EE132

Power System Analysis and Design

MCBLOYOLA
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 1: Initial computation
With the load profile known at each bus (𝑃𝐿𝑖 and 𝑄𝐿𝑖 are known),
allocate 𝑃𝑔𝑖 and 𝑄𝑔𝑖 to all generating units. While active and
reactive generations are not allocated to the slack bus, these are
permitted to vary during iterative process. This is a must as voltage
magnitude and phase angle are specified at slack bus. With this
data, net bus injected power (𝑃𝑖 +𝑗𝑄𝑖 ) at all buses are known other
than slack bus.
 Step 2: Formation of 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 matrix
With the line and shunt admittance data, form 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 matrix.

MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 3: Iterative Computation of Bus Voltage Considering PQ bus

To start the iterative computation, a set of initial voltage values is

assumed. It is usual practice to use a flat voltage start (initially, (1 +
𝑗0)) except the voltage of the slack bus which is specified and
fixed.
𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) 1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑟 ∗ − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − (𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘𝑟 )
𝑌𝑖𝑖 (𝑉𝑖 )
𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑖+1
Iterative computation is continued until:
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1) (𝑟)
∆𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖 ≤𝜀 MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 4: Computation of Slack Bus Power Considering PQ bus

Slack bus power can be computed using equations as follows:

𝑛

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑘 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑘 )
𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = − 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑘 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑘 )
𝑘=1
MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 3: Iterative Computation Considering PQ & PV buses
For voltage-controlled bus, the reactive power is computed first
using the equation below:
𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) (𝑟) ∗ (𝑟+1) (𝑟) ∗ (𝑟)
𝑄𝑖 = −𝐼𝑚 (𝑉𝑖 ) 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 + (𝑉𝑖 ) 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑛
(𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 =− 𝑉𝑖 𝑟
𝑉𝑘 𝑟
𝑌𝑖𝑘 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖𝑟 + 𝛿𝑘𝑟 )
𝑘=1
MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 3: Iterative Computation Considering PQ & PV buses
The revised value of 𝛿𝑖 is obtained from the equation below:

(𝑟+1) 𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) 1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 (𝑟+1)
𝛿𝑖 = ∠ − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − (𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘𝑟 )
𝑌𝑖𝑖 (𝑉𝑖𝑟 )∗
𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑖+1

(𝑟+1) 𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) 1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝐶𝑖 = − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − (𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘𝑟 )
𝑌𝑖𝑖 (𝑉𝑖𝑟 )∗
𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑖+1
MCBLOYOLA
GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
 Step 3: Iterative Computation Considering PQ & PV buses
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
If 𝑄𝑖 < 𝑄𝑖 (min) 𝑜𝑟 > 𝑄𝑖 (max) , set 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖 (min) 𝑜𝑟 𝑄𝑖 (max) and treat bus 𝑖 as a
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑃𝑄 bus. Compute 𝛿𝑖 and 𝑉𝑖 as follows:

(𝑟+1) 𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) 1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 (𝑟+1)
𝛿𝑖 = ∠ − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − (𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘𝑟 )
𝑌𝑖𝑖 (𝑉𝑖𝑟 )∗
𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑖+1
𝑖−1 𝑛
(𝑟+1) 1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑟 ∗ − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − (𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘𝑟 )
𝑌𝑖𝑖 (𝑉𝑖 )
𝑘=1 𝑘=𝑖+1

MCBLOYOLA
Illustration 1
 Fig. 7.7 shows the SLD of a sample 3-bus power system.
Data for this system are given in Table 7.2 and 7.3.
a) Using the Gauss-Seidel method,
determine the phasor values of
the voltage at buses 2 and 3.
(Perform only two iterations.)
a) Find the slack bus real and reactive
power after second iteration.

MCBLOYOLA
MCBLOYOLA
Illustration 2
 Solve Illustration 1 considering bus 2 is PV bus. Details are
given in Fig. 7.8. Use same line and load data as given in
Table 7.3 and 7.2.

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 Step 1: Read system data.
 Step 2: Form 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 matrix.
 Step 3: For load buses, 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑑 and 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑑 are
specified. Voltage magnitudes and phase angles are set
equal to the slack bus values, or |𝑉𝑖 | = 1.0, 𝛿𝑖 = 0. For
voltage-controlled buses, where |𝑉𝑖 | and 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑑 are
specified, phase angles are set equal to the slack bus
(0)
angle, i.e. 𝛿𝑖 = 0.

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
(𝑝) (𝑝) (𝑝) (𝑝)
 Step 4: For load buses,
𝑃𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 , ∆𝑃𝑖 , and ∆𝑄𝑖 are
calculated using below equations:

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
(𝑝) (𝑝)
 Step 5: For voltage-controlled buses, 𝑃𝑖 and ∆𝑃𝑖 are
computed using equations below:

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 Step 6: Compute elements of 𝐽1 and 𝐽4 using equations:
Diagonal elements of 𝐽4

Diagonal elements of 𝐽1 Off-diagonal elements of 𝐽4

Off-diagonal elements of 𝐽1

MCBLOYOLA
 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

Bus 1 is assumed as the slack bus MCBLOYOLA

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 Step 7: Solve equations below for computing ∆𝛿 and ∆|𝑉|:

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 Step 8: Compute new voltage magnitudes and phase
angles using equations as follows:

MCBLOYOLA
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 Step 9: Check for convergence:

 If solution has converged, print results. Otherwise, go to

Step 4.

MCBLOYOLA
Illustration 3
 Solve Illustration 1 using N-R method. Perform three
iterations.

MCBLOYOLA
Illustration 3
 Use N-R method to solve the problem below. Perform
three iterations.

MCBLOYOLA
References
 Duncan Glover, J., et. al. (2012). Power system analysis & design, 5th
edition. Australia: Cengage Learning
 Kothari, D. P. and Nagrath, I. J. (2011). Modern power system
analysis, 4th edition. Tata McGraw-Hill: New Delhi
 Das, D. (2006). Electrical power systems. New Age International (P)
Ltd., Publishers: New Delhi
 Nasar, S. A. (1990). Schaum’s outline of electric power systems. New
York: McGraw-Hill

MCBLOYOLA