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GLOSSARY
NONWOVENS TERMS
AFTER TREATMENT (FINISHING) Process usually carried out after a web has been
formed and bonded. Examples are embossing,
creping, softening, printing and dyeing.
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AGGLOMERATION A cluster of particles or fibres.
AIR PERMEABILITY The porosity or the ease with which air passes
through a fabric.
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ANTIOXIDANT An additive that retards the deterioration of a
material's functional and aesthetic properties by
reaction with the oxygen in the air.
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B
BACKING A web or other material that supports and reinforces
the back of a product such as carpeting or
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for bonding the constituent elements of a web or
enhancing their adhesion, in order to provide the
nonwoven fabric cohesion, integrity and/or strength
and additional properties.
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BREAKING LENGTH The length of a strip of fabric or film whose weight
is equal to the force needed to break it. It is
calculated by dividing the force needed to break by
the basis weight.
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C
CALENDER A machine used to bond fibres of a web or sheets of
fabric or film to each other or to create surface
features on these sheets. It consists of two or more
heavy cylinders that impart heat and pressure to the
sheets that are drawn between them. The rollers
can be mirror smooth, embossed with a pattern, or
porous.
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CARDED A web of fibres produced by carding.
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CHEMICAL FINISHING Processes that apply additives to change the
aesthetic and functional properties of a material.
Examples are the application of antioxidants, flame
retardants, wetting agents and stain and water
repellents.
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COLLOIDAL Microscopic particles uniformly dispersed through
out a second substance or phase.
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COLOURFASTNESS The ability of a material to retain its colour when
exposed to conditions (such as washing, dry-
cleaning, sunlight, etc.) that can remove or destroy
colour.
CONTACT ANGLE The angle between the face exposed to air of a drop
of liquid and the material on which it is resting.
Small angles, presented by flattened-out drops,
indicate greater wettability of the material by the
liquid. Large angles, represented by rounded drops,
indicate repellency.
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COVERSTOCK A lightweight nonwoven material used to contain
and conceal an underlying core material. Examples
are the facing materials that cover the absorbent
cores of diapers, sanitary napkins and adult
incontinence products.
CROSS DIRECTION The width direction, within the plane of the fabric,
that is perpendicular to the direction in which the
fabric is being produced by the machine.
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CROSS LINKING A chemical reaction that creates bonds at several
points between polymers. These cause the
polymers to be less soluble and to undergo changes
in elasticity and stiffness.
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D
DEFOAMING AGENTS See ANTIFOAMING AGENTS.
DISCREET Unobtrusive.
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DISPERSION A distribution of small particles in a medium as in a
colloidal suspension of a substance. It also is used
to describe the uniform suspension of fibres in
water for wet forming.
DRY FORMING (DRY LAYING) A process for making a nonwoven web from dry
fibre. These terms apply to the formation of carded
webs, as well as to the air laying formation of
random webs.
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DRYING CYLINDERS Heated revolving cylinders over which the fabric is
passed to dry.
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E
ELASTICITY The ability of a strained material to recover its
original size and shape immediately after removal of
the stress that causes deformation.
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F
FABRIC A sheet structure made from fibres, filaments or
yarns.
FEED ROLLS Top and bottom rolls in carding that receive the
fibres from the opening and blending stages of the
plant.
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FIBRE The basic threadlike structure from which
nonwovens, yarns and textiles are made.
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Examples are spin finishes (lubricants) and flame
retardants.
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FLOCKING A method of applying a velvet-like surface to a
material by dusting, or electrostatically attracting,
short fibres onto an adhesively coated surface. The
short fibres are made by special cutting or grinding
techniques.
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G
GARNETTING A machine similar to a card is sometimes used to
form a web from textile waste materials. The
machine is known as a Garnet.
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H
HAND Qualities of a fabric perceived by touch, e.g.
softness, firmness, stretch, resilience and drape.
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HYDRATION The incorporation of molecular water into a complex
molecule with the molecules or units of another
species.
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I
IMBIBITION Liquid holding capacity of a fabric.
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K
KNITTING Technique for interlocking loops of fibres with
needles or similar devices.
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L
LAMINATE (see COMPOSITE).
LICKERIN Art of the card that takes up tufts of fibres from the
lap and feeds it to the main cylinder to be carded. It
consists of a metal roll that has a spiral grooved
surface covered with a sawtooth wire.
LUMPER ROLL In carding reduces the size of the fibre bundles that
are transferred to the main cylinder.
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M
MACHINE DIRECTION The long direction within the plane of the fabric,
that is the direction in which the fabric is being
produced by the machine.
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MECHANICAL BONDING A method of bonding a web of fibres by entangling
them. This can be achieved by needling, stitching
with fibres or by the use of high-pressure air or
water jets.
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MELDED FABRIC A nonwoven formed of a base fibre and a
thermoplastic fibre. The web is hot calendared or
embossed at the softening point of the
thermoplastic fibre to form the inter-fibre bonds.
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N
NAPPY Absorbent material worn as underpants by a baby
not yet toilet trained.
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NONWOVEN A manufactured sheet, web, or batt directionally or
randomly oriented fibres bonded by friction and/or
cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and
products that are woven, knitted, tufted stitch-
bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or
felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally
needled.
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O
OLEFIN FIBRE A manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming
substance is any long chain synthetic polymer
composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene,
propylene, or other olefin units. Olefin fibres
combine light weight with high strength and
abrasion resistance (see also POLYETHYLENE and
POLYPROPYLENE).
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P
PADDING Applying a liquid or paste to a web by passing it
between squeeze rollers or by dipping it in a bath
that carries the liquid or paste.
PARALLEL LAID A web where the fibres or filaments are laid roughly
parallel to the machine direction.
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POINT BONDING Using heat and pressure in a discrete predetermined
pattern to bind thermoplastic fibres to form a
nonwoven fabric.
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PULP (CHEMICAL) The end product of cooking wood chips, cotton or
some source of cellulose, with water and
appropriate chemicals.
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Q
QUENCH Part of a spunbond system: here the extruded
filaments are cooled either by ambient air flow or by
cooled air streams.
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R
RANDOM Without deliberate orientation.
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RESIN A solid or semisolid polymeric material.
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S
SATURATION BONDING Binding fibres to form a fabric by saturating a web
with an adhesive followed by drying and curing.
SHORT FIBRE Staple fibres less than 15mm long. Typically used in
the wetlaid process to make a fabric or as fillers in
the absorbent cores of disposable nappies.
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A process by which fibres or filaments are drawn
out and twisted together to produce a thread.
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SPUNLAID NONWOVEN A spunlaid web bonded by one or more techniques
to provide fabric integrity.
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE Graph showing the amount of deformation obtained
as a function of the force applied and the point at
which rupture or breakage occurs.
STRIKE THROUGH TIME The time taken for a known volume of liquid (e.g.
simulated urine) applied to the surface of a test
piece of nonwoven coverstock, which is in contact
with an underlying standard absorbent pad, to pass
through the nonwoven. The 'strike through time'
test is only designed to compare strike through
times of nonwoven coverstocks. It is not intended to
simulate in-use conditions of finished products.
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and a solid, by changing the surface energy of one
or both components.
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T
TACKY Slightly sticky.
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used to activate a heat-sensitive material, which
may be in the form of homofil fibres, bicomponent
fibres, or as all or part of the web.
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U
UNIDIRECTIONAL Performing best in only one direction; generally
applied to nonwovens in which the fabric strength is
highly oriented in the direction of web travel
through the forming process.
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V
VISCOSE FIBRE A manufactured fibre of cellulose obtained by the
'viscose' process using cellulose xanthate dissolved
in a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide and
extrusion of the viscose 'dope' into an acid
precipitation bath.
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W
WATER REPELLENCY The ability to resist wetting by water.
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WET BACK TEST The purpose of the test is to examine the ability of a
diaper coverstock to resist the transport back onto
the skin of a liquid that had already penetrated the
coverstock.
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Y
YARN A continuous strand of fibres or filaments that are
twisted together, to enable its conversion into a
woven, knitted or braided fabric.
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