Topic 3.

1 Extra C and L
Question Mark Scheme

1
1. (a) (165, 0); 1
(b) Look for these points:
to change phase, the separation of the molecules must increase;
Some recognition that the ice is changing phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing the PE of the molecules;
Accept something like “breaking the molecular bonds”.
KE of the molecules remains constant, hence temperature remains constant; 3
If KE mentioned but not temperature then assume they know that
temperature is a measure of KE.

(c) (i) time for water to go from 0 to 15°C = 30 s;

energy required = ms = 0.25 × 15 × 4 200 = 15 750 J;
energy
power = = 525 W  530 W; 3
time

(ii) ice takes 15 s to go from – 15°C to 0;

energy supplied = 15 × 530 J;
(530  15)
sp ht = = 2100 J kg–1 K–1; 3
(15  0.25)

(iii) time to melt ice = 150 s;

(150  530)
L= = 320 kJ kg–1; 2
0.25
[12]

2. (a) (165, 0); 1

(b) Look for these points:

to change phase, the separation of the molecules must increase;
Some recognition that the ice is changing phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing the PE of the molecules;
Accept something like “breaking the molecular bonds”.
KE of the molecules remains constant, hence temperature remains constant; 3
If KE mentioned but not temperature then assume they know that
temperature is a measure of KE.

(c) (i) time for water to go from 0 to 15°C = 30 s;

energy required = ms = 0.25 × 15 × 4 200 = 15 750 J;
energy
power = = 525 W  530 W; 3
time

2
 (ii) ice takes 15 s to go from –15°C to 0;
energy supplied = 15 × 530 J;
(530  15)
sp ht = (15  0.25) = 2100 J kg–1 K–1; 3

(iii) time to melt ice =150 s;

(150  530)
L= = 320 kJ kg–1; 2
0.25

(d) the degree of disorder / order (of the molecules of the ice); 1

(e) in any process, (reaction, event etc) the overall entropy of the
universe / a closed system increases ; 1

(f) entropy decreases;

Award [1] each for any of these main points, up to [3 max].
when water freezes it gives out energy (heat);
therefore speed (KE) of surrounding air molecules increases;
the air surrounding the ice is therefore in a more disordered state;
therefore disorder (entropy) of the universe increases; 4 max
[18]

3. (a) specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of unit mass through 1 K; 1

(b) raising the temperature means increasing the KE of the molecules;

there are different numbers of molecules of different mass in unit mass
of aluminium and water (accept different densities) and therefore different
amounts of energy will be needed / OWTTE; 2

3
 (c) (i)

100°C

°C

0 t
time at which
heating starts time at which
water starts to boil
general shape (but constant  range must be clear); 1

(ii)   100°C:
the KE of the molecules is increasing;
100°C:
when the water starts to change phase, there is no further increase in KE;
the energy goes into increasing the PE of the molecules;
so increasing their separation;
until they are far enough apart to become gas / their molecular bonds are
broken / until they are effectively an infinite distance apart / OWTTE; 5

(d) (i) total energy supplied = 400 × 600 = 2.4 ×105 J; 1

(ii) energy required to raise temperature of water = 0.30 × 80 × 4.2 × 103
= 1.0 × 105 J;
energy available to convert water to steam = (2.4 – 1.0) × 105 = 1.4 × 105 J;
(1.4  10 5 )
mass of water converted to steam =  60 g; 3
2.3  10 6

(iii) energy is lost to the surroundings (must specify where the energy is lost) /
water might bubble out of pan whilst boiling / anything sensible; 1 max
[14]

4. (a) (i) no intermolecular forces;

any other two relevant assumptions of kinetic theory; [2] 3
Do not allow pV = nRT.

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 (ii) no forces between molecules / atoms so no potential energy;
and internal energy = (random) kinetic energy + potential energy; 2

870 V
(b) (i)  ;
293 294
V = 873 cm3;
∆V = 3 cm3; 3
Award [1] for use of °C not K giving 44 cm3.

(ii) work done = 1.00 × 105 × 3 × 10–6;

= 0.3 J; 2

(c) (i) quantity of thermal energy (heat) required to raise temperature

of unit mass; by one degree; 2
Award [1 max] for use of units, rather than quantities.

(ii) kinetic energy / speed of atoms increases;

reference to r.m.s. speed / r.m.s. velocity / mean speed / mean
kinetic energy; 2

(iii) at constant volume, ∆Q = ∆U / all heating increases internal energy;

at constant pressure, (∆Q = ∆U + ∆W) / heating increases internal
energy and external work is done;
hence conclusion; 3
[17]

5. The physics of cooling

(a) temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;
of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept hot to cold) 2
Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more
detailed answer.

(b) a curve of gradually decreasing rate of loss of temperature;

that is asymptotic to 20C; 2
Award [0] for a straight-line graph.

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 (c) (i) temperature is falling because of thermal energy transfer to the
surroundings;
with a decreasing rate;
the rate thermal energy transfer / heat loss in this region is greater;
because the temperature difference with the surroundings is greater
/ OWTTE; 2
(ii) realization that substance is still losing thermal energy; 1
Award [3 max] for other relevant points:
eg liquid and solid present / phase change taking place;
temperature stays constant until no more liquid;
at a constant rate;
loss of PE of atoms = thermal energy transfer;
because PE decreases;
KE of atoms constant; 4
Award [2 max] for an answer that fails to realize that the liquid
solidifies.

(d) (i) calculation of the temperature rate of change in the range

(2.4  3.5)  102 Cs1;
Q Q
 mc ;
t t
= 0.11  1300  2.9  102;
~ 4(1)W; 3
(ii) energy lost while solidifying, E = 3600  6000J;
E
L ;
m
L = 33  55kJ kg1; 3
[17]

6. The physics of cooling

(a) temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;
of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept “hot to cold”) 2
Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more
detailed answer.

(b) a curve of gradually decreasing rate of loss of temperature;

that is asymptotic to 20C; 2
Award [0] for a straight-line graph.

(c) (i) temperature is falling because of thermal energy transfer to the

surroundings;

6
 with a decreasing rate;
the rate thermal energy transfer / heat loss in this region is greater;
because the temperature difference with the surroundings is greater
/ OWTTE; 2
(ii) realization that substance is still losing thermal energy; 1
Award [3 max] for other relevant points:
eg liquid and solid present / phase change taking place;
temperature stays constant until no more liquid;
at a constant rate;
loss of PE of atoms = thermal energy transfer;
because PE decreases;
KE of atoms constant; 4
Award [2 max] for an answer that fails to realize that the liquid
solidifies.

(d) (i) calculation of the temperature rate of change in the range

(2.4  3.5)  102Cs1;
Q Q
 mc ;
t t
= 0.11  1300  2.9  102;
~ 4(1)W; 3
(ii) energy lost while solidifying E = 3600  6000J;
E
L ;
m
L = 33  55kJ kg1; 3
[16]

7. (a) the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg

of a substance through 1 K;
Or
Amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a unit mass
by one degree. 1

(b) the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;
the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K this) means that to increase the temperature by the same
amount, more energy must be given to substance A than to substance B
(so internal energy is greater) / OWTTE; 2
Award [0] for correct answer with incorrect or no explanation.

(c) (i) so that the metal reaches the temperature of the boiling water; 1
(ii) QM = mass of metal  specific heat capacity of metal  fall in

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 temperature of metal; 1
(iii) QW = mass of water  specific heat capacity of water  rise in
temp of water; 1
(iv) because energy is lost to the surroundings; 1

(d) (i) (energy is transferred) by conduction through the insulation of the

element / OWTTE;
(energy is then transferred) by the bulk motion of the water /
convection through the water / OWTTE;
the element will also radiate some energy which will be absorbed
by the water / OWTTE; 3
(ii) energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2  103 J;
energy per second = mass per second  sp ht  rise in temperature;
7.2  103 = mass per second  4.2  103  26;
to give mass per second = 0.066kg / flow rate = 0.066kg s1; 4

(iii) energy is lost to the surroundings;

flow rate is not uniform; 2
Do not allow “the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit”.
Accept answers that imply that there will be a temperature gradient
between element and wall of pipe. Do not accept answers such as
“element will not heat water uniformly”.

P
(iv) P VI , I  ;
V
7.2 10 3
=  30 A ; 2
240

(v) when operating at 7.2kW the element is at a higher temperature / hotter

than when first switched on;
therefore, resistance is greater (and so current is smaller) / OWTTE;
Or
element is cold / OWTTE when first switched on;
therefore, smaller resistance than when hot (and so current is larger); 2

8
 V2
(e) (i) P ;
R

240 2 110 2
 ;
R240 R110
2
R110  110 
  ;
R240  240 
= 0.21
Or
from P = VI
11
240 I 2 110 I1 to give I 2  I1 ;
24
I 22 R2  I12 R1 ;
2
R1 I 22  11 
   ;
R2 I12  24 
= 0.21 3

(ii) to get equivalent power, heating elements must have lower resistance;
therefore, they have to be physically larger so more expensive / take
up more space;
Or
smaller voltage supply needs larger current;
so thicker cables therefore, more expensive / take up more space; 2
[25]

8. Heating water electrically

(a) (energy is transferred) by conduction through the insulation of the
element / OWTTE;
(energy is then transferred) by the bulk motion of the water / convection
through the water / OWTTE;
the element will also radiate some energy which will be absorbed by the
water / OWTTE; 3

(b) energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2  103 J;

energy per second = mass per second  sp ht  rise in temperature;
7.2  104 = mass per second  4.2  103  26;
to give mass per second = 0.066kg / flow rate = 0.066kg s1; 4

(c) energy is lost to the surroundings;

flow rate is not uniform; 2
Do not allow “the heating element is not in contact with all the water flowing

9
 in the unit”.
Accept answers that imply that there will be a temperature gradient between
element and wall of pipe. Do not accept answers such as “element will not
heat water uniformly”.

P
(d) P  VI , I  ;
V
7.2 10 3
  30A ; 2
240

(e) when operating at 7.2kW the element is at a higher temperature / hotter

than when first switched on;
therefore, resistance is greater (and so current is smaller) / OWTTE;
Or
element is cold / OWTTE when first switched on;
therefore, smaller resistance than when hot (and so current is larger); 2

V2
(f) (i) P ;
R
240 2 110 2
 ;
R240 R110
2
R110  110 
  ;
R240  240 
= 0.21
Or
from P = VI
11
240I2 = 110I1 to give I 2  I1 ;
24
I 22 R2  I12 R1 ;
2
R1 I 22  11 
   ;
R2 I12  24 
= 0.21 3

10
 (ii) to get equivalent power, heating elements must have lower resistance;
therefore, they have to be physically larger so more expensive / take up
more space;
Or
smaller voltage supply needs larger current;
so thicker cables therefore, more expensive / take up more space; 2
[18]

9. Specific latent heat

(a) the amount of (thermal) energy needed to convert a unit mass of a solid
substance into a liquid at the melting temperature of the substance /
at constant temperature; 1

(b) (i) V = 12  3  102 = 0.36 m3;

m =   V = 900  0.36 = 324;
 320 kg 2
(ii) E = PtA = 340  12  6  60  60;
= 8.8  107 J (no marks for answer) 1
(iii) mass that can melt with this available energy is
8.8 10 7
 270 kg
330 10 3
and so not all the ice will melt;
or
energy required to melt ice = 320  330  103 = 1.1  108 J;
so not all the ice melts (as this is more than the available energy); 2
Do not accept answers without justification.
(iv) that all the energy incident on the ice gets absorbed / that no energy
gets reflected / no energy gets conducted to the water below; 1

11
 (c) Accept any reasonable discussion based on any method of heat transfer eg
the air in contact with the ice is warmer than the rest and so rises;
leaving its place to colder air which in turn warms up as well carrying
energy away from the ice;
or
the water / ice surface is warmer than the surroundings;
and so radiates electromagnetic waves losing thermal energy / net transfer
by radiation losses;
or
the molecules of ice / water in contact with the air molecules;
transfer energy to them through collisions thus losing thermal energy; 2
[9]

10. Gases and liquids

(a) forces between gas molecules (except during collisions) are much smaller
than between liquid molecules;
speed of gas molecules much greater than speed of liquid molecules;
motion / movement of gas molecules is less restricted than that for liquid
molecules;
average separation of molecules much greater in a gas than in a liquid; 2

(b) the molecules do not have the same speed / the molecules have different speeds;
the speed of the molecules change each time they collide / the speed of
individual molecules is always changing / OWTTE; 2
Accept use of words “kinetic energy” in place of speed.

(c) the energy / heat required to raise / change the temperature of a substance
by1K / C; 1

(d) (i) the water is changing phase / boiling / KE of molecules is constant,

(PE is changing); 1
(ii) time = 420(s);
energy supplied = 300  420;
= 4.2  103  0.40  ;
to give  = 75;
therefore, boiling temperature  = 95C; 5

(e) 300  3.0  103 = 0.40 L;

to give L = 2.3  106 Jkg1; 2
[13]

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11. (a) (i) quantity of thermal energy/heat required to convert unit
mass / mass of 1 kg of liquid to vapour/gas;
with no change of temperature / at its boiling point; 2

(ii) on vaporizing, potential energy of molecules/atoms increases;

on vaporizing, kinetic energy of molecules/atoms does not change;
only change in kinetic energy seen as change in temperature; 3
The term “vaporizing” or “phase change” should be present
at least once to award full marks.

(b) (i) heater, variable resistor and power supply in series;

ammeter in series with heater, voltmeter in parallel with heater; 2

(ii) P = VI used – not merely quoted;

80
I= = 8.9 A; 2
9

(iii) idea of power × time = mass × latent heat;

allowance made in equation for heat loss to atmosphere;
(80 – 35) × 60 = (1.89 – 0.70) × L;
L = 23000 J g–1; 4
Award [3 max] for use of two powers and a reference to heat
loss to atmosphere/environment to explain the difference
in numerical values of L.
Award [2 max] for use of two powers and taking an average.
Award [1 max] for use of one power only.

(c) (i) mass = (650 – 350) × 6 × 1 = 1800 g; 1

(ii) energy = 1.8 × 4.2 × 103 × (100 – 18);

= 6.2 × 105 J 1
Award mark for the substitution, not the final answer.

6.2 10 5  365  3.5

(iii) cost = ;
1.0 10 6
= 790 cents; 2
[17]

12. Specific heat and a domestic shower

(a) the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of a substance through 1K / 1C; 1

(b) the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;
the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K) this means that to increase the temperature by the same amount,

13
 more energy most be given to substance A than to substance B (so internal
energy is greater) / OWTTE; 2

(c) (i) energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2  103 J;

energy per second = mass per second  sp ht  rise in temperature;
7.2  103 = mass per second  4.2  103  26;
to give mass per second = 0.066kg; 4
(ii) energy is lost to the surroundings;
flow rate is not uniform; 1
Do not allow “the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit”.
[8]

13. Domestic shower

(a) (i) the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of
1 kg of a substance through 1K / 1C; 1
(ii) energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2  10 J;
3

energy per second = mass per second  sp ht  rise in temperature;

7.2  103 = mass per second  4.2  103  26;
to give mass per second = 0.066kg; 4
(iii) energy is lost to the surroundings;
flow rate is not uniform; 2
Do not allow “the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit”.
P
(iv) P  VI I  ;
V
7.2 10 3
=  30A ; 2
240
(v) when operating at 7.2 kW the element is at a higher temperature
/ hotter than when first switched on;
therefore, resistance is greater (and so current is smaller) / OWTTE;
or
element is cold / OWTTE when first switched on;
therefore, smaller resistance than when hot (and so current is larger); 2

14
 V2
(b) P ;
R
240 2 110 2
 ;
R240 R110
2
R110  110 
  ;
R240  240 
= 0.21
or
from P = VI
11
240I2 = 110I1 to give I 2  I1 ;
24
I22 R2 = I12 R1;
2 2
R1 I 2  11 
   ;
R2 I 1 2  24 
= 0.21 3
[14]

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