LECTURE MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
4 Pure Bending

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Pure Bending
• Bending is a major concept used in the design of many machine and structural
components, such as beams and girders.

• This chapter will be devoted to the analysis of prismatic members subjected to

equal and opposite couples M and M’ acting in the same longitudinal plane.
Such members are said to be in pure bending.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
(柱状杆)subjected
to equal and
opposite couples
acting in the same
longitudinal plane

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Other bending Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which does not pass through section
centroid produces internal forces equivalent to an axial force and a couple

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Other bending Types

• Transverse Loading:
Concentrated or distributed
transverse load produces internal
forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple

• Principle of Superposition(疊加原
理): The normal stress due to pure
bending may be combined with the
normal stress due to axial loading
and shear stress due to shear loading
to find the complete state of stress.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of
the couple is the section bending moment.

Equilibrium conditions require:

Fx    x dA  0

M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M (Positive
direction of M)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
• member remains symmetric

• bends uniformly to form a circular arc

• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center

and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface (中性面)must exist that is
parallel to the upper and lower surfaces and for
which the length does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it (if M is positive).
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L    y 
  L  L    y      y
 y y
x      (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
 max  or ρ 
  max
y
 x    max
c

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E max
c
y
   max (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium, • For static equilibrium,

y
Fx  0    x dA     max dA  y 
c M    y x dA    y    max  dA
 c 
 max
0
c  y dA   I
M  max  y 2 dA  max z
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M I z  section moment of inertia
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral  max   I
Iz S S  z  section modulus
surface must pass through the c
y
section centroid (mass center). Substituting  x    max
c
My
x  
Iz

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
 max  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
I 121 bh3 1 2 1
S   6 bh  6 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Properties of American Standard Shapes

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example
A steel bar of rectangular cross section is subjected to two equal and
opposite couples acting in the vertical plane of symmetry of the bar.
Determine the value of the bending moment M that causes the bar to
yield. Assume σY = 250MPa.
20mm

60mm

Since the neutral axis must pass through the centroid C of the cross section,
we have c = 30mm.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.1

20mm

60mm

20mm 60mm 360000 mm4

360×10-9
250MPa
0.03
3kN  m

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

Approach:
1. Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
Parallel axis theorem

2. Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon Mc
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165  max 
I
GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine (a) the maximum tensile and 3. Calculate the curvature
compressive stresses, (b) the radius of 1 M

curvature.  EI

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10

3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm
A 3000

  121 bh3  A d 2 
I x   I  A d 2  
 12
1 90  203  1800  122    1 30  403  1200  182 
12
I  868  103 mm 4  868  10-9 m 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
 max 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868 109 m 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  B  131.3 MPa
B   
I 868 109 m 4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m 1
 20.95 103 m -1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4 


  47.7 m

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x  

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
in terms
Neutral axis does not pass through
of strain
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
E1 y E2 y
dF1   1dA   dA, dF2   2 dA   dA
 
• Define a transformed section such that
x  
My
dF2  
nE1  y dA   E1 y n dA, n
E2
I
  E1
1   x  2  n x
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.3

N.A.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 200 GPa) and brass (Eb
= 100 GPa). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 4.5 kN∙m
is applied.
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Approach:
1. Transform the bar to an equivalent
cross section made entirely of brass.
2. Evaluate the cross sectional
properties of the transformed
section.
3. Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the
correct maximum stress for the
brass pieces of the bar.
4. Determine the maximum stress in
the steel portion of the bar by
multiplying the maximum stress for
the transformed section by the ratio
of the moduli of elasticity.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.3

SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 200GPa
n   2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT  10 mm  2 18 mm  10 mm  56 mm

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

I  121 bT h 3  121 56 mm 75 mm 
3

 1.96875106 mm 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc  4500 Nm  0.0375 m 
 max    85.7 MPa
I 1.96875 10-6 m 4
 b max   max  b max  85.7 MPa
 s max  n max  2  85.7 MPa  s max  171.4 MPa

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
 x   x centric   x bending
P My
 
A I

• Eccentric loading • Validity requires stresses below proportional

FP limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M  Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.7

Approach:
1. Find the equivalent centric load
and bending moment.
2. Superpose the uniform stress due
to the centric load and the linear
stress due to the bending moment.
3. Evaluate the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of
An open-link chain is obtained by the superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into 4. Find the neutral axis by
the shape shown. For 700 N load, determining the location where the
determine (a) maximum tensile and normal stress is zero.
compressive stresses, (b) distance
between section centroid and neutral
axis
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.7

• Normal stress due to a
centric load
A  c 2   6 mm 
2

 113.1 mm 2
P 700 N
0  
A 113.1106 m 2
 6.2 MPa

• Equivalent centric load • Normal stress due to

and bending moment bending moment
P  700 N
I  14  c 4  14   6 mm 
4
M  Pd  700 N 0.016 m 
 11.2 Nm  1017.9 mm 4
Mc 11.2 Nm  0.006 m 
 max  
I 1017.9 10-12 m 4
 66 MPa

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.7

• Maximum tensile and compressive • Neutral axis location

stresses
P My0
 t   0   max 0 
A I
 6.2  66  t  72.2 MPa
1017.9 10 12 m 4
 c   0   max y0 
P I
AM

 6.2 10 Pa
6
 11.2 Nm
 6.2  66  c  59.8 MPa
y0  0.56 mm

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.8

The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.

Approach:
1. Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
2. Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
3. Evaluate the critical loads for the
From Sample Problem 4.2, allowable tensile and compressive
stresses.
A  3 103 m 2
Y  0.038 m 4. The largest allowable load is the
smallest of the two critical loads.
I  868  109 m 4

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The End

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