A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water

Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Elias Raul Acosta D.1; Carlos J. Ortega2; Gina Vega Riveros3; Luis R. Molina4 and Ernesto E. Rosales Z.5
1
Applied Petrophysics and Formation Characterization Consultant. Center of Geoscience Anzoategui, C.A (CGA). Lechería, Venezuela
2
Reservoir Engineer. Reservoir Engineering Advisor. Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA). San Tome, Venezuela.
3
Reservoir Engineer.GVega Reservoir Consultant, LLC. Sugar Land, Texas. USA
4
Development Geologist. Technical Superintendent incharge. Petrozumano, S. A. El Tigre, Venezuela.
5
Integrated Reservoir Studies Consultant. Rosales Zambrano Ingenieria (RZI), F.P. Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA)

Abstract

Water Dump Flooding is less known for revitalizing mature fields. However, in the Boca Field, specifically Reservoir 95 Y-
102, this is exactly what happened. Periodic review of this mature field had resulted in the suggestion to abandon the only
producing well in this reservoir, well X-3, because an adjacent well, X-6, located above dip was known to produce with a 99%
water cut.

Although other wells were producing in the reservoir, only 12% recovery was realized. Therefore, an integrated study to re-
evaluate the parameters and properties of Reservoir 95 Y-102 started in 2005. During the well analysis, it was found that water
production of well X-6 was the result of the communication behind the casing of the well with the underlying aquifer 101 and
not because of the advancement of the oil-water contact as initially suggested. Recompletion of well X-3 was recommended
because an injection process known as dump flooding was underway. In addition, aquifer support of production over the
previous 7 years strongly indicated that dump flood would produce the desired production increases.

The accidental Water Dump Flooding, under sub-optimal conditions, actually rejuvenated the producing well, increasing
production to more than 300 BOPD with acceptable water cut of 61%. Outlined below are the steps followed for the analysis
and understanding of the process that occurred and how we took advantage of this accidental Dump Flooding, which raised the
production from nearly zero to over 100,000 barrels produced in a single year. This lays the foundation for using Dump
Flooding as a production development strategy for other projects in the area.

Introduction

Since the early 1970s, water dump flooding, or gravity water flooding, had been studied as an alternate method to conventional
water injection. It can be described as an injection process in which water from a high-pressure aquifer is allowed to flow to a
low-pressure oil-producing reservoir. This method is economically attractive because of the absence of injection surface
facilities, which saves initial capital expenditure and routine operating expenses (Ofei and Amorin, 2011). This process is
known for reservoir pressure maintenance or secondary recovery, but it is less known for revitalizing inactive mature fields.
However, in the Boca Field, specifically in Reservoir 95 Y-102 this was exactly what happened and motivated us to write this
article.

Boca Field is part of the Chimire-Boca quadrangle located in the Oficina Greater Area in the Eastern Basin in Venezuela. This
field has more than 140 reservoirs with proven reserves. Mobil and Menegrande Oil Company operated Boca Field from late
1940s until 1975, when the Venezuelan State took control of the oil industry in the country. From that moment some
secondary recovery processes had been implemented by gas injection. In 1995, a study to rank the mature fields in the Oficina
Greater Area gave the Chimire-Boca quadrangle the first spot in production potential resulting in a drilling campaign executed
from 1998 to 1999. However, the low production rates and high decline rates made any drilling activity in this area
unprofitable.

1
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

NIPA NIPA-100

NIPA
CONVENI BOCA OESTE CHIMIRE ESTE
O
CHIMIRE
NORTE CONVENIO
SAN TOME
DACION
TRICO
EL TIGRE
EL TIGRITO

Figure 1. Boca Field location (Molina, 2008)

Reservoir 95 Y-102 was discovered in the early 1950s, the production was light oil. This reservoir was developed with the
completion of 3 wells out of 33 wells that where drilled in the reservoir until 1974 and had been inactive since then. Periodic
review of this mature field had resulted in the suggestion to abandon the only producing well available in this reservoir, well
X-3, because an adjacent well, X-6, located above dip produced with a 99% water cut.

Figure 2. Reservoir 95 Y-102 official map 2003.

Although other wells produced in the reservoir, only 12% of recovery was realized, which represented slightly more than the
half of the estimated primary recovery (20%) of Reservoir 95 Y-102. Therefore, an integrated study to re-evaluate the
parameters and properties of Reservoir 95 Y-102 started in 2005.

Reservoir Characterization

The static model for both Reservoir 95 Y-102 (Figure 3) and Aquifer 101 was reviewed by structural, stratigraphic and
sedimentological analysis accompanied by revaluation of petrophysical properties. The main change in the oil reservoir from
the previous model was the redefinition of the original oil-water contact because of the reinterpretation of fluid saturations,
estimated now an additional 70ft down dip. Also no primary gas cap was postulated because strong evidence of its existence
was absent.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 2
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 3. Reservoir 95 Y-102, reinterpreted map (modified after Molina, 2008)

.
The reservoir´s depositional environment is fluvial associated with a meander channel in N-S direction. There are three main
facies: channel, floodplain and crevasse-splay (Molina 2008). Both wells, X-3 and X-6, were found to be in the center of a
channel facies (Figure 4), having the best porosity and permeability properties of the reservoir confirmed in the petrophysics
evaluation.

Figure 4. Reservoir 95 Y-102, electrofacies map: yellow shading represents channels facies,
green floodplain and orange crevasse-splays (modified after Molina, 2008).

Properties like volume of shale, effective porosity, initial water saturations and permeability were revaluated following Acosta
and Rosales´ (2006) Petrophysical Model. The evaluation of sixty-eight (68) wells covering the reservoir, associated aquifer
and floodplains were summarized in four (4) isoproperties maps (Figure 5). Unfortunately no core analysis was available for
calibration, although the excellent correspondence amongst each other and with the electrofacies map (Figure 4) gave us
confidence in the model.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 3
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 5. Reservoir 95 Y-102, Petrophysical properties distribution: Volume of shale (upper left corner), Effective porosity (upper right corner), Permeability
(bottom left corner) and Initial Water saturation (bottom right corner) (Modified after Molina, 2008)

The main wells of this study, X-3 and X-6 are certainly in the best zone found reporting very low volume of shale, good
effective porosity, low initial water saturation and very good permeability (Table 1).

Table 1. Reservoir 95 Y-102, Petrophysical properties summary

Property Reservoir 95 Y-102 Well X-3 Well X-6
Vsh (%) 17 8 8
Phie (%) 19 27 27
Sw (%) 42 21 20
K (mD) 139 500 440

A flow units analysis was carried on between wells X-3 and X-6, applying modified Lorenz graph and following Acosta and
Rosales´s (2006) recommendations. No big differences were found between the wells, having both practically the same flow
units characteristics (Figure 6).

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 4
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 6. Wells X-3 and X-6, Flow units correlation. (Modified after Molina, 2008)

The stock tank original oil-in-place (STOOIP) for the reservoir was estimated in 9.88 MM of STB and the original gas-in-
place at 13,844 MM of STCF.

The dynamic model of Reservoir 95 Y-102 consisted of reservoir fluid behavior through validation of production and pressure
tests analysis. A material balance model (tank model) was implemented to validate the statical model volumetrics. During the
analysis of the well history, it was found that water production of well X-6 result from the communication behind the casing of
the well (Figure 7) with the underlying Aquifer 101 (Figure 8) and not because of the advancement of the oil-water contact as
initially suggested. The difference in pressure between the aquifer and the reservoir (2,000 psia) was estimated at
approximately 750 psia. That and the poor cement quality between them made us infer that a water injection process known as
dump flooding was underway. In addition, aquifer support of production over the previous 7 years strongly indicated that the
accidental water dump flood would generate the desired production increases becasuse the reservoir’s energy should have
been revitalized and fluids should have been rearranged by gravity. Based on these facts, the recompletion of well X-3 was
recommended.

a) b)

Figure 7. a)Well X-6, Production Water Cut Analysis. b)Conformance problems associated with water cut trends: Casing leaks curves (1) or (2;, Flow behind
casing (1); Conning or cresting (3) or (4); Channel from injector (4); High permeability streak (4); Completion near a water zone (1) or (2); Fracturing job
went to water (1) or (2) and Watered-out zone (3) or (4).(Kim and Crespo 2013).

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 5
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 8. Accidental Water Dump Flood Injection Scheme (bottom).

Aquifer Characterization

The characterization of the Aquifer 101 (Figure 9) enabled estimating the porous volume in 169,570.84 ac-ft defining a
dimension relation with Reservoir 95 Y-102 of 46.13 (porous volume aquifer / porous volume reservoir). This dimension
relation aquifer / reservoir is very important because it will indicate the capacity of the aquifer to supply energy to the
reservoir. Fluid compatibility between aquifer and reservoir is another key characteristic to consider. Because of the proximity
of Aquifer 101 to Reservoir 95 Y-102, it was assumed that the water from the aquifer would be chemically compatible with
that of Reservoir 95 Y-102. This assumption is based on the type of deposition environment of both formations (fluvial) and
the fact that only 81 ft separate them.

Figure 9. Aquifer 101map (Modified after Molina, 2008)

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 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Accidental Water Dump Flooding

The accidental water dump flooding, under sub-optimal conditions, actually rejuvenated the producing well, increasing
production to more than 300 BOPD with acceptable water cut of 61%. This process raised production from nearly zero to
almost 100,000 barrels of produced oil in a single year. From October 2006 to November 2007, well X-3 produced an average
of 245 BOPD, 972,000 CFGPD, and 471 BWPD. Oil production rates during this period are comparable to the first year of
production history of Reservoir 95 Y-102, when the production rate average was 362 BOPD (Figures 10, 11 and 12).

Figure 10. Reservoir 95 Y-102, Acumulated Oil Production vs Oil Rates. (Modified after Molina, 2008)

Using decline analysis, final recovery was estimated at 14%, approximately 1.4 MM of barrels of oil. The well was shut-in in
2013 due to high water cut, after a cumulative production of 1.19 MM of barrels of oil. The difference may be explained in
many factors, from geoscience point of view (e.g. water channeling between wells) or from production engineering (e.g.
optimization of chokes) or combination of both.

Figure 11. Reservoir 95 Y-102, Accumulated Fluid Production. (Modified after Molina, 2008)

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 7
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 12. Reservoir 95 Y-102, Production Rates. (Modified after Molina, 2008)

The study of this local case and the analysis of others internationally reported in Kuwait (Rawding, et al., 2008), Oman
(Shizawi, et al., 2011), U.A.E. (El-Feky, 1987), Qatar (Al-Siddiqi, 1998), Thailand (Nguyen and Athichanagorn, 2015),
Malasia (Bait, 2003), Canada (ARC, 2005), U.S.A (Witherspoon, 1952) and Equador (Villarroel, et al., 2015); provide the
validation for using water dump flooding as a production development strategy for other potential projects in the area. A
campaign promoting and searching for reservoir candidates during 2007 found in the Acema 300 Field, a reservoir with the
ideal characteristics for water dump flooding. A design is currently (Petroven-Bras y RZI, 2008) under review and is being
updated. Other reservoirs were identified and are curently in the designing phase.

Reservoir Development Strategy

Reservoir 95 Y-102 has two potential areas for production. One towards the North-East, where the wells X-16 and X-23
(Figure 13) show good properties where the existence of non-swept remnant oil is suspected. Application of water dump flood
arrangements was discarded because at Aquifer 101 level (Figure 14) these wells are located in a condensate reservoir. The
other area is towards the South of the reservoir (Figure 13), precisely up-dip of the water dump flood injector (X-6), where
petrophysical properties are still good and considering the success of the completion of well X-3 it is logic to think of studying
the completion of the wells above the injector (X-8, Y-111, Y-116, Y-103 and Y-102).

The North-East area might need more study, it is planned to wait for the results of the update of the model and the simulation.
For now, only testing of sand 95 is possible and depending on initial potential decide to leave in production.

The initial plan for the Southern area, to be executed in parallel with reservoir´s model update and to be reviewed according to
the results, will be done after revising mechanical conditions of the wells X-8, Y-111, Y-116, Y-103 and Y-102. If feasibility
of workover jobs in them is established, well X-8 is to be recompleted taking advantage of the accidental water dump flood
injection in well X-6, because it is inferred that a high saturation of oil was created towards well X-8. In parallel it is
considered to complete well Y-111 as dump flood injector (Aquifer 101) with the purpose to create high saturation of oil zones
towards wells X-8, Y-116 and Y-103, besides supporting reservoir pressure revitalization in this area.

When X-8 well has finished his stage as producer (arriving to 85 or 90% water cut), it will be completed as dump flood
injector including itself as array with Y-111 well towards the well Y-116, which will be completed as a producer. When this
well cease production, it will not be completed as dump flood injector as it does not penetrate Aquifer 101 (Figure 14). Well
Y-103 will be completed as a producer. The sequence of the plan continues the completion of well Y-102 as producer and Y-
103 as dump flood injector.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 8
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Figure 13. Reservoir 95 Y-102, reinterpreted map (modified after Molina, 2008)
.

Figure 14. Aquifer 101map (Modified after Molina, 2008)

Towards reservoir´s attic (Figure 13), there is an area that probably will not be drained. The feasibility of drilling a well should
be studied, and should the computed reserves in the entire geologic column justify it, the well ought to be drilled.

Application Water Production Management should be considered, analyzing current installed capacity to handle the expected
produced water volumes. Maybe the installation of downhole separator devices (Stuebinger and Elphingstone 2000) (Interstate
Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and ALL Consulting, 2006) is a solution that allows to reduce water production at surface
and reinject the water into Aquifer 101.

Conclusions and Recommendations

A thorough and detailed review of the procedures used for well and/or reservoir analysis searching for production facts
explanation is recommended. In first instance, any option or possibility ought not to be discarded, particularly in mature fields.
Maybe the implementation of a check list is the most convenient.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 9
 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Reservoir 95 Y-102´s dynamic model study should be updated including recent production and considering simulation
modeling with the idea of observing hypothetical scenarios, as for example how much would the production be if the dump
flood would have been planned. Besides, current opportunities for the reservoir should be analyzed.

Taking into account that the Dump Flood that occurred accidentally in reservoir 95 Y-102, under sub-optimal conditions, was
highly beneficial for reservoir´s production, it is presumed that a planned and designed process tailored for a given reservoir
and/or field characteristics should offer even more success than those shown in this study.

Many mature reservoirs in the Oficina Greater Area and specifically in the Chimire – Boca quadrangle, were submitted to gas
injection processes, so if they are considered for water dump flood injection they will become a kind of alternate injection
projects. It is advisable to review and analyze these injection processes.

Promote the Water Dump Flood Injection in the Oficina Greater Area, especially in San Tome District, where a great
percentage of the reservoirs go into the category of mature reservoirs, and the implementation of conventional water injections
(with surface facilities) are practically impossible due to high costs of construction, maintenance and water management.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jess V. Ford and Khaled Hashmy for their reviews and contributions during the writing of this
article.

Special concepts or terms

We want in this section to clarify any concept or terminology of local use that could cause confusion for some readers:

Candidate: well or reservoir considered for a specific process.

Completion: process where a horizon is adapted to be placed into production. It necessarily involves a greater job.

Condemned field: field that has very few opportunities to carry out workover jobs in the wells that run through it

Dump flood injection: injection process where an aquifer not associated with the hydrocarbon deposit is connected by a well or
several in order to use its energy. The name in English "dump flood" does not have a specific translation into Spanish and
literally nothing related to what it should mention. The term Endogenous Injection (Inyección Endógena) was created to
explain in Spanish in a more appropriate way what the process means at an energetic level within a formation. Also partly at
the time it seemed easier to sell the concept.

Dump flood injector: well that communicates the non-associated aquifer and the oil reservoir subjected to the injection
process.

Greater Area: determine area of a basin or sub-basin, generally determined by combination of geographic and geological
characteristics.

Integrated Study: a study that combines several disciplines related to the characterization of a reservoir or field.

Mature reservoir: reservoir with very low energy, i.e. pressure. For the authors, reservoirs with a current pressure below 80%
of their original pressure can be considered mature.

Periodic review: review of the wells and / or reservoirs of a certain area, quadrangle or field in order to locate candidates for
workover jobs.

Quadrangle: geographical area determined by the combination of producing fields with similar characteristics.

Recompletion: the same term indicates it, returning to produce a horizon that had already been producer.

Reinterpreted: evaluation or analysis that has been updated or revised incorporating new features initially not considered

Rejuvenate: in the case of reservoirs, it refers to the increase of production potential due to the combination of the increase in
pressure and the saturation of oil in the vicinity of the well.

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 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

Revitalize: that gains energy. As for the reservoir, it refers to the increase in reservoir pressure due to the introduction of an
external energy source, that is, the injection of fluids.

Sweeping: displacement in the reservoir of a fluid by another immiscible.

Well analysis: analysis of current mechanical conditions; historical report of works and, tests and production history of
reservoir wells.

Workover: job to complete the well in another horizon.

Nomenclature

ac-ft: acre-foot

BOPD: barrels of oil per day

BWPD: barrels of water per day

CFGPD: cubic feet of gas per day

ft: feet

M: thousands

MM: millions

mD: miliDarcy

STB: stock tank barrels

STCF: stock tank cubic feet

References

Acosta, Elias R. and Rosales Z., Ernesto. “Petrophysical Interpretation Handbook – Petrophysical Model for High irreducible
Water Saturation Reservoir in Oficina Formation.” PDVSA EyP. San Tome. 2006

Alberta Research Coucil (ARC). “ ARC’s Initiatives in Improved Waterflooding” Presentation. 2005

Al-Siddiqi, Ahmed and Dawe, Richard. “A review of Petroleum Engineering Aspects of Qatar’s Oil and Gas.” Engineering
Journal of the University of Qatar, Vol.. 11, 1998, p. 11 – 45

Bait, Boniface. “Geology of Kinabalu field and its water injection scheme.” Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 47,
December 2003, pp. 165 – 179

El-Feky, S.A. “Dumpflood predictive model is developed and evaluated.” Oil Gas Journal. Vol. 85:29. July, 1987

Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission and ALL Consulting. “A Guide to Practical Management of Produced Water
from Onshore Oil and Gas Operations in the United States” US Department of Energy. National Petroleum Technology Office.
October, 2006

Kim, A. and Crespo, F. “Excessive Water Production: Causes & Diagnostics.” http://halliburtonblog.com/excessive-water-
production-causes-diagnostics/ Halliburton. 2013

Molina, L. R. “Validation of the Geological Model of I5 sand, reservoir SG102 of Boca field, San Tome District, Anzoategui
state.” Universidad de Oriente. Ciudad Bolivar, 2008

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Nguyen, G. and Athichanagorn, S. “Water Dumpflood Alternating Gas Injection from Underlying Aquifer”. International
Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering. April 2015, P.P. 256-261

Ofei, T.N. and Amorin, R. “Theoretical Analysis of Gravity-controlled Waterfloods”. Research Journal of Applied Sciences,
Engineering and Technology. 2011. P.P. 369-376

Petroven-Bras, S.A. y Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería (RZI) “Reservoir I6U 11M-301 Integrated Study. Acema 300 Field.”
Leona. April, 2008

Rawding, Jon; Al- Matar, Badar and Konopczynski, Michael. “Application of Intelligent Well Completion for Controlled
Dumpflood in West Kuwait.” Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition, 25 – 27 February 2008. Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.

Shizawi, Wafa; et al. “Enhancement of Oil Recovery through “Dump-flood” Water Injection Concept in Satellite Field.” SPE
Middle East Oil And Gas Show and Conference. Manama, Bahrain, 25 – 28 September 2011. SPE-142361

Stuebinger, L.A. and Elphingstone. G.M. “Multipurpose Wells: Downhole Oil/Water Separation in the Future.” SPE
Production & Facilities. Vol. 15, No. 3. August 2000. pp 191 - 195

Villarroel, A.J.; et al. “Methodology of Feasibility Study on Pilot Test for Dump Flood Completion System”. SPE Latin
America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Quito, Equador. 18 – 20 November 2015. SPE-177039-MS

Witherspoon, Paul. “Some Important Aspects of Water Flooding in Illinois” State Geological Survey. Circular No. 180.
Urbana, Illinois. United States of América. 1952.

About the authors

Elias Raul Acosta D.is Applied Petrophysics and Formation Characterization Independent Consultant. He earned a Bachelor
degree in Petroleum Engineering in 2001 from Universidad de Oriente and joined the Oil Business as Reservoir Engineer
assigned to PDVSA though a service company. In 2006, he obtained a Master degree in Petroleum Engineering from La
Universidad del Zulia, specializing in Petrophysics. He worked since then in different PDVSA´s projects as Reservoir
Engineer and Petrophysicist until March 2009 when he joins Weatherford. In July, was transferred to Poza Rica, Mexico in the
role of Senior Petrophysicist; leading the local Geoscience team. In 2011, he took the challenge to introduce Weatherford’s
Geoscience in Brazil, participating in several SPWLA meetings and SPE student chapter workshops. During 2014,
Weatherford transferred him to Houston getting more involved in Unconventional´s Evaluation and Completion Petrophysics.
His most recent appointment with Weatherford, was in Saudi Arabia (May to November 2016) as the Manager for
Interpretation and Evaluation Services in Wireline Services. In 2017, founds the Center of Geosciences Anzoategui in
Venezuela.

Carlos J. Ortega O. in 2001, graduates from Universidad de Oriente, earning a Bachelor degree in Petroleum Engineering. He
started to work for PDVSA as Production Optimization Engineer and after 2 years moved to Reservoir Department. Carlos’
experience covers many activities of Reservoir Engineering, Field Operations, and Reservoir Management. Currently he is
currently assigned as Advisor for Reservoir Engineering Management Department in PDVSA San Tome, were he is taking the
lead of work and study projects to revitalize the mature reservoirs in San Tome district.

Gina Vega Riveros is a Sr. Reservoir Engineer with master’s degrees in Petroleum and Energy Resources from the University
of Texas. She has taken doctoral courses receiving diploma and worked as instructor at UT. She has 20 years in industry
working as Reservoir Simulation Engineer at Weatherford, Petrofac, PDVSA and Analyst Engineer in QRI. She is an
independent owner at G. Vega Reservoir Consultant, LLC. in Texas, providing training and consulting services. Her
experience areas are including reservoir simulation studies material balance, volumetric analysis, production forecasts,
economic analysis, reserves estimation, well test analysis and fluid properties. She has predicted the decline of production
curves and administrated oil-gas royalties across USA in ALM. Gina has worked with multidisciplinary teams for clients in
Latin America, USA and Middle East. She has published technical several papers at SPE, OTC and Journal of Petroleum
Engineering. Participate as member at technical events and training courses.

Luis R. Molina obtains in 2008 Geological Engineer degree from Universidad de Oriente, Bolivar Campus. In that same year
starts working in the Reserves Project for Joint Venture Petrolera Sinovenezolana through MannyRon Consultores as
Geologist, becoming a direct employee in July of 2010 of the mentioned J. V. In 2015 through shared services of Ayacucho
Division exerts functions at the Integrated Studies department for 11 joint ventures in this area, having headquarters at Leona

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 A Doomed Reservoir Surprisingly Became a Mature Reservoir with Potential: Water Dump Flooding Case Study in Boca Field

building and secondary ones at PDVSA Guaraguao, J. V. VenangoCupet and visualization room at PDVSA San Tome,
developing activities as: location planning, maps update, petrophysics, Technical Notes support, drilling operations follow up.
By mid-2015 joins J. V. Petrozumano where he currently works as Geologist Engineer and holds the position of Technical
Reservoir Superintendent (in-charge) at the Technical Management department operating the fields in Zumano area.

Ernesto Rosales Z. earned a Bachelor degree in Petroleum Engineering in 1961 from La Universidad del Zulia. In 1964,
entered a Post degree Program for the Humble Oil & Refining Company held through the Oklahoma State University.
Ernesto’s experience of more than 40 years in the oil industry covers a vast portion of Petroleum Engineering. One of his most
remarkable achievements was to be named Geology Manager in Anaco, Venezuela, which was a reward to his wide
knowledge of this discipline. Starting the 90’s he became the Chief Specialist in charge of Geology, Petrophysics and
Reservoir Engineering for the Reserves Estimations and Development Plan of the North Monagas Project. He was concerned
about coaching and mentoring. He participated in numerous Theses as Advisor. His most recognized publication is the PVT
Correlations for Eastern Venezuela Crude Oils with J. Mannucci. Ernesto past away early 2016, but his legacy will live
through all the professionals he touched with his wisdom.

© Copyright 2018. Rosales Zambrano Ingeniería, F.P. (RZI). Centro de Geociencias Anzoátegui, C.A. (CGA) 13