ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : NAME REACTIONS

Name of Starting Treating product Reaction/

reaction compound/ with/reagent/ remark
reactant conditions
1
FINKELSTEIN R—X (X=Cl or NaI in dry acetone R—I R—X + NaI R—I + NaX
REACTION Br) *Dry acetone precipitates NaX formed,it
facilitates forward reaction
SWARTS R—X (X=Cl or AgF or Hg2F2 or R—F R—X + AgF R—F + AgBr
REACTION Br) CoF2 or SbF3

SANDMEYER’S BENZENE Cu2X2 (X= Cl,Br,CN) ARYL N2Cl Cu2X2/HX X

REACTION DIAZONIUM /HX HALIDE
SALT
+N2

GUTTERMAN BENZENE HX / Cu powder ARYL Cu/HCl

REACTION DIAZONIUM HALIDE ArCl + N2 + CuX
SALT ArN2X
Cu/HBr
ArBr + N2
+CuX
WURTZ ALKYL HALIDES Na in dry ether ALKANE
REACTION 2R +2Na RR + 2 NaX

WURTZ- ALKYL HALIDE Na in dry ether ALKYL X

FITTIG + ARENE + Na +R—X ether R + NaX
REACTION ARYL HALIDE

FITTIG ARYL HALIDE Na in dry ether BIPHENYL X

REACTION 2 +2Na

+ 2 NaX

CUMENE CUMENE (i)O2 (ii) H+/ H2O PHENOL CH3-CH-CH3

PROCESS (ISOPROPYL (i)O2 (ii) H+/ H2O OH +CH3COCH3
BENZENE)

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KOLBE’S PHENOL (I)NaOH SALICYLIC OH
REACTION ACID (2- OH
(II) CO2 FOLLOWED HYDROXY (I)NaOH(II) CO2  H+
BENZOIC
BY HYDROLYSIS COOH
ACID)

REIMER – PHENOL (i)CHCl3 + NaOH SALICYLALD OH OH

EHYDE 2
TIEMANN (I)CHCl3 + NaOH CHO
REACTION (ii) NaOH H+ (II)NaOH  H+

WILLIAMSON ALKYL HALIDE + 10 HALOALKANE + ETHER R—X + R’—ONa R—O—R’ +NaX

SYNTHESIS Na ALKOXIDE 20 /30 ALKOXIDE

ESTERIFICATION CARBOXYLIC ACID Con. H2SO4 /HCl ESTER RCOOH + R’OH RCOOR’ + H20
AND ITS
DERIVATIVES +
ALCOHOL/ PHENOL
ROSENMUND ACID CHLORIDE H2 + Pd – BaSO4 ALDEHYDE R—COCl +H2 Pd - BaSO4 R—CHO
REDUCTION ( R—COCl)

*R = alkyl / aryl
STEPHEN NITRILES (I)SnCl2 + HCl ALDEHYDE R—CN + SnCl2 + HCl R—CH NH
REDUCTION ( R—CN ) (II) H2O H 2O
R—CHO
ETARD TOLUENE BENZALDE CH3
(I)CHROMYL HYDE
REACTION Cro2Cl2 (CS2) CHO
CHLORIDE(Cro2Cl2) H 3 O+
(II)H2O
GATTERMAN BENZENE AND CO + HCl + BENZALDE
HYDE AND
—KOCH ITS An.AlCl3/CuCl CO + HCl CHO
ITS
REACTION DERIVATIVES DE3RIVATIV An.AlCl3/CuCl
ES

CLEMMENSEN ALDEHYDE OR Zn-Hg + HCl ALKANE

REDUCTION KETONE C O Zn – Hg CH2 + H 2O
HCl
WOLFF – ALDEHYDE OR (i)HYDRAZINE ALKANE
KISHNER KETONE (ii) KOH + C O NH2NH2 CH2
REDUCTION ETHYLENE GLYCOL KOH + ETHYLENE GLYCOL

+N2

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ALDOL ALDEHYDES OR DILUTE ALKALINE ALDOL
FORMED
CONDENSATI KETONES LIKE NaOH CCONDENS 2CH3CHO dil NaOH CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO
ON (having atleast ES TO FORM
one alpha UNSATURA
hydrogen atom) TED CH3CH CHCHO
CARBONYL
COMPOUND
CANNIZZARO ALDEHYDES OR CONCENTRATED ALCOHOL +
SALT OF 3
REACTION KETONES (not ALKALIES 2HCHO + Con. NaOH CH3OH +
CARBOXYLI
having alpha C ACID HCOONa
hydrogen atom)
HELL- CARBOXYLIC (i)X2/ RED P4 ALPHA-
HALOCARB
VOLHARD- ACID (having (ii)H2O R—CH2 –COOH (i)X2 / RED P4 R—CXH – COOH
OXYLIC
ZELINSKY alpha hydrogen ACID (ii)H2O
REACTION atom) (R-CHX-
COOH)
HOFFMANN AMIDE Br2 + NaOH PRIMARY
BROMAMIDE AMINES R-C-NH2 + Br 2 +4NaOH R-NH2 +2H2O
DEGRADATIO- +Na2CO3
N REACTION O + 2NaBr

GABRIEL PHTHALMIDE (i) KOH PRIMARY

PHTHALMIDE (ii) R—X AMINE
SYNTHESIS (iii) NaOH (aliphatic)

CARBYL 10 ALKYL OR CHLOROFORM ISOCYNIDE

AMINE ARYL AMINE +KOH (CARBYL R-NH2 +CHCl3 + 3KOH
REACTION AMINE)
R—NC
+3KCl +
3H2O
*ONLY PRIMARY AMINE UNDERGO THIS
REACTION
DIAZOTISATI- ANILINE HNO2 (NaNO2 +HCl) BENZENE
DIAZONIUM
ON C6H5NH2 +HNO2 273-278 K C6H5N2+Cl-
CHLORIDE

+NaCl +2H2O

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HALOFORM ALDEHYDE OR Na hypohalite Na SALT
REACTION KETONE (having (NaOX) OF R-CO-CH3 NaOX R-CO-ONa+ CHX 3
--CH3 group CARBOXY
attached to LIC ACID *IODOFORM REACTION USED TO DETECT
carbonyl carbon) +CHX3 THE PRESENSE OF CH3CO OR CH3CH(OH)
GROUP

DISTINGUISING TESTS
ALCOHOL:
 LUCAS TEST ; LUCAS REAGENT (conc. HCl and ZnCl 2)

10 alcohol --- turbidity only on heating

20 alcohol --- turbidity after 5 minutes

30 alcohol --- turbidity immediately

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES:

 TOLLEN’S TEST; TOLLEN’S REAGENT (AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION)

ALDEHYDE ON WARMING WITH TOLLE’S REAGENT GIVES BRIGHT SILVER MIRROR,WHILE
KETONE DOESN’T GIVE THIS TEST.

RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- RCOO- + 2Ag + 2H2O +4NH3

FEHLING’S TEST; FEHLING REAGENT ( COMPRISE FEHLING SOLUTION A


{Aq.COPPER SULPHATE} AND FEHLING SOLUTION B {SODIUM POTTASIUM TARTARATE[ROCHELLE
SALT]})

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ON HEATING FEHLING SOLUTION AND ALDEHYDE THERE FORMS AREDDISH
BROWN PRECIPITATE,WHILE KETONE DOESN’T GIVE THIS TEST

R—CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

AMINES:

HINSBERG ‘S REAGENT TEST (REACTION WITH BENZENESULPHONYL CHLORIDE)

10 AMINES REACT WITH HINSBERG’S REAGENT AND PRODUCT DISSOLVE IN ALKALI

20 AMINES REACT WITH HINSBERG’S REAGENT AND PRODUCT IS INSOLUBLE IN ALKALI

30 AMINE DOESN’T REACT WITH HINSBERG’S REAGENT

TECHNIQUES TO LEARN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY;

 Study actively, with pencil or pen in hand

 Adopt a positive attitude about the course
 Try to understand the mechanism
 Practice daily!

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