Chemistry
The objective of the course is to illustrate the design and development of a number of drugs in key
therapeutic areas. Optimization of drug effects through structure-activity studies is described, and
the development of pharmacophore models on the basis of such analyses is illustrated. The use of
computional methods in modern drug design projects is emphasized. The design of peptidomimetics
and the use of stereochemical concepts and recombinant receptor technologies in drug research are
illustrated by a number of examples. During the course of this study circle each student prepares and
presents 2-4 seminars.
Structural Chemistry
The objective of the course is to present the students different experimental and theoretical methods
for determination and analysis of three-dimensional structures of biologically relevant molecules.
The application of these methods for studies of the relationships between molecular structure and
biological activity is discussed. During the course the students work on practical problems to
illustrate how the methods are used in modern medicinal chemistry.
Advanced Organic Chemistry

The objective of the course is to enlarge the participants’ knowledge of modern organic chemistry
theory, concepts and methods illustrated by functional group chemistry, C-C bond formation, redox
chemistry, the use of protecting group and stereoselective synthesis. The concept of retrosynthetic
analysis is treated in connection with planning and executing synthetic sequenses of optimal
selectivity in a rational manner. Pharmaceutical and biological problems are used extensively as
examples. The students should get a thorough knowledge of organic chemical reaction types,
mechanisms, compound types, groups and reagents and become able to suggest and discuss methods
for preparation of organic compounds.
Advanced Organic Chemistry - Laboratory Course

The objective of the course is to enlarge the participants' knowledge of organic chemistry and to
illustrate modern practical organic chemical working methods, techniques and apparatus. The
participants should learn to combine information studies and theoretical knowledge with lab-work.
91
On-line information retrieval will be practised. During a series of individual practical exercises
practical skills are developed through working with important reactions mainly from the chemistry
of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The course comprises handling of reactive and sensitive
compounds, methods for work-up, separation, purification and control of purity and identity for e.g..
by use of NMR-spectra. Results of practical experiments are related to theory. A report is written on
one of the reaction sequences performed. The students should get acquainted with a broad selection
of compound types and knowledge to a broad variety of organic-chemical lab techniques. They
should be able to find and evaluate recipes and procedures with respect to execution in the lab. They
should be able to suggest and discuss methods for isolation, purification and structure elucidation of
the products
Writing, ethics and philosophy of science

The course gives the basic guidelines for writing a scientific paper including: definition of the parts
of a standard research article, distinction between review articles and qualitative research articles,
defining popular science, formulating abstracts, use of references and types of citation systems,
ethical considerations, practical advice regarding the writing of the first draft, revision of the
structure and style, function of tables and figures and instructions for their design and content,
submission of the paper, Peer-review procedure. Writing grant proposals for different funding
agencies.
92

Master Program in Pharmacy Macedonia Skopje 2009

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Master Program in Pharmacy Macedonia Skopje 2009

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University “Ss.

Cyril and Methodius”

Master Program in Pharmacy

7 semester 8 semester 9 semester 10 semester

Pharamceutical technology - Introduction to clinical Clinical pharmacy and Option A

Biopharmacy Toxicology Elective subjects (Ggroup II) Option B

Pharmaceutical chemistry III Regulatory affairs and drug Master thesis

Pre – requests: None

Course responsible: Prof. Rumenka Petkovska, rupe@ff.ukim.edu.mk

Prof. Borko Ilievski, Faculty of natural sciences and mathematics

Prof. Borko Ilievski, Faculty of natural sciences and mathematics

• Demonstrate knowledge of the principles in physical chemistry

The course comprises:

• McMurry J. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Brooks/Cole, 2003

Prof. Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska, taka@ff.ukim.edu.mk

• Lazareva D. Korneti K., Strateska A, Na}eva N.,Papazova M. Anatomija na ~ovekot – Nastavno

Prof. Aleksandar Dimovski, adimovski@ff.ukim.edu.mk

• Kulevanova S., Farmakognozija, fitohemija i prirodni lekoviti i aromati~ni surovini, Kultura,

Student load: Hours:

• Demonstrate knowledge of the human pathology

Prof. Ljubica Suturkova, ljsu@ff.ukim.edu.mk

Prof. Svetlana Kulevanova, svku@ff.ukim.edu.mk

Teaching material: Selected references

Content of the course:

Prof. Katerina Goracinova, katerina.goracinova@ff.ukim.edu.mk

Prof. Ljubica Suturkova, ljsu@ff.ukim.edu.mk

Practicals and tutorials:

The objective of the internship is:

• To integrate and practice the knowledge on prescription medications, over-the-counter products,

Student load: Hours:

Community Pharmacy 200

Quality control of herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products

I Module: Pharmaceutical technology

Unit Processes in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals

Formulation of stable drugs

Advanced Drug Delivery systems and drug targeting

Peptides and Protein drug delivery systems formulation

Industrial Production and Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals

Validation in the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical Analysis, Project

Pharmacological methods in phytotherapy researches

Plant biodiversity and protection of genetic resources of medicinal plants

Therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology

Poisoning: prevention, diagnosis and treatment

Methods in molecular biology

Microbiological and immunological methods for drug control

Communication and Information

Research Methods in Social Pharmacy

Drug Dispensing and Communication

Healthcare theories: how to search, choose and use them

Clinical Drug Development

Course in International Health Care

Advanced Organic Chemistry

Advanced Organic Chemistry - Laboratory Course

Writing, ethics and philosophy of science

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