 W H AT I S A W O R K S H O P ?

 W H Y W O U L D YO U G I V E A W O R K S H O P ?
 W H E N W O U L D YO U WA N T T O C O N D U C T A W O R K S H O P ?
 H O W D O YO U C O N D U C T A W O R K S H O P ?
 F O L LO W- U P
You've probably been a participant in a number of workshops. You may have
been at a folk festival where a famous performer held a guitar workshop and
demonstrated some of his techniques. You may have been at a conference
where there were workshops on surfing the internet, or on selling to reluctant
customers. There are workshops on subjects ranging from cake decorating to
treating schizophrenia, all of which are limited in time, meant to teach
practical skills or techniques or ideas, and conducted by people like you.
Now it's your turn to conduct a workshop. You may be training staff or
volunteers for a new organization, presenting at a conference, or trying to
show the world this terrific new method your organization has developed.
Whatever the case, you're going to have to entertain, educate, and edify a
group of people you've probably never met before. That may sound
frightening, but running a workshop is really very much like anything else: if
you prepare well, stay relaxed, and respect the participants, it'll go fine.

WHAT IS A WORKSHOP?
There are probably as many answers to this question as there are workshops
and workshop presenters but, in general, a workshop is a single, short
(although short may mean anything from 45 minutes to two full days)
educational program designed to teach or introduce to participants practical
skills, techniques, or ideas which they can then use in their work or their
daily lives. Most workshops have several features in common:

 They're generally small, usually from 6 to 15 participants, allowing

everyone some personal attention and the chance to be heard.

 They're often designed for people who are working together, or

working in the same field.

 They're conducted by people who have real experience in the subject

under discussion.

A presentation doesn't have to be limited to one person. Co-leaders or co-

facilitators are not only common, but can greatly expand the possibilities of a
given workshop, and can make everyone's job easier. Each co-leader might
be responsible for particular parts of the workshop, or all may work together
throughout, depending upon the structure and purpose. In any case, finding
one or more co-leaders or co-facilitators is always an option if you're
planning a workshop.

 They're often participatory, i.e. participants are active, both in that

they influence the direction of the workshop and also in that they have
a chance to practice the techniques, skills, etc. that are under
discussion.

 They're informal; there's a good deal of discussion in addition to

participation, rather than just a teacher presenting material to be
absorbed by attentive students.

 They're time limited, often to a single session, although some may

involve multiple sessions over a period of time (e.g. once a week for
four weeks, or two full-day sessions over a weekend).

 They're self-contained. Although a workshop may end with handouts

and suggestions for further reading or study for those who are
interested, the presentation is generally meant to stand on its own,
unlike a course, which depends on large amounts of reading and other
projects (papers, presentations) in addition to classroom activities.

WHY WOULD YOU GIVE A WORKSHOP?

Why choose a workshop, when you could use some other method like a
study circle, a course, on-the-job training, etc.? Because there are a number
of different ways to teach people things, and because people learn things in
different ways, a workshop has some advantages (and some disadvantages,
too, most notably the lack of time it provides) over these other methods that
make it a good choice in certain circumstances.

 A workshop provides a way to create an intensive educational

experience in a short amount of time, when the time for a more
comprehensive effort may not be available. Participants may be
working, they may be too far apart to gather together regularly, or may
simply be unwilling to commit large amounts of time. A workshop can
introduce a new concept, spurring participants to investigate it further
on their own, or can demonstrate and encourage the practice of actual
methods.

 It's a great way to teach hands-on skills because it offers participants a

chance to try out new methods and fail in a safe situation. Failure is
often the best teacher, and failure in this instance doesn't carry a cost.
At the same time, feedback, from both the presenter and peers in the
 group, helps a participant understand what she can do to avoid failure
in a real situation.

 A workshop is a way for someone to pass on to colleagues ideas and

methods that he has developed or finds important. Teaching a
graduate course may not be possible, but he may be able to reach
large numbers of people by conducting workshops in various
situations.

 Especially for people who work together, a workshop can help to create
a sense of community or common purpose among its participants.

WHEN WOULD YOU WANT TO CONDUCT A

WORKSHOP?
A workshop, as explained above, is valuable in certain circumstances. When
do those circumstances arise, and when might you choose to conduct a
workshop over other methods of education or training? There are a number
of situations in which a workshop would be the best choice:

 The beginning of something new. If your organization is adopting a new

method, or your community initiative is taking a new track, there are
often new pieces of information or ways of functioning that people
must learn. A workshop, or series of workshops, is a way to introduce
these in a short time and get people ready for the change.

 The initial training of staff or volunteers. Workshops are often a good

way to train new staff members or volunteers in the philosophy,
methods, and functioning of your organization, or in techniques they'll
need to do their jobs.

 The in-service or ongoing training of staff or volunteers. Workshops in

different issues, techniques, etc. are a good way to keep staff and
volunteers fresh and thinking about what they're doing.

 Staff development. Workshops are often used as a way of honing

professional skills and learning about new developments in the field.

 The demonstration of a new concept. If someone in an organization

has been exposed to a particularly exciting new idea or technique, he
may want to conduct a workshop on it for his colleagues, or the
organization may want to bring in someone to do so.

 The explanation of something to the public. An organization may

conduct a public workshop on its issue, in order to make sure that
 people are informed about its cause or about what it is doing. An adult
literacy program may hold a workshop on illiteracy in its local area, for
instance, or a shelter might hold one on the causes and consequences
of homelessness.

 The availability of a knowledgeable presenter. If you have particular

expertise in a subject, you may be asked to present a workshop to staff
or members of another organization, to the public, at a conference,
etc. Well-known people in a given field are often invited (and paid) to
travel long distances to present workshops.

HOW DO YOU CONDUCT A WORKSHOP?

Even if you've never done it before, you can conduct a good workshop by
paying attention to all the phases of the process. There are three phases to
conducting a workshop: planning, preparation, and implementation (actually
doing it). In addition, once you're done, it's important to follow up with
participants to get feedback on the workshop, so you can improve it the next
time. We'll look at each of these phases separately.
PLANNING
Once you know what your topic will be, planning a workshop ultimately
means figuring out what you want to do to guide participants through the
experience, and what you hope they'll learn from it. In order to do that, you
have to consider a number of factors:
Consider your topic. The first element of planning a workshop is to know
what you're talking about. No matter how interactive and participatory your
workshop will be, you still have to have a good command of what you're
presenting. Do your homework, so that you're confident you can deal with
most questions and issues that might come up. That doesn't mean you have
to know absolutely everything about the topic, but that you have to know a
reasonable amount about it, and understand it well enough so that you can
help participants fit it into the context of their own jobs and lives.
Consider your audience. Your audience, the people who will actually be
part of the workshop, is probably the most important piece of the puzzle
here. Understanding them and their needs will do more than anything else to
help you decide what to do and how to do it.

 What do they already know? If you expect most of the participants to

be familiar with certain background material, or to have had certain
kinds of experiences, that will greatly affect how and to what extent
you choose to present material.

You can sometimes do some research here. If you're presenting for a

particular group or organization, you may be able to find out either from your
contact person or from participants themselves who your audience will be,
where they're starting from, what their experience has been, and what they
want from the workshop. Asking about the audience is part of what a careful
presenter is expected to do.
In other circumstances at a large conference, for instance, there may be no
way to anticipate how much knowledge participants have. In this case, it
may make sense to prepare a range of materials and activities, and then
begin the workshop by asking people what they know about the topic. By
doing that, you can gear your workshop to most participants' needs, and be
sure you're neither going over anyone's head nor putting anyone to sleep.

 Is this material out of their field? Knowing the context of participants '
experience can help you understand how to present material.

 What is their field? People in some fields may be expected to be more

verbal or introspective or outgoing than those in others. You're more
likely to find a group of social workers willing to discuss their emotions
than you are a group of construction workers, for instance. It also
might take more creativity to bring the construction workers to an
understanding of why this kind of discussion might be a good idea. It's
important to find ways of presenting material that both makes sense to
the participants in this particular workshop, and doesn't pull them too
far out of their context.

In reality, any group can either be very quiet or very volatile, extremely
apathetic or extremely responsive, or (most likely) somewhere in between. It
depends to a great extent on one or two individuals who set the tone,
whether or not the group is one whose members all know one another. What
kind of group you have has a lot to do with what kind of workshop will be
successful. If the group is very quiet, for instance, discussion may be deadly,
but activities based on movement may work well. If the group is
argumentative, you may be able to take advantage of that by splitting
people up into small groups and having them hash out made-up problems on
the topic. Understanding that you can't predict will help you to plan for
several different possibilities.

 Do they know one another and/or work together? If so, you can
perhaps dispense with introductions (it depends on how well they know
one another), and can plan a workshop that speaks to common
concerns.

 Will they come in with a particular attitude toward the workshop? They
will if you're offering material that flies in the face of what they think
they know is true. Are you introducing a new concept or method that
conflicts with what they've already been doing or with their previous
 training? If so, the first thing you have to address may be their hostility
or skepticism. On the other hand, they might also be biased in your
favor if you're offering what seems to be a solution for a difficult
problem.

This is not to imply that intentionally challenging people's beliefs in a

workshop is a bad idea. Assuming you can do it without being disrespectful,
like telling them they're stupid, this kind of workshop is often the most
powerful, and results in the most significant learning for participants. Most
people find change and new ideas uncomfortable to deal with, but are
stimulated by them as well. If you can present something new so that
participants will consider it, you've more than done your job.

 Under what circumstances are they attending this workshop? Did they
choose it from among several possibilities (as at a conference)? Did
they request it? Is it a requirement of their job, or to fulfill requirements
for certification, licensure, or some other credential? Is it part of their
job (training, retraining, or staff development, for example)? Is it to
learn something they absolutely need to know to do their job properly?
Each of these reasons implies a different attitude, a different level of
interest and commitment, and a different approach on the part of the
presenter.

Consider the workshop size. If the group is an ideal size for most
purposes (about 8-12) you can arrange activities that involve participants as
individuals, in small groups (2-4), and in the whole group. If the group is
larger than about 15, you'll probably want to split it up for many activities. If
it's smaller than 7 or 8, you might be better off having the whole group work
together for most of the workshop.
The reason 8-12 is an ideal size is that it's small enough so that everyone
has an opportunity to have his questions answered and to get some
individual attention from the presenter, but still large enough to generate
some lively discussion. If the group is larger than 15, the voices of some
people, usually those who are quieter, tend to get lost; if it's smaller than 6-
8, there may not be enough opinions, questions, and ideas flying around.
Consider the time available. Workshops can run from as little as an hour
or less to as much as a day or even longer. It 's important that your goals for
the workshop match the time available. This means not only planning out
your presentation to fill the time appropriately, but also matching the
amount of material you'll cover to the time available. Especially if it's all new
to participants, they'll need lots of time for clarification, questions, etc. in
order to understand it.
A general rule about time is that you should try to block out the time for
each part of the workshop in advance. Rehearse different parts to see how
long they'll take, or how long you want them to take (e.g., if you're going to
ask people to write about something, try it yourself and see how long it takes
you). You'll seldom be 100% accurate, but you can come close, and you'll
then have an outline of the workshop and a reasonable sense of what you
might expect to do in the time you have.
Short workshop: 45-90 minutes. A workshop this short is even shorter than it
seems. People may be late by between five and fifteen minutes, and you'll
lose more time if you're distributing materials, using equipment, etc. That
means you'll have to ruthlessly pare the material you want to present down
to what's actually important. Although it's always wise to overprepare (see
Preparation, below), the reality is that you seldom get to everything you
expect to do. A workshop of this length is probably best used as a means of
introducing and discussing a new concept or an issue of concern. It makes
little sense to try to teach a specific skill unless it's very limited. If it can be
learned in five or ten minutes, and practiced in the same amount of time, it's
worth a try. If it's any more complicated than that, you need a longer
workshop.
If a particular skill or technique or method is really important for participants
to learn in order to do their jobs, or - especially - if its incorrect use will have
serious consequences (as in the case of many emergency medical
procedures), it is probably unwise to present it in a workshop this short. That
could lead to participants believing they know more about the topic than
they actually do, and causing real harm as a result. Use your common sense
and be guided by what's really possible.
Medium-length workshop: 90 minutes to 3 hours. At this length, a workshop
can begin to address ideas and concepts in some depth, and teach some
skills. Some considerations about a medium-length workshop:
Vary activities. This type of workshop is more than long enough for
participants to get bored or overwhelmed. Two or three consecutive hours of
a talking head can send many people out the door screaming for fresh air.
Breaking up the time by involving participants in a number of different kinds
of activities is far more conducive to their learning than asking them to sit
still and do one thing for the whole time.
Attention span: Studies have shown that most people start to lose
concentration after 20 minutes to half an hour. By the end of an hour, their
level of attention has fallen by more than 50% (and in some cases by a great
deal more than that). Attention can be renewed by changing activities,
changing topic, changing methods of presentation, etc. Even the short pause
in the workshop caused by moving from one activity to another is enough to
refresh people and keep them interested.
Vary the seriousness of the material. Interspersing activities and ideas
that are fun or humorous with others that are more serious can not only keep
participants awake and on their toes, but can aid learning as well.
Plan a break. This will speak to the attention-span issue and allow
participants a chance to get coffee, go to the bathroom, etc. without
disturbing the flow of the workshop. But also be aware that breaks always
take longer than planned. Add another five or ten minutes onto the time that
you ask people to take? you can be sure that by the time everyone wanders
back into the room and settles down, they'll have spent at least that much
extra time.
Even a long workshop isn't as long as you think, carefully reflect on the
amount of material you can present adequately in this length of time,
and on the amount that people can actually absorb. You might use the time
to present a relatively small amount of material in a number of different
ways, so that participants will leave with a clear understanding of it. Or, you
might select what people really need to know about your topic and
concentrate on that, trying to give them enough so that, even if they don't
fully comprehend it, they will be intrigued enough to follow up on their own
and learn more.
In addition to considering how much is appropriate for the amount of time
you have, think about how much you know about the topic. Sometimes, the
most successful workshops are conducted by presenters who know only
slightly more than the participants. In those circumstances, presenters aren't
as apt to try to fit in too much or get too technical. Remember how long it
really took you to learn this stuff, and to become comfortable with it: it may
have been months, or even years, before you understood it completely. Try
to recall your introduction to the topic and what you really absorbed, then
plan your workshop.
Participants need time to talk and connect with one another. The
opportunity to get to know others and to exchange ideas is one of the main
values of a workshop for many people, and shouldn't be shortchanged.
Long workshop: over 3 hours. A long workshop has some drawbacks, but it
does allow you to present material in some depth and to conduct a number
of activities. Six concentrated hours of work a day is about as much as most
people can deal with. Be sure to allow for plenty of breaks, both because of
the need to stretch and use the bathroom, and because of attention span.
Some thoughts about long workshops:

 You can go into more detail on specific issues. Here's where you have
the opportunity to follow group interest, to explore ideas that are
relevant to participants' particular situations, or simply to present ideas
in greater depth.

 You can allow longer blocks of time for activities and single topics. It's
important, however, to be aware of the need for breaking up long
segments of the workshop. You have to be aware if participants' eyes
 start to glaze over, and be prepared to switch quickly to something
else (particularly something active and fun) if that happens.

 You can allow more time to practice new skills and more time for
discussion about activities. Perhaps the greatest advantage of a long
workshop is that it can allow participants the time to reflect, both
individually and with others, which is a crucial part of the learning
process.

 You can allot more time to and follow up on participants' questions. (It
can be tempting, on the other hand, to get into a conversation with
one participant about her interesting question while the rest of the
group goes to sleep. Be careful to guard against that tendency.)

 You can present both the context and the specifics of the topic (e.g.
characteristics of the HIV-infected population and techniques of
community AIDS prevention).

 You can provide or encourage food and drink. It helps keep people
alert, sets a relaxed and friendly tone, and sustains interest over the
long haul by eliminating the need to think about being hungry or
thirsty.

 It's harder to estimate how long workshop segments will take in a long
workshop because presenters tend to let activities go on if they're
going well (after all, there's plenty of time), and often find that they
can't get to much of what they planned. You need to decide whether
you want to stick to your plan and, thus, limit activities to
approximately the time you planned for them, or to go with the flow,
and let things go on longer if participants seem to find them important.
Neither of these options is the "right" or "wrong" way: it depends on
the needs of the group and the presenter. Checking in with the group is
usually a good way to decide which way to go.

Consider the purpose of the workshop. Workshops are given for many
purposes, and each implies some specific methods of presentation and other
details. Some common purposes and their implications:

 Teaching participants a skill which they then might have to use or will
use in the future (a first aid workshop for child care workers, for
instance). This kind of workshop will generally be light on talk and
heavy on activity. If people are going to use what they're learning, it's
obviously important for them to practice it, and that is probably what
you'll want the workshop to focus on.
 Giving participants a chance to practice and receive feedback on
techniques and concepts they already know. Again, the emphasis here
is likely to be on action, on actually doing whatever is under discussion
and getting advice and reflection on their performance from the
presenter and others in the group.

 Enhancing participants' current knowledge of concepts, techniques,

and methods (new research, improvement of techniques, etc.). A new
technique will have to be practiced; a fresh take on a familiar concept
might involve only discussion.

 Teaching participants a new concept that they can then apply to their
work (for instance, a workshop for street outreach workers about how
gangs act as substitute families for their members). The presentation
here might be more discussion oriented, since people will need to
assimilate the new ideas and talk out how they connect to and might
affect what they do.

 Familiarizing people with material important for, but not directly

connected to, their jobs (Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA]
regulations, for instance, or privacy laws). A workshop of this type will
probably involve direct presentation of information, with perhaps some
problem solving practice and discussion (Person X comes to your
organization with this issue; how do you handle it?) It may end up as a
question and answer session, partially because laws and regulations
are often confusing, and partially because they cause so much anxiety.

 Providing, or helping to provide, a job-related credential for

advancement or initial employment, for instance or for some
certification or licensure. This category could include anything from
CPR instruction to cultural sensitivity training, and thus might include
any number of activities or methods of presentation.

 Using a workshop as a way of helping participants feel comfortable

with one another and/or their situation. Often used in college
orientations or in employment-related team building, workshops of this
type usually consist of a large number of rapid-fire activities, often
eliciting laughter or cooperative problem solving, or both. Any talk is
usually beneficial to understanding the activities and their effects on
participants.

 Introducing people to a way of looking at the world, either as an

adjunct to their jobs or volunteer situations, or as public education (a
workshop on theories of moral development, for example). This kind of
workshop can allow for tremendously varied activities: direct teaching,
 discussion of hypothetical situations, trying to solve moral dilemmas,
role playing, etc. In general, the more different ways people can
experience the concept, the more likely they are to understand it.

Consider your presentation. The style of your presentation both your

personal style and the actual methods of presentation you employ will do
much to determine the effectiveness of your workshop. Some of this will
depend on your own personality and experiences, but there are some
general guidelines that can be useful:

 Facilitation. Workshop presenters are often referred to as facilitators. A

facilitator (from Latin facile, which means "easy") is someone who
smooths the way for others. She's not a leader, exactly, or an authority
figure, but more of a guide: someone who walks beside you and helps
you figure out which way to go. In general, facilitation is more useful in
a workshop than "instructing." It's called a workshop because
participants generally get a chance to do something, to actually
interact on their own terms with what's being presented. A facilitator
can help make it easier for them to have that experience, where an
instructor might be more apt to tell them about the experience, or to
structure it for them.

The author's prejudice is undoubtedly apparent here. Virtually all good

teaching is really facilitation, at least to some extent. In order to learn
anything, and especially to learn it at the deepest level, one has to
experience it, wrestle with it, reflect on it, live with it. A good facilitator
makes it possible for each participant to relate to new learning in his own
way and sort it out for himself, rather than telling him what he's supposed to
think or how to approach a concept. Participants are far more likely to stay
tuned in throughout the workshop if you act as a facilitator and if you're
personally accessible.
This is not to say that there's never a place for leadership in teaching, as
long as it doesn't dominate the workshop. If the presenter is a "star" in her
field, participants may in fact want to hear what she has to say, more than to
be facilitated.

 Consistency of presentation and the workshop's theme. Your method

and style of presentation should, to the largest extent possible, mirror
the topic. If you're conducting a workshop on experiential education,
for example, it should be experiential, not a lecture. A workshop on
ADA regulations should be held in a physically accessible space and
demonstrate sensitivity to the concerns of the disabled. A technique
being introduced should be practiced in presentation as well as in
activities. In a well-presented workshop, participants learn as much
 from methods and style of presentation as they do from workshop
contents.

 Direct involvement of participants. Workshops are much more effective

and enjoyable if they involve participants in activities, discussion, and
interaction with others, than if they merely shower people with
information. There are many opportunities for practicing skills, small
and large group discussions, reporting out of discussions, problem
solving as individuals and as small and large groups, etc. that will give
everyone in the group an opportunity to take an active role.

 Variation of methods and activities. As mentioned several times,

varying methods of presentation and activities will help keep people
focused, will speak to different participants' learning styles, and will
make the workshop more interesting and fun for the presenter as well
as for participants. Some possibilities to consider:

o Include some sort of hands-on activity where people can be

physically active.

o Include both group and individual activities.

o Activities should be entertaining, or at least involving. Avoid

being a "talking head" as much as possible.

o Include various kinds of audio-visual material where appropriate

videos, audiotapes, overheads, projected computer-screen
images, etc.

o Include innovative ways of presenting material directly: a play,

an interactive skit, a song, a cartoon, etc.

o Always include practice of a particular technique or method

that's being presented, even if only for a short time, to give
participants the chance to see what it feels like.

The more creative you can get here, the better. Activities in which
participants work with physical objects are often great learning tools. There
are the obvious ones (workshops for elementary math teachers always
include lots of "manipulatives," things to demonstrate math concepts with,
like ping pong balls or Cuisenaire rods ), but there are an infinite number of
options. The author attended a terrific workshop on multiple intelligences
that involved small groups designing and building villages out of legos and
other blocks. Think as outrageously as you can.
  Things to take home. Make sure participants get print copies of any
overheads or slides that contain important information, as well as
some summary of the main point(s) of the workshop, and anything else
you think might be important. It will help them to remember later what
the workshop was about, and will assist them in passing the ideas on
to others.

 Reflection time. Reflection is the key to learning. If part of the style of

your presentation is to ask participants to reflect on or discuss each
activity, you 'll help them learn in two ways: by giving them the time to
reflect on the activity and talk about it with others in the group, and by
demonstrating how important it is to reflect on what you've done and
learned.

 Time to talk to, socialize with, get to know, etc. the other participants.
Much of the value of a workshop is in the experience of learning
together and forming a community of learners. The shared experience
can often lead to professional collaboration and can cement and enrich
the learning that goes on.

P R E PA RAT I O N
Now that your planning is done, you need to prepare for the workshop.
Planning is about the delivery of the workshop itself; preparation is about
logistics, making sure you have the actual stuff and time you need to make
the workshop a success. That means both putting together whatever
materials you'll be using and getting whatever information is necessary for
you to do the best job you can.
Find out about the space you'll be using, if possible. If the space is
your own, you can choose the room or place that would be best and set it up
beforehand. If you're being assigned space in another facility, you may be
able to request a particular type or size of room, or may be able to get it set
up in a certain way (chairs in a circle, comfortable furniture, etc.). You need
to think about how you'll use the space: Will people need to move around a
lot? Will there be bulky equipment to move around? Do you need a screen or
a blackboard or whiteboard? The more you can learn about the space and
the more you can set it up for your needs before participants arrive, the
smoother your presentation will go.
If the role you intend to assume is that of facilitator rather than authority
figure, you'll want to make the space as welcoming and informal as possible.
Sometimes that simply can't be done; a school classroom with desks bolted
to the floor (yes, they still exist, although there aren't many of them) isn't
particularly flexible, for instance. But where you can, arranging chairs in a
circle or similar configuration, where everyone can see everyone else and
there's no head of the table, can do a lot to set a tone as soon as people
walk in.
Bring everything you need. Don't assume any of it will be there unless
you've specifically arranged for it (see no. 3 below). Even then you can't be
sure.

 If you're going to ask people to write something, or if they might want

to take notes, make sure you bring enough pencils and paper for
everyone.

 Make and collate at least twice as many copies as you think you'll need
of any printed material you want to hand out.

 Bring easels, newsprint, and markers for recording ideas, questions,

comments, or for documenting what goes on in small groups.

 If you're making overheads, lists, an agenda, etc., do it well

beforehand, not the night before your presentation.

 If you have to take it all somewhere (i.e. if your presentation is

anywhere but in your own space) put it in your car the night before.
Make and use a checklist to be sure you don't forget anything.

Don't forget about food, coffee, etc., if you're providing them or having them
provided. You either need to arrange beforehand to have what you need in
the room when you get there, or your coffeemaker, coffee, creamer, paper
cups, etc. should be in your back seat along with everything else the night
before. (Get the doughnuts fresh in the morning.)
Arrange well beforehand for any equipment you'll need (overhead
projector, VCR and monitor, computer, etc.) or plan to bring it yourself. (If
you're bringing it, make sure you have a backup in case the one you're
planning on isn't working.) Make your arrangements well beforehand (in
writing as well as verbally, if possible ), and check a day or two before the
workshop to see that everything is in order. Get there early enough to check
on it on the day of the workshop. Assume that if anything can go wrong, it
will, and that, even if it's not your responsibility, you'll have to fix it anyway.
Make materials and hand-outs as attractive and interesting as
possible so that participants will return to them.

 Use color where you can.

 Easy-to-read charts and graphs are useful for a lot of people (although
not everyone), as are pictures.
  If it's appropriate, organize printed material so that it's easy to read
and digest. Outline form, bullets, and the use of color or pictures can
all be helpful here.

 Try to keep the amount of material you hand out under control, unless
it's a situation where people really need and want a lot of information
(state regulations, for instance, which they may need as a reference
over time). It can be helpful to print different handouts on different
colors of paper so that both you and participants can easily keep track
of them ("Turn to the blue sheet?").

 Actual "things" people can take home (AIDS ribbons, miniature model
breasts for practicing self-examination) can serve to keep the learning
of the workshop in their consciousness.

Be overprepared. If you think a block of the workshop will probably last 30

minutes, be ready with at least an hour's worth of material for it. In some
groups, you may only use what you thought would take 15 minutes; in
others, you may use all of it and wish you had more. It's far better to be
overprepared than underprepared: the longer the workshop, the more
important this becomes.
Without knowing the individual participants beforehand, and often even then,
you can't really make accurate assumptions about time or the reactions of
the group. If they're already a group (a program staff, for example), they'll
already have their own leaders, assumptions, and norms, and those will
determine to some extent how they'll react (verbal or nonverbal, engaged or
unengaged, etc.) If they're a random group, leaders may emerge, but also
may not. As discussed earlier, why they're there, what their background and
training are, and simply who they are as individuals will determine how they
respond to your presentation. With some groups, no one may speak for the
first hour or more, or at all. With others, you may have difficulty getting a
word in after the first five minutes. No matter how many times you've
presented a particular workshop, it's best to be prepared for anything.
Make up an evaluation form that people can fill out quickly at the end of
the workshop, but that covers the areas you really want to know about.
(Many conferences prepare evaluation forms for each workshop, in which
case you don't have to.) The standard for this sort of thing is usually a
multiple choice form that either asks participants to rate each area from 1 to
5, or to check off one of 5 choices ranging from "strongly agree " to "strongly
disagree." Some areas you might want to cover include:

 The clarity of your presentation.

  The usefulness of each of the various kinds of activities you included,
especially in the context of the participants' jobs or lives.

 How interesting and relevant the content was to participants.

 Your command of the material (i.e. how well you knew your stuff).

 How well the workshop kept people's interest.

 How well you were able to set and sustain a comfortable tone.

 General comments, if any.

There may be other specific questions you have about your particular
workshop. Just be sure to keep it short enough so that people will actually fill
it out.
Finally, get a good night's sleep the night before and allow yourself
plenty of time to get where you're going, so you don't feel rushed and
frazzled. If the workshop is far from home, and you have the option of
staying somewhere near it the night before, take it. If you have the time to
relax before the workshop, you'll be more relaxed in the course of it as well.
I M P L E M E N TAT I O N
Planning and preparation are done. You're incredibly organized; you have all
your handouts color-coded and arranged in the order you want to distribute
them; you have activities planned down to the second, with plenty of extras
if they don't fill the time completely; you have the room arranged so it will
welcome participants and work for the activities you have planned. Now all
you have to do is actually pull it off.
A workshop, especially a longer one, has distinct phases. There is the
introduction, which covers the time from when the first participant walks into
the room to when the first topic-related activity begins; the substance of the
workshop includes the presentation and activities; and closure involves
review, reflection, evaluation, and ending. We'll discuss each of these, with
some ideas about how to make them go smoothly.
Introduction
This part of the workshop will let people know what their experience is going
to be like. By the time the workshop actually starts, participants often have a
strong inkling about whether they're going to like it or not. Thus, it's
important to set a positive tone and to make people feel comfortable and
interested; to give them some familiarity with you and with one another; and
to make sure that they know what 's coming in the rest of the workshop.
Setting the tone. There are some steps you can take to make participants
comfortable as soon as they walk in, and to establish the workshop as a
community of learners.

 The space. We've already discussed setting up the room so that people
face one another, so that there's no obvious place of authority, and so
that the environment is as comfortable physically and psychologically
as possible.

 Music. Depending upon the nature of the workshop, you might consider
having music playing as participants enter, either to establish calm or
to generate energy. Music also tells people that this is likely to be a
relatively informal experience. (The concern here, of course, is that
people's tastes in music vary widely. Music that you play as a calming
influence may set some participants' teeth on edge. Music you play to
generate energy may just annoy some people. It's a risk you take,
unless you know the group well.)

 Greeting. As participants enter the room, a process which may cover

15 minutes or more, there is a period when, often, no one quite knows
what to do. The presenter may smile and nod as people come in, but
the workshop hasn't started yet, and "there isn't anything to talk
about." One way to eliminate this awkwardness is to introduce yourself
to people as they come in, hand them materials and an evaluation
form, and ask them about their backgrounds, or about why they're
interested in the workshop. New arrivals can be pulled into the
conversation as they come in so that no one feels shut out. By the time
everyone is in the room and the workshop is about to start,
participants will be talking to one another and to you, and the
awkwardness will have given way to conviviality.

There may be circumstances under which you might not want to make
people comfortable. At a conference, a workshop called "Separate Tables"
divided participants up as they came in, with the majority asked to sit on the
floor. A small number were seated at an elegantly appointed table and
served an appetizing meal. The others about 20? were given a loaf of bread
and told to divide it up. The workshop continued in this vein, with the floor
sitters eventually protesting their treatment. The point, of course, was to call
attention to the lack of comfort that most of the world's population
experiences every day, as compared to the position of those in the
developed West.
Personal introductions. Especially if your workshop involves a lot of hands-on
and group activities, it will go better if people are comfortable with one
another. If you've started a conversation as they walked in, many
participants may already have talked to others that they didn't know, but it
still makes sense to introduce yourself and everyone else.
You might start by introducing yourself with a (very brief) explanation of why
you're conducting this workshop (experience you've had, your familiarity
with the topic, etc.). This shouldn't take more than a minute or so. Then, you
might use a technique or game to introduce the members of the group to
one another (you can also take part in this activity, if you think it will be
helpful to your purpose).
Agenda and plan for the session. It's helpful to either hand out, or to have
visible in the room, and to go over with participants, an agenda for the
workshop. If the workshop will be interrupted by meals, breaks, etc., a plan
for the session or day would be helpful, as well. Previewing the agenda and
asking for feedback on it ("Can we spend more time on actually using the
materials?") serves several purposes:

 It includes participants in the management of the session, rather than

making them passive receptors of information.

 It gives participants a sense of anticipation, so they're interested in

what comes next.

 It lets participants know what will happen when lunch is (at 12:30, for
example) and eliminates a certain edge of antsiness and anxiety that
they often have when they don't know the plan.

This is also the time to ask people for their expectations for the workshop,
which can be recorded on newsprint or in some other way, and reviewed at
the end of the session. If most participants' expectations are significantly
different from the presenter's, there may be room for some adjustment at
this point as well.
If it's necessary for participants to reveal details of their personal lives, for
instance, or if the topic of the workshop is particularly controversial, after
previewing the agenda would be the time to ask the group to develop ground
rules for the session. A few simple norms, such as keeping disagreement
away from the personal and respecting confidentiality can make all the
difference in participants' willingness to engage with others, and with the
ideas under discussion.
S U BS TA N C E O F T H E W O R K S H O P
This is the real meat of what you're doing, the reason why you showed up
this morning. What you actually do depends on your own planning, of course,
but there are some general guidelines, some of which have already been
mentioned, that can make your workshop more effective and enjoyable.
  Keep track of time. This doesn't mean that you should be a slave to
your agenda, but rather that you should be aware when you're
deviating from it. In a lot of instances, it might make sense to ask the
group how they'd like to use their time: "We're running way over on
this activity. Is that OK with you, or are there other things that are more
important to you that we should get to?" If you think what's happening
is really important and shouldn't be interrupted, don't be afraid to say
so.

Giving time markers every once in a while ("In 20 minutes, we'll be stopping
for lunch") can keep participants going ("I'm hungry, but I can certainly wait
20 minutes"). It will also help you be aware of where you are in the session
so that you can, in fact, get people to lunch on time (this may be a major
concern, depending upon the facility where the workshop is being held) and
conclude the activities with enough to time to close out the session properly.

 Match the presentation to the content and philosophy of the

workshop. As discussed earlier in this section, participants learn both
from the content and the style, as well as the methods of your
presentation. It's tough to convince teachers to encourage student
participation by lecturing to them. If you believe in what you're
presenting, you should be demonstrating that by practicing it. People
are much more liable to understand and accept what you're trying to
convey if it's obvious you believe in and use it all the time.

 Try to present material in a number of different ways. This variation is

important for two reasons: First, it helps to keep participants involved.
There are many studies showing that human beings are intrinsically
interested in and respond positively to variety, and it makes sense to
take advantage of that trait. Second, variation speaks to differences in
learning styles, and thus makes it more likely that everyone in the
workshop will be able to grasp the material.

Although researchers have come up with a number of models for the ways in
which people absorb information, none would disagree that individuals differ
in their preferred methods of learning. Some people take in new information
better through their eyes, others through their ears, others through their
fingers (i.e. by doing things with their hands). Some people like to deal with
the details of an idea, others with the overall concept. Some learners are
systematic and logical, others are intuitive leapers. Still other differences
include individual vs. group learning, and fast processors vs. slow and
thoughtful ones. Varying activities in a workshop lecture /slide presentation,
group problem-solving, building models, etc. can speak to at least most of
the learning styles of participants, and create a more nearly complete
learning experience for everyone.
  Try to be, and to make your activities, entertaining. Humor is an
extremely important tool, even when your topic is not humorous at all.
(The TV show MASH, about Korean War surgeons who dealt with
horrible deaths every day, illustrated how black humor could help to
keep people sane in an intolerable situation.) It can not only set a tone
that makes learning more fun, but can serve to underscore important
points as well.

A college geology instructor on a field trip with his students pointed out a
formation and stated, "This is called a pluck." Then, tripping lightly over to a
dead crow on the ground, he pulled out a feather, and said, "This, too, is
called a pluck." No one in the class ever forgot what the geological term
"pluck" meant.

 Be enthusiastic. If you really believe in what you're presenting, show it;

it will help make participants more enthusiastic as well, and can have a
huge effect on the success of your workshop.

 Encourage participants to relate the workshop content to their

reality. How can they use these ideas or methods in their jobs, or in
their lives? How would their colleagues react? They need a chance to
think about and discuss these questions. You might ask everyone to
make a commitment to use something they've learned in the workshop
at least once, or to apply new concepts to a particular facet of their
work or home life. The real questions that both presenters and
participants should be asking themselves about the topic of a
workshop are"How does it fit into the world?" and "How can it be
used?"

 Allow ample time for reflection and discussion in all activities. People
often need to think and talk through their experiences or new
information in order to understand them. It's also important that
participants have a chance to be heard about what they think and
what they've learned. If they can share it aloud, it gains more
importance and legitimacy for them. Even if the workshop content has
been understood, it hasn't really been learned until it's been
assimilated into the learner's understanding of the world. Reflection
provides the vehicle for this assimilation.

C LO S U R E
In the final phase of the workshop, you'll need to wrap things up and give
participants a chance to react to what they've just been through. You may
want to go through some formal activity for this purpose, or you may want to
just throw out some questions and listen to what people have to say.
  Sum up and review agenda. Restate the major points that the
workshop covered and revisit the agenda to identify any areas you
didn't get to. Depending upon their importance, the group's interest,
and actual possibilities, you could hand out or offer to send people
material or a bibliography on those areas, or to hold another workshop
to cover what you missed

 Revisit expectations. Take a look at that list of expectations from the

beginning of the workshop. Were people's initial expectations
appropriate, and were they met? If not, where were the gaps?

 Give participants a chance to sum up. This could be as simple as

asking "What did you think?" or it could involve a more structured
exercise. (One possibility: go around the room and ask everyone to
state one thing she liked about the workshop or learned from it, and
one thing she would have changed about it.) It's important to give
participants a way to summarize for themselves the value, or lack of
value, of the workshop for them.

 Ask for feedback on the ideas, techniques, methods, etc. that you
presented. Pay attention to participants' challenges and concerns
about the material. It may be totally new to them, and may fly in the
face of everything they've learned so far. They'll need time to digest it.
Don't get defensive if they don't agree with everything or anything
you've been promoting. You may have doubts about some of the
material, too, and it's OK to say so. The purpose of a workshop is
learning, and that rarely comes without some internal conflict.

If you can find a way to record all this review, summing up, and feedback, it
will prove extremely helpful to you in developing other workshops, or in
revising the one you just conducted. A tape recorder is one possibility.
Newsprint or something similar is another.

 Collect evaluation forms. Make sure you get one from everybody, it
should take less than a minute to fill out, unless people have complex
comments (the best kind, because they give the most specific
feedback).

F O L LO W- U P
After the workshop is over, there are still a few loose ends to tie up.

 If you agreed to send anything to participants (materials,

bibliographies, etc.) you should do it as soon as possible, both so that
you don't forget, and so the material is still fresh in people's minds
when they get it.
  If you have notes on the summation and feedback, you might want to
type them up and send them to participants also, if they would be
helpful to their understanding of the workshop.

 Go through the evaluations and your feedback notes soon after the
workshop, so that it's still fresh in your mind. What do most people
think you might have done differently? What areas seemed particularly
strong or particularly weak? This is the moment to think about what
you'll change the next time you conduct a workshop, and there should
be a next time. Start planning now!

IN SUMMARY
In order to conduct an effective and successful workshop, you need to
address its planning, preparation, and implementation. As you plan, consider
the workshop's audience, its size, its length, its purpose, and your
presentation options. Preparation includes logistics (managing the physical
items involved, materials, equipment, etc.), and preparing psychologically as
well. Finally, the implementation of the workshop includes attending to all
three of its phases: introduction, substance, and closure. And don't forget to
follow up, both by fulfilling any promises and using feedback to redesign or
change parts of the workshop so that your next one will be even better.
Online Resources
How to Develop a Workshop and Presentation Tips. Thorough tips
complete with step-by-step guide as well as timing suggestions for one
workshop session. Various PowerPoint (.pptx) presentations can be
downloaded.
How To Kit: Facilitating a Workshop, from the N.W.T. Literacy Council. It
was developed to help organizations celebrate National Family Literacy Day,
but there is helpful, general information as well.
Twelve Tips for Conducting Effective Workshops by Yvonne Steinhert,
Ph.D.
Print Resources
Bobo, K., Jackie K., & Steve M. (1991). Organizing for Social Change: A
Manual for Activists in the 1990s. Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.
Chapter on "Designing and Leading a Workshop," pp. 124-131.
Coover, V., Ellen D., Charles E., & Moore C.(1977). Resource Manual for a
Living Revolution. Philadelphia: New Society Press. Chapter on workshops,
pp. 161 ff.
The following items contain exercises and New Games that might be
helpful.
Bag of Tricks (quarterly). Available from Karl Rohnke, P.O. Box 100, Hamilton,
MA 01936.
The Bottomless Bag Again. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., 1991.
Funn Stuff, vols. I, II, and III. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., 1996
(vols. I and II) and 1998 (vol. III).
Le Fevre, Dale N. More New Games.
The New Games Foundation. New Games for the Whole Family.
Rohnke, Karl. Silver Bullets. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., 1984.