Why Rizal? How the “Emergence of the Filipino Nation”?

Who is saying this?

Why should I believe this?
Whose version is it?

Why should we study RIZAL?

>That’s where we come from

Benedict Anderson
John Schumacher
Isabelo de los Reyes

Two arguments presented by John Schumacher:

1. Noli Me Tangere is a catalyst of revolution
2. Metathesis of Schumacher: Rizal is actually all that and should be studied as such

Benedict Anderson offers an counterargument for Schumacher’s arguments.

————————

History
-never dogmatic, never static
-continuous
—our understanding of the past actually changes

Jose Rizal: went from God to an American sponsored hero (supposedly) to Ambeth Ocampo’s Jose
Rizal, the more human
>Our understanding of Jose Rizal changes overtime

Katipunan
>Has gone from a romantic Les Miserables type of organization to a mystical organization where
there’s the skull and they write with blood, recruited

Schumacher: History can be as simple as any attempts from the past??

Applies to non historians: If you’re a good doctor, you’ll ask about your medical history because your
personal history actually tell more than any lab results could.

Breakups are great for studying history.

> The couple would be the primary sources for the break up.
> But they can be the worst sources for the break up.
> Studying the past, he would choose stories to tell and he can’t tell all stories about their relationship
> he’ll choose stories that will most likely flatter him or apologetic towards him
> he will be the victim even if he cheated on her
> the mere choosing of stories to be told carries the first bias that comes into him
> HISTORY: chooses what parts of facts that u will say

There’s meaning to the stories you chose to tell.

Noli me Tangere as catalyst to revolution

>Tries to put Rizal at the center of Philippine history
Why Rizal?
> Why was he popular? There’s a law that requires all colleges to teach Rizal.

Noli Me Tangere
>A man who comes back to his town, but for the first time not as a child but as a man. A good decent
man.
>It’s a story of what Spaniards do to good men.

ELIAS
>Represents us, the common Filipino
>What will it take to turn these good people into Elias
>Filipinos are bend over backward and then bend over more not because they’re
weak but because they’re kind because they will take abuse, because they’re
willing.
>The moment we turn into Elias, we should be scared

Simone
>Should make you angry at that fact that the Spaniards were able to turn Crisostomo Ibarra, a good
guy into someone like Simone
>It must make you angry

Florentino
-full of wisdom
Simone
-felt the actual anguish of being Filipino during that time

Father Schumacer’s Syllabus

—Father Schumacer was in charge of the Rizal course in Ateneo
—the title Hi165 is Schumacer’s legacy

>If you do not understand how to study history properly, you will just take note, memorize and absorb
it without being critical.
TRUTH: His presumption is an argument being put forth by Schumacer and there are
counterarguments to it!

Presupposition of his arguments:

1. The Filipino nation is a tagalog project. Where were the Moros in this presupposition? If you
believe in this completely, we have alienated the Lumads, Cebuanos, Ilocanos, etc. They’re not
part of the creation of the Flipino nation

Schumacer: The revolutionary period can be attributed to one man, Jose Rizal.

2. While it’s a very powerful argument, it’s an argument nonetheless and we must be able to study
history in a manner where instead of historical texts being instilled in our brains, we must take a step
back and see everything —-the work, the author, the circumstances, why he wrote it, other authors,
other arguments

In Schumacer’s arguments, what we’re missing is Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses.
Teodoro Agoncillo’s argument: NOT THE ILLUSTRADOS, but actually Bonifacio and the Masses are
the principle figures of the Revolution.
We’re talking about revolution and yet a dead guy is the principle figure of the revolution? It seems like
a really strange thing.

1. We must distinguish the period of revolution from the period of the formation of the nation and
create two separate timelines. Then we can say that Jose Rizal is the most important figure in the
formation of the idea, Bonifacio was more important in the formation of the revolution, Aguinaldo
was more important in the formation of the Republic. ALL OF THESE ARE ARGUMENTS, WAYS
TO STUDY HISTORY.
Why is Rizal so important according to Schumacher?
—He was the pregnant woman who gave birth to the Filipino nation.
—Single-handedly responsible to the creation of the Philippines, Filipino nation
—In writing his three important works, Rizal conceptualized a nation
— Noli was supposed to describe the present circumstances of the Filipino people, not just the
Spanish atrocities but our state as well, how bad the Filipinos are. We might be the responsible
ourselves.
—- Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas was about the past. In Noli Me Tangere as catalyst to revolution,
he talked about how Rizal tried to first write about a historical novel, failed at that—try to write an
actual history text, failed at that and that’s why he ended up doing annotations.
—-El Fili makes sense if you look at it as a blue print of the future where he actually talks about what
must be done. The Simone Argument: We must now fight or the Father Florentino argument: we must
emancipate ourselves in other ways.
—-It’s not up to the history class to decide for us whether we’ll agree with Schumacher or not.
—make decisions on your own

TO WHAT EXTEND DO YOU BELIEVE SCHUMACER, TO WHAT EXTEND SHOULD WE STUDY

HI166: we will present an counter argument to the john schumacer history where rizal is the only
principal figure in the emergence of the ph nation

>isabelo de los reyes

>mojares presents two other guys: pedro paterno, trinidad pardo de tavera
>people can present other guys most of whom were illustrados, some are not but was part of the
movement

When you read El Folkore Filipino, Benedict Anderson gives you a glimpse of what it contains when
he shows u this passage:

Superstitious Beliefs that are found in Europe and the Ph:

>what does this have to do with the emergence of the ph nation?
>anderson says that isabelo delos reyes contributed, but how??

Do roosters lay eggs?

>What does this have to do with the birth of the PH nation?

HI 166 8/17

How cool were the illustrados?

El Folkore Filipino -The Rooster’s Egg by Benedict Anderson talks about Isabelo Delos Reyes work
Noli Me Tangere as a catalyst for revolution which talks about Noli Me Tangere, El Fili
Maria Makiling Reading
Two historians talking about Rizal:
1. Father Schumacer
2. Resil Mojares

There’s a common thread among the readings. All these historians talk about illustrados:
1. Benedict Anderson - De Los Reyes
2. Father Schumacer -Rizal
3. Resil Mojares-Paterno
>Historians talk about them not in a general history, this is their life story ek ek but rather specifically
about their intellectual contribution during the period of ph history when the filipino identity was being
born
>specifically, in rizal’s case the noli me tangere and el fili
>sucesses
>short telling of the maria makiling

Ano ba yung connection ng El Folkore Filipino sa Filipino identity as opposed to Pedro Paterno’s work
where you can truly see how he’s trying to use history here the same way Rizal used the annotations
to try explain what is Filipino. Paterno attempt was bad.

—-

The Basi Revolt

>The Ilocanos revolted against the Spaniards.
>Spaniards enacted a regulation on Basi (rice wine)
>The law required/allowed the gov to expropriate Basi and therefore they had monopoly. Gov forces a
private entity to self its good to it.
>Gov is allowed to supercede private property laws for the common good and gov decides what the
fair value is for your land.
>The problem with the law is that what it meant was that the Spaniards will buy all producers of Basi
have to sell only to Spanish colonial government and the colonial government can sell because they
have access to the market
>The biggest producers of Basi were the ilocanos but the biggest consumers of Basi were the
ilocanos so if you’re an Ilocano what you would say is nag gagaguhan tayo because what they’re
proposing is that they sell Basi to you and then you will sell if back to me without no adding effort you
will made profit for the production of my basi despite the fact that i was the producer of the Basi.
>Ilocanos were angry.
>Ilocanos they created a ragtag army to fight the Spaniards and they had a flag in the colors of the
Spanish flag.
>Ilocanos lost.
>Spaniards were more organized.
>Ilocanos were executed and Spaniards celebrated.

The Basi revolt was about Basi but the PH revolution was about freedom, identity and filipinoness. A
big difference. Basi was part of Filipinoness but it wasnt explicit about being Filipinoness. Even though
it hurt tangentially the edges of Filipino identity.

19th Century
-full of variables in history that ultimately contributed to the PH revolution despite the fact that it
seemed like it has nothing to do with it.
-our main way of generating revenue was the Galleon Trade
1. Economic Reform

Our main way of generating revenue was the Galleon Trade

The Galleon Trade

-ended because the british couldnt compete with the spanish
-spaniards changed the ph economy into something along the lines of a different colony of theirs
which was the cuban colony which was making money not out off galleon but out of agricultural
exports.
-rather than become a commercial hub we moved towards becoming an agricultural producer and sell
our goods in traditional fashion
-Because of this, Spaniards took seriously the planting of Sugar in Visayas and Tabaco in Luzon.
Sadly for the Spaniards, this didnt take off until much much later on and this will be to the detriment of
the Spanish and Americans made money

2. Education Reforms

1860s
-Spaniards introduced public education in the country
-this was public education that went beyond religious education
-primarily during the spanish period was religious education, how to worship christ
1860s—langugae, math, scinecne was taught

the most important thing that happened in this period is the founding of the best school
—-history really is an argument!!
—if we were in UST, best schools wont include Ateneo

The culmination of those two things—educ reform and economic reforms produced a new class in Ph
society: a class of douche bags that pompously, arrogantly accorded themselves the name: Illustrado
which means enlightened, illuminated.

Historians didnt call them illustrados, they called themselves illustrados.

Like the modern Atenean since most of them came from Ateneo, they liked copying western fashion
How were they built?
>The economic reforms allowed their families to make some money
>Educ reform allowed them to actually get high enough to merit higher education abroad in the 1870s,
1880s went to Europe and got education there.

1872—Cavite Mutiny
>A lot of Indio soliders.
>Filipinos are the Spaniards leaving in the country.
>Soldiers in the Cavite Arsenal revolted against the Spanish because the certain benefits that they
have control mainly tax exemptions into soliders were going to be revoked, they have to pay taxes
>they realized that this was going to be applied to Indio soldiers which brought to the light that the only
reason why they have to pay taxes was because they’re indios
>indio issues and discrimination against indios were quite rampant
>they felt like if they rose up and revolt, the entire archipelago or at least manila will join them
> no one joined them :(
>the other groups didnt rise up
>like the Basi revolt, they were made examples so they were executes, they sentenced to death
priests who didnt have to do with the cavite mutiny itself but were part of the rumblings in the secular
community
>these priests were GOMBURZA

3 years after the Cavite Mutiny, Jose Rizal comes back to the ph and founds La Liga Filipina
La Liga Filipina
>the creation sets about making concrete action to fill in for his ???
>ang gamot ay dapat ilapit sa may sakit sabi ni Rizal
>beyond this there was a parallel organization running along side la liga—as a matter fact the same
year la liga filipina was founded a bunch of middle class filipinos were already founding groups

some of this middle class founders

>the only way to go about making us free was separation from spain
>uphold the katipunan
If you believe in Father Schumacher’s Noli Me Tangere as catalyst to revolution
>1892: Rizal was sure we must separate ourselves from Spain, we are our own people there is a
nation to be built in the state.
>which makes us ask the question: what happened in between? this cavite mutiny, just a mutiny of
indios angry about tax expections. if you extend to the basi revolt, just a basi revolt. although, it was
begging to be more about indioness than about taxes.
>it’s about nation, a filipino identity. now we ask the question what happened in between? HI165

Why do we have to talk about 1872, 1892? The answer is because this is Isabelo delos Reyes, an
Ilocano who set about writing his more important work El Folkore Filipino

El Folkore Filipino
>basically means knowledge of the people, folk=people, lore=knowledge
>the collective learnings of the people of the ph
>he goes beyond calling it what it is
>what is is the collective learnings of ilocanos, zambal, northern luzon people

Do roosters lay eggs?

Isabelo Delos Reyes: Arguments

1. If you compile all our knowledge into El Folkore Filipino and calls it Filipino rather than ilocanos,
zambal-it would provide a cold case art of filipino subjects????? The only time that we indios has
in common was oppresion on the basis of us being an indio and geography. According to Benedict
Anderson, it might go beyond that. If you think about it, Filipino identity, the things that makes us
filipino is not about geography which is the boundaries of our country, not about citizenship, what
makes us Filipino are all the things ?? What makes u think ur filipino? The eraserheads, because
when i hear it i know that it’s going to be 7 minutes and the only lyrics i know is la la la. We all feel
our sense of togetherness. What binds us together is what makes us Filipino.
Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson—the perceived similarity of imagined communities. Our
skin is different, languages but these things our bringing us together. Even our language brings us
together
ex. gay lingo in the country brings us together
ex.noli decastro as actors
ex. when we talk about our humidity, it’s our humidity
ex. ateneo trade
>According to Benedict Anderson, Isabelo Delos Reyes knew this is how we build the nation. Provide
a subject a way to talk about these things.

2. According to Benedict Anderson, this was supposed to be subversive. It is subversive because it

does away the most important, insidious, fallacy that the Spaniards inflicted upon us which is the
dominance of Spanish priests over the indio priests not because of anything else but race. We
believed it. The fallacy is so wrong but we believed it. The Americans believed the fallacy that the
whites are more superior than the negros.

If you look at every piece of folklore in this chapter, what you will find is parody. Every single one of
them mentions a race and then mixes illocano into it as if to say we’re among those races.
>They always tell us we’re backwards by highligting our superstitions and then they present to us their
sciences and they say western our science based, you heathens are supertitious based that’s why
you’ll never be like us.
>Isabelo delos Reyes found is that actually if we’re going to talk about supersitions the Europeans are
as supersittious as Filipinos. When u want to compare science for science, u might be suprised of the
science filipinos are actually capable of handling. For example, Jose Rizal.
>You say we’re silly for believing this, but you believe in it too. We’re both silly.
>One of the most powerful constructs of the Spanish government over Filipinos was actually slowly
being eroded by shit like this and written by Isabelo delos Reyes.

3. It is the most Rizalesque aspiration Isabela delos Reyes in his life, folkore ++

>In Noli, Rizal didnt just criticize the Spanish he also critizied the Filipinos. He protray our problems
the same way that hopefully if Isabelo delos Reyes showed us how silly our supersitions are, we might
be able to move forward and not be supersititous.

>A source of our filipino identity

>A way to dismantle spanish superiority over the indio
>A way to look at ourselves in the mirror by looking at the things we believe in
>>We can say na benedict anderson is full of shit and it’s just a book of folkores.

Rizal has to be smaller in the lens of PH History so we can sneak in space for other illustrados like
Isabelo delos Reyes. If you focus on Rizal, what you’ll find is that if you’re trying to escalate father
schumacher whether you agree with him or not. I will agree with him because it seems like Rizal’s
process.

The blueprint for Mario Makiling is basically looking at the emergence, the dominance, the residual.
That’s how Rizal thinks. The retelling Mario Makiling legend, there was a time when the people were
plentiful because they were patron was maria makiling but the people became unfaitful to mara
makiling and that is why maria makiling left them. That is where they are now, people who are retched
because they dont have maria makiling, but the tale ends with hopefully if the people can be faithful to
her again maybe she’ll come back. According to Mojares, people look at this as yearning for freedom.
Once, a long time ago we were free, we betrayed or own freedom by allowing the spaniards to turn us
into indios but if we are faithful to freedom then one day freedom will return to us again. Maria makiling
was chosen by Rizal because it fits in the microcosm of his entire project which is noli describing our
present circumstances, successos describing the past how we were more than this retched group of
people, and the future el fili if we allow ourselves to educate ourseleves, to become better who we are
right now someday we will emancipate ourselves.
The past—present—future. It’s more compelling now because two historians are saying this Father
Schumacher and Mojares. Both of these historians are reading deeply texts of Jose Rizal and once
again it’s up to us to decide if this is right or not

Pedro Paterno
-He invented the history of the tagalogs

historical texts usually have an argument being put forward and mojares in that chapter wasnt trying to
present u pedro paterno’s biography but rather was trying to present his intellectual biography and his
contribution to the emergence of the filipino nation which is not much.

by the time we get to 1892, there was already a filipino identity, a notion that we belong together, we
will know tie our faiths together and in the subsequent readings you’ll find this that even in 1982 the
katipunan itself was calling this country was calling this country an independent country

as a matter of fact, in 1892 when they found the katipunan part of their official documents explicitly
said we are now are a free people. before the first bullets was even fired, the katipunan was sure they
wanted to be free,independent. While La Liga was there, the katipunan was already there. And it’s not
just Isabelo Delos Reyes, it’s not just Pedro Paterno, Padro de Tavera

why is the indo less superior than the spaniards when there’s a spolarium, the noli, the el fili, etc +

Why Rizal? Because Rizal is cool.

8/24

Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910 a

book by Ileto
What does the pasyon have to do with anything?
We’re talking about the passion of Christ in this case pasyon pilapil.
He starts by talking about Lapiang Malaya
>Tunay na cult
>it makes you uncomfortable
>Lapiang Malaya, He went against the government, believed in anting, antings and they believed the
anting anting made them strong

Anting-anting: the amulet is not the anting anting, it will just bring out the righteousness in you and
proect you. If you die with the anting anting, you’re not righteous.

>He tries to destroy your romantic notion of the katipunan by saying actually hindi ganito yung
katipunan para siyang kulto
>Like the recruitment method, secretive and u bring two people it’s like a marketing scheme
>Most of our sources of about the katipunan seems like it has been subsumed under the illustrado
paradigm
>From what we’ve read so far, it seems like Bonifacio compeltely missed the point of Rizal despite the
fact that he was a fanbody of Rizal. From last week, we talked about Jose Rizal who said that freedom
is not taken, it’s deserved u earn it. By elavating himself, Rizal was the first free Filipino by believing
the most important concept of freedom which is personal freedom and not allowing to be the slave of
spain.
>Bonifacio missed the whole thing and started a war against Spain
>Father Schumaccer’s syllabus subsumes the revolution to the ilustrado tradition as well saying that
the revolution was born of the magic of the illustrados

THIS IS THE CONTEXT OF Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses

>Teodoro chose to enter the argument of historians and presented back then one of the most novel
attacks on the illustrado tradition
>it’s not the illustrados that we should be focusing on, it should be bonifacion and the katipunan
>boni and katip in juxtaposition to what we talked about last week, which is the illustrados were cool,
agoncillo is the most anti illustrado guy when he said yeah they wrote stuff, they sang, painted but
these guys bonifacio that’s the real deal, polo wielding guy that ran a revolution against spain.
>the truth is: there’s two patterns that kind of separate from each other despite tangential touches for
instance bonifacio was part of la liga filipina but actually the katip was already being created even
before la liga filipina
>revolt of the masses: the argument being presented here is that not the illustrados, rizal, but
bonifacio and the katip should be our focus
> schumaher: ah the illustrados are responsible for the birth of the filipino nation
>agoncillo: katip was responsible bitch
>how will these arguments come together? only the context of a continous argument between
historians could ever understand all of these seemingly contradictory arguments being raised
>did the ilustrados help build the filipino nation? yes
>did the katipunan start a completely different thread after that? yes
>>and there are others for instance there’s a work that talks about agrarian unrest that didnt succeed,
things that we dont include in our history textbooks

>one of the greatest traditions then that we must challenge is the illustrados if we are going to go
through the process of 20th century ph history because obviously if its 21st century, it’s no longer
necessary
>illustrados have great traditions: and what great traditions are they’re powerful stories that get so
powerful they just eclipse all other stories as if they don’t exist
>there are alot of revolts in the 19th century that are not discussed because the katip itself is also a
great tradition to the point that we excluded all other things
for instance, after the tejeros convention—bonifacio gets killed, that actually split the movement in
different factions. the one we study is aguinaldo’s group because it’s the most successful and it
becomes the republic of the philippines. bonfiacio loyalist actually continued to fight.
>>emilio jacinto never joined aguinaldo because he was for bonifacio. we never talked about jacinto
after the tejeros covention because he doesnt fit our story.
>the problem with great traditions is that they eclipse other stories.

there’s no such thing as more important or less important in history. there’s no such thing as more
historical or less historical in history. it’s a matter of different historians arguing about different things
on the basis of what they feel they want to argue

>is the katip story more than the food history of the 19th century? the katip is more political, state
centric but if ur a historian the food history should be as important
>should the revolution be much more important than books? false because if you dont have the books
the illustrados wont be relevant

Great traditions are very dangerous things:

Illustrados as a great tradition

>according to illeto, the general argument is that the rise of liberalism in spain and the opening up of
ports for argicultural producs encourage the formation of the illustrados class.
>he’s arguing against schumacer because schumacer’s syllabus basically says the exact opposite
that all people even if they disagree with rizal were influenced by rizal

———
>No one ever thought of the ordinary katipunero. The only people we’ve talked about so far are the
illustrados and we dont care about the ordinary people outside of that, but if there’s a great tradition
there must be an ordinary? tradition and that’s what the pasyon is trying to say
>>>isabelo delos reyes and his study of the katipunan:: an illustrado studying the katipunero—-it
would seem that the katipunan was to be feared because it was composed of ignorant people +++
(mga ka dds) yung tingin niya sa mga katipunero.
>it’s hard to know the katipuneros because there are no sources for the common katipunero—-middle
class and above we like to write about oursevles, we like to boast about ourselves.
>the project is to try to find the files of the common katipunero when all u have are the katipunan
manifestos written by the middle, upper class and inciation rights
> in the case of the katipuneros, illeto tried to look at what was propagated at that time — the pasyon
has a lot of parallelism with the texts of the katipunan and he says: it’s not a coincidence that the text
of the pasyon makes it into the text of the katipunan for instance this is a text coming from the
katipunan document—-words that are usually used to describe paradise in the pasyon.
>>the pasyon became the basis for the languange of the katipunan not because of some random
coincidence but rather because what the katipuneros realized or the middle class katipuneros is that
they can only make sense of the nation to the filipino masses by using the languange of the pasyon
>the common farmer back then when we didnt have a nation yet—how will u explain nation, freedom
to them. hindi niya maiintindihan kung ano ibig sabihin ng freedom when he’s malaya as in not
imprisoned
>there was no way to mobilize, make them understand what the cause was about. even the concept
of nation was practicially impossible to make filipinos believe??
>the middle class katipuneros purposely learned a language that all filipinos were familiar with, the
pasyon. remember, even if ur illiterate naririnig mo pa rin siya sa pabasa. naririnig mo parin siya sa
simbahan and the languange of religion was accessible to everyone even the uneducated because
the spaniards were teaching us religion.
>the best way to describe this is that the spaniards use religion, the katipunan hacked that languange
and used it to turn back against the spanish —-an amazing hacking because they used the codes,
signifiers and language of religion and then use it to explain what the spaniards has done to as.
>the time has come for us to separate because of their neglect, lack of care but because we cannot
tell filipinos we dont need spain because spain has been ingrained in their minds as mother spain—if
spain is mother spain, the relationship must be necessarily that of a child emancipating himself from
his parents.
>the idea of mother hood is actually our main metaphor for nation and that is why when they founded
the katipunan they didnt know what the fuck to call each other except eventually brother, kapatid. they
were called katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan, kapatid natin yung isa’t isa.
>the way they promoted the idea of figthing for spain is the changing of mothers, from spain to inang
bayan. they didnt even know the name of the country they’re forming.
>inang bayan was a literal relationship —it draw from the popular images of the virgin mary, the
rightful mother who appeared at the pasyon
>masang pilipino does that even exist? no such thing as masa because rural poor is different from
urban poor. fisher folk is different from farmer folk, etc
>pasyon resonated to the people. passion of the christ is such a filipino story. pag nagdudusa si
christo, people root for him. he’s doing it for us, the more christ suffers, the more we root for him.
>pasyon as a choice for illeto because he’s excavating knowledge about the katipunan from the
pasyon. the process is he just looked at the document and kept seeing religious undertones and
traced it and found it in the pasyon.

do you agree to this method of illeto?

the idea of great tradition

>>the katipunan has since become not only a counter tradition to the great tradition of the ilustrado but
has taken its own life and has become a great tradition on it’s own
>in the 21st century the new tradition that we must now chapmpion is the middle class. there are not
just rich or poor people but create a proper understanding of the country.

ileto
>used pasyon to talk about katip because there are no documents at all
>21st century: found a box and it’s in tagalog and they were the documents by the katipunan taken by
the spaniards when they left the philippines

8/29

Jose Rizal
—historians argue that he is the most important figure of the revolution
—maybe rizal by himself is not a good approximation of what happened then
—maybe rizal among other cool illustrados

Illustrado tradition in itself is sort of a great tradition

—great traditions are narratives that become so powerful they tend to eclipse all other realities at that
time, which doesnt mean they’re not true it just means that they kind of think of our understanding of
things a little skewed towards a great tradition

If we are to study the past seriously with an attempt to truly understand it then we have to be careful
about great traditions.

Great Tradition: EDSA and the Catholic Church: The Catholic Church was just one of the many people
responsible for EDSA.

idea: if we move away from the illustrado tradition then we replace it with another tradition which is the
katipunero tradition. A tradition of looking at illustrados in a very suspicious manner—mga elite, while
katip is the masses.
>a very polorized filipino society and a lot of people still operate on the belief that in ph society there
are only mayamans and mahihirap

Takeover of the elites of the Philippine revolution: but these are only caricatures

LECTURE: the end of ph revolution as it has begun by bonifacio and the takeover of emilio aguinaldo
and the evil elite of the ph society.
>idea comes from the rich history of what has been called the nationalist school of ph history
>nationalists founded by teodoro agoncillo have a tendency to understand ph history as just being
between elites and masses and their interplay with each other, they favor the masses and vilfy the
elites

Revolt of the Masses

Katipunan was put forward by agoncillo that they’re better to study than the illustrados
Isabelo delos Reyes: this katipuan is very ignorant

Tejeros Convention
>was meant to nationalize the katipunan movement
>at that point it was operating on a local chapter basis
>two chapters involved were: magdiwang and magdalo and that represents the kind of org the
katipunan had prior to the tejeros convention; for the taglog this chapter, for the caviteno the other
chapter
>the problem with chapters creates competition between chapters and there is no platform for a
national uprising against the spaniards what we’ll have are 40 chapters competing with each other
>let’s now form a national movement!!!!
>andres bonifacio was replaced and he didnt win the elections.
>andres was okay with not being president and then somebody said he’s not even qualified for his
position because he’s only basic education and then he got mad af
>according to natonalists, this was a beginning of something bigger than a personal affront to
bonifacio. while most of it will study it in an intrigera novel, naisulto siya on a personal level. Nationalist
will tell u that he was mad about the idea that the uneducated filipino is not qualified for a position in
officer. Cavitenos elites got elected into office.
>this was the beginning of the hijacking of a revolution by elite interests first at the provincial level and
then all the way to the manila level.

Tejeros President: A principalia elite from Cavite, chinese-mestizo: EMILIO AGUINALDO

Aguinaldo Admin
>started using katipunan less and started using Filipino, Philippines
>well hated by the nationalist movement
1897:when he took over the revolution, the ph revolution was floundering in a good way. We were
doing this thing with the Spaniards
>>at the start of the revolution, bonifacio wasnt winning battles but emilio aguinaldo and so he became
popular.
>Spaniards will organize their troops by gathering their forces in manila sending it to cavite. as soon
as we them coming we dont fight, abandon the area, go into hiding and then identify another area to
attack and colonize.
>everyday the revolution goes on, even though we’re not winning, the spaiards are losing. there are
two years into figthing the more important enemies who are the Cubans since 1895 actually started
their war of independence, between Cuba and the Ph, Cuba was more importnant economically. they
were selling sugar to the US, we were tranitioning to that but not really making money so the
Spaniards
>emilio aguinaldo: the way to beat the spaniards is to annoy the fuck out of them and hope that the
spaniards at some point will give in
>when the gov general primo de revera came, he came to the ph to deal with the filipino problem. He
came back to solve the problem. Emilio From manila, he moved to batangas and then evetually
moving up north to bulacan and holds headquarters in a place called biak na bata which is right in
front of the sierra madre. he hid the the soliders in sierra madre but the spaniards cornered him, but in
the forest spanish organization doesnt have much impact. they probably will win if they go into the
forest, but we will kill many of them (spanish) but considering cuba they cannot afford. they would
rather send the soldiers to cuba.
>emilio aguinaldo’s message they can run and hide in the sierra madre and then this can go on and
on it will be endless
>the revolution at this point was beginning to catch fire in other areas and the spaniards knew it. the
gov general knew that aguinaldo was correct—the ph must present themselves to be a big problem to
spain so that they can be compelled to give into our demands
>nationalist perspective: bonifacio: guy that is pure and willing to fight to the death stupidly sometimes
and aguinaldo who says shit but actually has a plan for what he wants to do
>pedro paterno brokered a deal between the spaniards and the filipinos, the deal is quite simple and
quite revealing of the part of the elites: we end our revolution, we surrender and get amnesty and
money but no political, economic, societal changes
>natioanlist: agoncillo, constantino: binenta ni aguinaldo yung revolution

truce of biak na bato: truce that ended the first phase of the ph revolution
>spaniards believed that the revolution was over
> the ph side kind of believed that the revolution was over but there are certain parts of biak na bato
that makes u think na impossible hindi lumaban ulit mga pilipino because no reforms whatsovver.
>the conditions that created the first revolution was still there which meant it was a matter of time
>the truce of biak ng boto was brokered in december and by february we’re fighting the spaniards
again albeit without aguinaldo yet—pockets of resistance erupting sporadically, organically in parts of
luzon
>the basis of revolution is freedom
>the worst part of the biak na bata is that aguinaldo was able to go to hk but the people who were left
in the mountains were disarmed and sent home
>the common katipunero would go home with literally nothing
>the katipunan money went to the landlord, not only dont u have freedom but you are not indept after
risking your life for a year, it was a bad year for katipuneros—-highlighted by the nationalists
>done was this idea of taking independence and freedom for ourselves and now the spaniards put in a
consultative assembly of filipinos who would be our designated representatives to the spanish colonial
government they were called filipino consultative assembly and the first technocrat of the assembly
was pedro paterno. pedro paterno issued a circular that says that our foundation, life, lies not on
freedom or independence—we must turn our backs on freedom and must accept spanish colonial rule
and maybe if we’re good enough they will grant us autonomy.
>by february we’re fighting the spaniards and by may aguinaldo comes back from hk and of course
starts the second phase of the ph revolution now for nationalist historians this is like aguinaldo being
an opportunist because he sold the revolution and got money for it and now that the revolution is
starting again he comes back and he gets the leadership again. after selling the revolution, he comes
back to be it’s leader.
>the truth is: when he comes back, ph forces welcomed him back because of the possibility that
aguinaldo has planned this all along. the nationalist counter argument: if you’re as smart as aguinaldo,
you’re doing all this shit and you realize that there is no way you can win this shit against the
spaniards, maybe at some point we can’t win this thing unless we have —-they agreed to sign the
truce of biak na bato so that they can pull off the ultimate scam to make the spaniards pay for our
revolution against them. that’s exactly what happened, while he was in hk, he used that money to buy
arms—money from the spaniards was used to buy arms. maybe he agreed to no reforms or whatsover
because he wanted the ph to stay angry or more angrier and when he came back in may, we had
weapons, more filipinos joining, training
>in january, believeing that the revolution was over, they send their men home to spain so they had
less forces, weapons, and we have more
> is it possible that aguinaldo was this genius? very unlikely, but that’s all of this things are when the
nationalist say that aguinaldo sold the revolution, they’re also making the argument. a very convicing
argument
>june 1898, we are winning the revolution. ph forces control most of the archipelago.
EXPLANATION: The Americans were in the archipelago during this time. They were in the archipelago
but they were just hanging out in Manila Bay.
>May of 1898, Americans sailed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet there and that’s all.
But, the Spaniards pull back all of their forces in the provincial areas and bring it to manila. and
fortified manila because they believed that if they hold manila, they will hold the entire colony

June of 1989: Aguinado’s forces won most of the archipelago because most of the archipelago didnt
have the standard number of spanish soldiers and what he did was instead of attack manila, he sent
his forces everywhere but manila. everywhere where the spanish forces were and by june, we
controlled most of the archipelago. the spanish forces were waiting for us Manila
>>that’s the really cute thing of our declaration of independence. we declared independence in cawit
cavite, the reason is we didnt have manila. manila was in the hands of the spanish.

>after the declaration of independence, aguinaldo begins the preparations for forming the permanent
government for filipinos.
>>he started by moving from a dictatorial government, he decentralizes powers to the revolutionary
government and decentralizes even further by forming the malolos congress.

Malolos Congress
-congress of the people, reps of the people under aguinaldo
-42 were elected, 151 were appointed
-why would there be 151 appointees and 42 elected? magulo pa yung bansa most of the municiplaites
dont even have a census yet. we dont have a comelec, rules for elections, so how do we elect
people? 42 got elected because they were influential in their provinces. No popular vote happened.
-nationalist historians: this was the beginning of patron-client relations, patronage politics in the ph
-aguinaldo was doing the appointing, when they elected the president of congress they elected pedro
paterno who never fought in the revolution and said we should let go of freedom
-pedro paterno:liberty is our real purpose of our existence on earth so nag flitflop siya
-pedro paterno: hindi niya alam kung saan siya lulugar
-but one thing is certain about pedro paterno: there was tons and tons of elites back then and not one
volunteered to negotiate the truce between filipinos and spaniards. they just focused on themselves.
but pedro paterno did it.
-nationalist historians: pedro paterno balimbing!!!

they appointed sketchy reps

for example: legarda — rep of sulu but sir think he did not come from sulu or have been to sulu
malolos congress- was a congress of appointees
-a means to an end
-nationalist perspective: take over of the elites of a revolution that they didnt take part in.

to make matters worse and difficult to be neutral about what happened: the constitution that they wrote
—the malolos constitution

the malolos constitution

article 17-no one is deprived of private property, expropriation ++++
>it’s prone to abuse by government because they can steal their property
>the problem is the exact opposite: elites are protecting their property from the new republic, it means
if you have property during the spanish period you will continue to keep that propety after the spanish
beriod. guaranteeing those who have property keep their property and those who doesnt have
property will continue to not have property
article 17: nationalists says that this is the singloe most glaring betrayal of the trust of the
revolutionaries in this would be government of malolos. the revolutionaries faiths were sealed because
of this, they were guaranteed to be continue to be poor, they were guaranteed to not have lands,
landlords will continue to have landlords and if they are expropriated their money will be taken from
them.

what should we have done?

>started with agrariam reform
>kung magkakapatid talaga tayo, like what the katipunan promised then we have to reasses how
much land do we have, do we need
>is there any way to justify a 100 ateneos where people are starving,producers are starvings, they
don’t own their lands

leftists, left left leftists: elites are the root of all evil, but it’s a caricature

article 34

elites stepped in malolos, took over the revolution initiated by middle class people like bonifacio and
fought by the masses
>are there only the elites and masses in ph history? it feels comfortable

8/31

Mock battle of manila—how america got manila

The Philippine American War

We have previously fought two wars of independence:

1. 1868-1878 10 years War
2. 1879-1880 The Little War

1895-Final War of Independence

Cuban Colonial History

>they mimic, we mimic their colonial history
>the end of their 10 year wars they had their own truce of biak ng bato it was similar in the sense that
it gave their leaders amnesty and exile —they had a new york hunta period
>cuban revolutionaries came back to cuba from florida to the eastern part of cuba
>they come to the east part of cuba because they were avoiding the capital where the spanish forces
are centered
>they fought the spaniards in the way we fought them—hoping from one town to another
>trotcha: a series of fortification so revolutionaries will be stuck in the eastern part of cuba
>prevent the revolutionaries from marching to havana, but they didnt really plan on marching they just
stayed in the eastern part and what they did their was begun to raise an army, recruit, train and get
funds from the US, bring more weapon
>spanish gave this to the revolutionaries, some of them actually crossed over and recruited in the
western part

trotcha: fortified, and brought their entire force to man it and of course the cuban revolutionaries didnt
attack, they had to pay for the entire force and that’s annoying for the spaniards. rule of warfare: if you
have the superior force, force an engagement. if you have an inferior force, avoid an engagement. if
you have a big army, use it. if you’re not going to use it, disband it.

>the first couple of years, this is what they’re doing.

>they put another trotcha but the general had to plan. from the trotcha in the west, they’ll destroy all
revolutionaries from there and then push east when he gets to the tip. thinking that cuban
revolutionaries will fight and run to the trotcha.
>he did something outrageous: reconcentration— was a counter guerrilla, counter insurgency
measure where the entire population on the island was required to leave their homes, towns, areas
and to go to required areas designated by the government as zones of reconcentration. what’s being
reconcentrated is the population, they were moved from areas and put into areas where the spanish
watched over them. reconcentration sites were around cuba. you were considered a guerilla if you
were seen away from the reconcentration site after some time. you will get arrested or killed.
>what it meant is that the entire population was that cuba was hostaged by the spanish
>this policy was working because cuban revolutionaries lost their support base and worst than that the
reconcentration areas started killing cubans, not on purpose but because this is what happens when
you reconcentrate populations without any logisitical preparation.
>reconcentrations killed thousands of people

the US took notice of what happened in Cuba. When they looked into Cuba. their main concern was
not humanitiarian, but economic. 90% of America’s sugar comes from Cuba
>plantations in cuba were owned by America
>because of the reconcentration in cuba, production of sugar halted and the money stopped from
flowing into america
>1898: Intervened in the affairs of the Cubans, they leaned towards the Cubans
>the last straw because william mckinley was trying to prevent war: he arranged good will missions
and they send ships to other countries: USS Maine went to Haven and then it blew up
>they were trying to stop war but the USS Maine blew up
>investigations were inconclusive
>april: william mcknley has no choice and declare war on spain
>this is america when it was still becoming the kupal america, beginning to flex its muscle
>every way of the us is motivated by commercial interests or ideological interests that are hinged upon
capitalism itself. America is the best marketer of war, you believe that america fights because of
freedom, democracy, justice, truth.
>congress added an amendment to the war declaration: yes, we’re going to war with spain. yes, we’re
doing it because of the cuban incident, but we promise we’re the good guys because after we beat the
spaniards we’re going to leave cuba to the hands of cubans.
>after cuba is set free, they make do of the promise and they did set cuba free and then they come up
with this thing called the Platt Amendment: america says that they’re going to leave Cuba but anytime
Cubans do something against the interest of the US they reserve the right to invade Cuba and replace
it’s government.

1898: Spanish-American War

>fought on every spanish territory except Spain and America
>fought on four terriroties held by spain: cuba, puerto rico, philippines

we come in because when the spanish-american war erupts, american squadron which was sent in
advance to hongkong under the leadership of Dewy. He’s told to go to HK in case war erupts between
america and spain. He was given 5 ships and go the ph to destroy the spanish fleet and he said yes!
>dewy sails to manila bay and by passes all the defenses in correigdor and through the supposed
mines that are literred on manila bay and engages the spanish fleet only using 5 ships and he wins
against the spanish fleet. spanish fleet is not made to fight international wars but petty criminals such
as pirates.
1898: Dewy was able to occupy Manila Bay. Beginning of American period in the PH.
This is why the spanish pulled their forces back to Manila because of the presence of Dewy’s fleet/
squadrom in Manila Bay.

June 1898: we had manila na before, after the declaration of independence. bonifactio marches to
manila and manila was surrounded by spaniards. They dug trenches and positioned themselves
around manila.
>this happens in places that havent been liberated yet like iloilo, baler.
>the spaniards began to panic because more filipinos were coming to manila, as time to progress,
their numbers swell
July: American forces began to arrive in the Ph. Ground forces came in—Cavite to Manila: Mission is
to destroy Spanish presence in the Ph. they encountered ph forces wrapped tightly around manila. this
is where their plan comes in. their plan is to come to manila without invoking the ph. our declaration of
independence was an unfortunate circusmstances for them. they came to the ph with no plan except
to fight the spaniards but we were an instant complication because we declared independence. they
don’t know what to do with us. the order of america was: do not make any commitements to the ph.
when they got to manila, the area they want to occupy was occupied by ph so they had to deal with
us.
>aguinaldo was playing the game. he was playing the narrative war and it starts with the declaration of
independence. he’s already worried to begin with that the americans might take over the philippines
after they get rid of spain. so he forced a declaration of independence despite the fact that they dont
have freedom yet. he felt pressured to declare independence to send the message not to filipinos but
to the united states that we mean to be independent. when the americans came here, the emilio wants
to negotiate with the americans, so that we become recognized as a soverign state. we gave up our
lines for the official correspondence. but we were played boiiii, the americans were talking to the
spaniards. the spaniards have been tellijng them that they will surrender manila because they can’t
win, but they dont want to surrender the filipinos because they’re scared of us. if america promises the
spaniards that filipinos wont be part of the takeover of manila, they’ll surrender the city. they sat a
governor general and the governor general surrendered the city. but before the surrender there must
be a mock battle of manila. if i surrender manila without the mock battle, spain will get in so much shit.

Mock Battle of Manila

>real battle choreographed by both sides
>people will still die but they’ll make it minimal
>filipino forces are around manila so it has to be fast
>filipinos began to charge and mcarthur came in
>americans took over manila, spaniards sailed out of the manila through manila bay allowed by the
spanish and they went to iloilo and then iloilo fell to ph hands and then they moved to zamboanga but
same hapepned.
>happened in august, on the one hand in paris the spaniars and the americans decided to end the war
now most wars is ended with a peace treaty but the road to a peace treaty must start with an arnest
case???? the secession of hostilities
>august of 1988 they met in a nuetral terrirtory and that was Paris—they sent five comissioners each
and they tried to hammer out the details of the surrender. our forces are forced to find a capital
because we didnt get the capital-manila. so we had to find a new one. we find something similar to
cavite but they can’t so malolos, bulakan nalang.

-americans was deciding what they’ll do with us in paris.

-there was a big debate in the us about the territories under question—-puerto rico, guam, ph, cuba
cuba: sure about independence because the us promised
america: puerto rico, guam, ph not included in the agreement between cuba and us

they eventually decided to take the ph islands from spain

december: the remaining terriroties will be controlled by the americans
two of the territories are american terriroties: puerto rico, guam

Malolos Republic-Not the perfect government, but at least it’s a start

September 9

How Benevolent was Benevolent Assimilation?

—in the context of the phil-american war

The best ways to look at narratives and how they’re constructed is through war
>we know how war started, how war was
>world war II is taught differently in Japan
>in our context, japanese soliders are evil while the americans are the heroes because we’re very
influenced by america
—the americans did share atrocities. americans arrested japanese in america and put them in
concentration camps.
—america bombed the japanese in civilian areas why?

Tomichi
-first prime minister of Japan who apologized for WWII
-more of a regretful message than an apology

People have different version of the same events.

Benevolent Assimilation
> we have two narratives
>it’s very ironic. benevolent assimilation was not benevolent at all.

1. William McKinley - coined the term shortly after the treaty of paris was signed, he was explaining
to the people that we’re taking the ph over
2. Aguinaldo and the government he’s leading in Malolos

William McKinley
-americans and spanish were negotiating in Paris to draft the end of the spanish-american war
-cuba was decided to be free, puerto ricans and guam would be taken over by the US, ph was the
concern of the Americans

Wesley Merrit
-commander of the forces during the mock battle of Manila
-after the mock battle was pulled out of manila and sent to paris to become the resource person for the
paris comissioner
-they asked him about the ph—what was the ph like, what is their disposition, how should we deal
-up to this point, august of 1898, the america has no fact finding comission—they do not have expert
knowledge on the ph and has to rely on resource people like wesley merrit who spent like 1 month
-he thinks that the ph should be kept as territory and felt that despite the fact that there will be a small
opposition to the occupation, he felt that aguinaldo and his malolos government was a small minority
of elites that doesnt represent the ph
-malolos congress: 121 appointed—so maybe he’s assesing the ph right
-no serious problem either military or civil confronts the united states in the future government of the
ph
-the major variables that affected their decision was the desire to enter trade with china
-the golden market was china, china at that time was closed to foreigners.
-if the us wanted to enter trade with china, they will have to use force. this is the period of human
history called gun boat diplomacy.
-if we’re going to china, us needs gun boats
-it’s the only course to be pursued—beginning of the coining of benevolent assimilation
-because he wasnnt just saying that the state where he said that we’re getting advantages from taking
over the ph—he frames it as this is the only honorable course we could pursue. there’s a moral
obligation resting upon us to protect the heathens—-and after giving them their freedom which they
did not, they would be at the mercy of unscrupulous politicians as a matter of fact—the framing of
benevolent assimilation purposely says they’re doing it not for america but for the filipino—and the
way they would attack that narrative of an independent people is by ascribing to aguinaldo the label
unscrupulous politician, which is not representative of the filipino. the most amazing marketing
campaign of all time—because aguinaldo really started this right he declared indepedence, history,
freedom—and that’s unquestionable.
>US: if we’re going to take over a country, who has just liberated themsevles from oppression how do
u spin that how do u frame that and come up with a marketing campaign that says we’re the good
guys for taking over your country for your own good. even before the treaty of paris, americans framed
aguinaldo in a particular way—barefoot, backward, native, uncivilizied, dirty.
>they began to show the ph as a place where their are this childlike politicians who needs to be taught
how to govern themselves because they’re unable to do it on their own
>the americans took over manila even as early as 1898 before the treaty of paris was signed and
actually after the subsequent months, they ruled manila as the microcosm of american rule in the ph.
they created a modern city, tried to appease the people, show them that american rule wasnt that bad,
american soliders did the job of american police, wesley merrit took over and became governor—trash
collecting, fires, and they administered manila like america.
>our soliders who were left outside, moved from cavite around the city of manila, but was unable to
take over. our forces occupied the archipelago but is largely concentrated around the area of manila
-even before benevolent assimilation was coinied began to show how it will looked like: Commander of
American forces in Manila Ottis writes a letter to Aguinaldo.
>>aguinaldo in september is still around manila and he has to make a decision. why did we not just
attack manila as soon as us the americans granted us access to manila? aguinaldo was on the fence
—if we attack them at this point, the upside to it would be if there was any chance at all that we will
take manila, this would be it, this was the only time because our numbers are limited. the US soldiers
were reserved voters and volunteer regiments. THIS WAS IT!!! WE COULD ATTACK—but the
downside, if we attack them in manila, then we will defintely going to force their hand. no scenario
wherein the us will leave on their own and we’ll be free. the other option is to wait them out, the other
option is to wait them out, the upside to this, the best case scenario you would be what if the
americans are just waiting for the treaty of paris to be signed and then they’l just leave us cause cuba
will be granted freedom? the downside of this would be, if they are inclined to stay and we break into
our groups, we will lose our opportunity to actually attack. aguinaldo was torn and he could come
back, attack.
>He writes to Ottis and says i decline to follow your request or demand so he opts for the wait it out
option. If i follow you after getting this rude letter, my own men will start disrespecting me because i
will be the first tuta ng kano and he doesnt want to be that. He asked for a nicer letter.
Nicer Letter:
>Aguinaldo withdraws to avoid conflict. The place he decided to withdraw to was Malolos. For two
reasons: 1. it was far from manila bay and the ships 2. maintain our lie, fortifactions around manila.
even if we followed ottis’ request, we didnt leave manila, we just put our soliders farther out from the
city of manila and malalos is accessible from manila via a railroad. he wanted to be both the future
president of the republic and general of the filipino forces.
>as soon as we push away from manila, the us expands its terrority.

we begin to write our own constitution

>while we are writing our constitution the americans have come an agreement with the spaniards the
treaty of paris
>they had a proclamation on december 21 1898
>days before christmas, benevolent assimilation is actually happening?? it’s worse fears have come
through—the us decided to take over the ph
>it was the treaty of paris that control of ph was ceded to the us

there was undue ammount of reassurances about property —americans will respect private property
—beginning of the american salvo against the ph people
—they need benevolent assimilation to keep filipinos at peace to win them over from aguinaldo’s camp
and if you might imagine just for a moment how it might have been for elites during that time some
elites went to malolos, stayed put, most of them in manila and many of the manila elites when they
were beneveolent assimilation felt good because they didnt jump the bandwagon to go to malolos.
they’re living in manila, essentially an american city and now americans are saying their private
property rights will be protected except there’s actually a threat to benevolent assimilation—all others
will be brought under the righful rule over the ph. it means that if you get to malolos and they win you
will lose your property, but if you join the us, they get to keep their land

who are the worse off after benevolent assimilation

>malolos elites, because they were in malolos at that time writing a consti that hasnt been ratified and
if they lose the war to america they’re actually on the side of malolos which is against the us, so their
property might be lost.
>pedro paterno’s probably thinking how do i switch side so i can be in manila
>padro de tavera was invited to go to malolos but declined
>benevolent assimilation has a shocking effect to malolos
>we had no chance of winning against america
>january of 1898, inagurated the first ph republic in malolos. we put our most handsome generals
infront.

in response to the benevolent assimilation procalamation, aguinaldo issued a very powerful statement:

february 4 1899: an american soldier, willie grayson, was on duty when a filipino started walking
towards him. filipinos and ameircans would cross the front lines. despite the americans taking control
of the area but the area is still inhabited by filipinos so they can cross. americans cross over to our
lines and they look at our trenches.
>>america said halt syempre the filipino didnt understand so he started shooting and they exchanged
fire
>>we werent intending to start a war because the commander of our forces, antonio luna, was away
visiting a sick family member
>america pushed out of manila and started attacking our positions

>america reported that they declared war, there was a proclamation. but they fired the first shots. we
didnt assault us at all. aguinaldo reached out to ottis to talk but ottis declined and said war has begun.
>the ph american war begins and the americans begin to take over territories. push out of manila
north and south—iloilo, bacolod, cebu and american falgs were planted to these territories
>in the area of manila, the biggest threat that the americans have that we have no answer for was
artillery-big pieces of gun.
>>we didnt have good artillery men
> we had bad weapons
>when americans started attacking us on the first day of the ph-american war they used artillery
across the line and once they strarted clearning our trenches, we dont really have an option: 1. attack,
but thats stupid and youll die 2. run—give up the territory 3. stay — you’ll die
>gregorio del pilar won in plaridel
>they charged del pilar’s position but he was a good general
>>we’re scared of american horses
>antonio luna prevented them from getting to our capital in malolos

>BURNING STRATEGY: THEY BURNED WHATEVER THE US CAN USE —houses, food, whatever

>americans made a big deal of building roads. allowed their forces to venture fort out of manila so
many of our roads are designed to pass by.
>the filipinos are angry at the filipino soliders because their houses were burned. americans helped
them naman. so now we have manila, being run by americans like a great city—and now towns that
are northward from maloloas are being burned and they can see that ameircans were actually good.
these americans were actually good guys.
> antonio luna: we have to give up malolos in march 1899. we abondoned our first capital
>we moved from manila, to bulacan, pampanga and then tarlac
>everyplace we feel far enough is a capital of the ph

fight guerilla style:: aguinaldo rejected this idea

>july 1898, filipino elites of malolos were running away from americans
>when malolos fail, the reps of malolos surredned and went down south, joined the american
philippines.

two people who opposed surrending to the americans:

1. Antonio Luna-surrendering is betraying the country
2. mabini: WE wrote a consti, we ratified it, now we have to live by it.

Aguinaldo rejected it.

Balangiga
—guerillas attacked the americancs
—the true massacre was the us went back to balangiga and killed the people of samar in the
thousands as a reprissal of what happened to them

Miguel Malvar
-guerilla
-managed to keep the fight going on, despite generals surrendering
-tortured

General in Balangiga
-the more u kill, the more u burn, the more u make me happy
-they killed all of those they think were guerillas

1902
-worst happened
-they werent able to stop the guerilla warfare in batangas
-general bel pacified batangas against miguel malvar ordered reconcentration in batangas
-used in cuba
-only 3 and something years when they went to war against reconcentration, the americans did the
same thing to guerillas
-they became the monsters themselves

aguinaldo-was captured
batangas-reconcentrated
samar-reduced to a howling wildnerness
americans showed that if we werent going to stop fighting them they werent going to stop either. they
were going to escalate things
>>no way to fight the americans in an armed struggle
>>resistance took other forms, we began to write sedicous pieces, encourage filipinos to protest using
art/culture, americas will not tolerate
1901-america imposed the sedition law which banned criticism of the american colinial government
and prohibited people from talking, gathering about freedom
1902-law that labeled all filipino soldiers in the field no longer insrugents, but will be treated like
criminal which means they cannot be granted, amnesty, prisoners of war
1907—flag law, banned the flying of the filipino flag, katipunero flag, the playing, singing, humming of
aguinaldo’s march or any nationalist sentiments among filipinos were banned.

Assimilation of Americans: Not Benevolent at All 





September 14

Do we actually like democracy?

Brief Review: how benevolent was benevolent assimilation? americans took over manila, ph kind of
showed that it wasnt benevolent.

we talked about wesley meritt: made the groundwork for the ideas of the moral obligation to take over
the ph islands from the spaniards and retain the power.
>the american worked to model manila like a us city, that would create the narrative of benevolent
assimilation as a matter of fact, throughout the ph-america war: manila was pretty chill, manila people
were saying american rule was okay but people in the provinces were the revolutionaries retreated like
tarlac where being killed, in batangas people were being reconcentrated
>the framework for the ph takeover comes in the form of benevolent assimilation which in 1898 was
proclaimed by william mckinely after signing the treaty of paris—-they comes not as enemies but as
friends
>the ph-american war was not benevolent. filipinos were fighting americans. people were resisting like
mario sakay,
>by the time aguinaldo was captured
>1898-when they decided the treaty of paris, they didnt know the ph, they depedent on experts like
wesley merrit and dewy to the point that they didnt know what they’re taking over
—the first sane and rational thing they did was a fact finding commission to go to the ph islands but
after they signed the benevolent assimilation
—mckinely didnt want to fight us, so they send academics, lawyers
—the schermann comission-arrived in the ph a month after the ph-american war has started
—the comission has biased in terms of the ethnography
—they stayed for a year and filed a two year volume report: the report of the ph commission to the
president
overview of the commission:
—exhaustive in nature
—recommendations at the end actually set the groundwork/framework for the entire american
occupation in the philippines until the japanese occupation
—these academics sort of foretold the american occupation

part 1:
>efforts to reach out to emilio aguinaldo and come to terms

part 2:
>three distinct races of the filipinos: indiones, moro, lumad ??

we maneged to become one people because of:

1. education—for us to be ablet to sustain our gov, masses has to be educated
—surveyed the schools, the instruction
2 +++++

>their recommendations is exactly what happened in the philippines. designed by these academics.
>their were talking about the elites of the philippines, yung mga nakakabasa lang ng noli during that
time?

Two Volumes:
Conclusions:
1. The filipinos were not fit to govern themselves. america has to stay
2. they cannot be governed in the military or colonial fashion. they refused to call it colony because
for them a colony is administered by a foreign power, what they envisioned for the ph is a very
autonomous filipino government run by filipinos. TRANSITION US TO A CIVIL GOVERNMENT
RAN BY FLIPINOS because we cannot be governmend military or colonially.

1900-america sent a second philippine commision

>task of making good the recommendations of the shermann comission
>ran by the walrus himself howard taft
taft commision: transition the ph government into a civil government
before they came: the highest miltary officer was governing us
>by that time, william howard taft their task was to transition us and that meant literally going to one
camp and then the other, town by town and establish a temporary/ad hoc government in these areas.
in terms of central government, they found that the judiacry have been turned over by the military
government in the ph was owned by the ph—one of the worst thing that u can have is a military
tribunal charging filipinos. they would look like americans were punishing us.. the military government
was making laws and adminsitering manila and other ares.

Taft Commission—5 of them actually wielded power because they were tasked to make laws
-sedition law was a taft commission law
-guerilla law??

local government level-they appointed filipinos in temporary offices and temporary adminsitrators but
they were worried that they might be appointing barangay captains, mayors and even governors that
might still be sympathetic to the independence movement
>>they had to be very choosy
>>number 1 charactersitic that was sought after was loyalty to the us
>>at this point: a filipino political party came to be: for people who are supporters of the americans.
1900 Partido Federal was founded by Pedro Paterno. The main party that will help the americans
promote their cause.

Pardo de Tavera-member of Partido Federal

Partido Federal
>became the most powerful polparty in the Ph
>becasue they were powerful, the americans opened local government elections —municipal
elections—provincial elections but the eligibility relied compeltely on three traits:
1. male
2. 23 years old
3. and one of the three:1. own real property, 2. can speak spanish, english, latin 3. having served as
a government officials maybe in malolos or spanish

based on these three requirements, how many were ecluded from the elections: 98%, only 2% got to
run.
Our non-constitution: an external law imposed by the americans and it looked like a constitution.
Philippine Organic Act of 1902: We got our formal name during the american period: The Philippine
Islands.
>>by virtue of this law, it set out who are filipinos and what are they called. we were called to eat
filipino,
>>this is the law that says we will not be considered as americans, we were called filipinos

there are a lot of laws that are based on the ph organic act of 1902.
created a government for filipino
executive branch: headed by the governor
legislature: called the philippine commission
judiciary: occupied by filipinos

Philippine Organic Act of 1902

set the framework for all local governments, structure of our government, our citizenship
Commonwealth of the Philippines

Osmena, Nationalista Party rejected the free trade relations with US. Later accepted it.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act 1913 — Introducd actual free trade between us and pi

NP—fighting for indepdendence but supports free trade with US

Quezon’s reply against the criticism that NP is oligarchic:

hindi lang naman kami, everyone does this
>notorius hedonist, no impulse control
>based his political career on wellcrafted political imagery

political dynasties
the reason why walang ibang lalaban na mayor, why he’s the most “competetent” because that family
controlled the province for so long that no viable candidate rise

Philippine Autonomy Act 1916

turned the philippine legislature over to filipinos
>>house of reps compromised of filipinos elected by filipinos

commission on independents

Osmena-Roxas

Hare-Hawes Cutting Philippine Independence Bill

provided for a 10 year transition to independence
the drafting of a constitution, the election of a president

Quezon
wanted to be president
tried to ruin the OsRox indepdence plan

Tydings-McDuffie Philippine Independence Bill

>>similar to the Hare-Hawes Cutting

1935 Philippine Consitution

1935 Philippine Elections

Quezon vs Aguinaldo

National Defense Act

Commonwealth Act No. 1
>>provided for the creation of the AFP

Institute of National Language

Commonwealth Act No. 184
>>scoured for a language
>>chose tagalog

Women’s Suffrage
2/7/17

Magsasay: President in 1953

1953
>his secret weapon was a political jingle
>mambo magsaysay
>won him the presidency
>our democracy will die—kung wala si magsaysay
>refers to 1949 elections which was dirty—1969,2004 —dirtiest elections

Started the long line of using jingles

>raul manglapus wrote it—wrote blue eagle the king

1957, March
>died in a plane crash
>hit a mountain in cebu
>a journalist survived

>when he died, radio just went on to play music

>pilita corales, paul anka

1961:
First foreign act to perform in manila: nat king cole
>learned an entire kundiman in filipino to surprise the filipinos

1960: Ferdinand Marcos ran for the president

>secret weapon was imelda marcos
>imelda sings and she has a single that became popular :DAHIL SAYO was translated into english

1966: The beatles went to the ph

1969: marcos won a second term

>the soundtrack doesnt seem to match the events going on
>soundtrack is why parents have a different memory of the 60s
>music was beatles, apo hiking society,

a year after reelection

>popularity was an all time low
>edgar jopson led a rally as president of nusp
>even no one listens, the right thing has to be said

when i met you-apo hiking society

>cheesy

1973
>amidst beautiful music, marcos declared martial law
>he had a theme song for it: ang bagong lipunan
>we talked about martial law as if nothing else happened
>while this was happening, hotdog band existed —-manila sound
1974
>miss universe came to the philippines
>hotdog played in the event, played ikaw ang miss universe ng buhay ko
>vst and co.
>many filipinos out there want to listen to music, but they dont have speakers
>ipagpatawad mo
>basil valdez — ph government organized metro pop—mmff for song composition and basil valdez
was the first winner. his winning song was written by ryan cayabcayab
>kay ganda ng ating musica
>haji alejandro: kilabot ng mga kolehiyala

Pinoy Rock
>american rock music but when u put in filipino music it’s actually pretty filipino
>Juan Dela Cruz, Pepe Smith as a guidarist
>Sampaguita—one of the first female rockers
>Asin—socpol bands, covered environment issues, martial law issues
>Joey Ayala - about reconstructing (emptying towns) during martial law ala cuban war of
independence
>Buklod-Tatsulok-the context is martial law
>Juan de Cruz—Himig Natin—national rock anthem

When we talk about the 50s, 60s, 70s

>while our political history looks one way, musical history looks another way
>helps us understand our oldies better

Summary

Education and Public Health

Similarities:
comes from the americans
>best evidence of benevolent assimilation
>best evidence of altruistic government is sanitary laws, etc

Colinial Agenda
>controlling filipinos, pacifying filipinos
>teaching filipinos there medium of education
>instructing curricula to create a model colonial subject
>>subjects include home economics—women to become good women, the perfect wives
>>controlling bodies: teaching as basketball—teaching us what the ideal body should be

Thomasites
>>arrived on USS Thomas
>biggest batch

Pencionados
>bright filipinos, good material to be molded into colonial beurocats
>given scholarships in the US, come back to the ph to serve the government
>driving force for human resource during the colonial period
Mary H. Fee
>thomasite
>talked about her

Colonial Pathology—Warwick Anderson

>relationship between public health and empire
>talked about shit
>>they had an obsession with our bowel movements
>ascribed values on how we shit
>dichotomized the ph and the americans

Free Trade
>in terms of macroeconomics, biggest variable in our relationship with the US
>bell trade relations act
>the face of free trade remained the same, changed in terms of implications
>provided a means to sell our products in the US tariff fee
>implications: american products can enter the ph tariff free-this kept us agricultural >> economy
continued to be agricultural >>we refused the idea of going beyond agricultural products

americanization
>independence doesnt happen overnight
>increase number of filipinos in governance
>we talked about the different branches and how they were filipinized

judiciary
1902 a filipino became chief justice

executive and legislative

>filipinizing around at the same pace

executive
>governor was the last to be given to the filipinos

legislature
>as early as 1916, it’s filipinized
>started as an all american legistarue—taft commission
>filipinization began when they appointed filipino commissioners : trinidad h padro de tavera—first
move to filipinizaion
>1907 the ph legislature became bicameral—lower house was pure filipino called the ph assembly
>upper house: remained appointed, but some of the members are filipinos

Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law

>became purely filipinized
>upper house is called senate, lower house is called senate
>1916
>complete filipinization of legis

Independence
>used independent missions to lobby for independence
>2nd to the last indepdent mission is OsRox—hare-hawes cutting bill—passed the ph indepence
hare-hawes cutting bill: failed because of quezon
>quezon won the tydiings mcduffie independence bill
Nationalist Party Politics
>promised independence
>wants to promise independence but wants to maintain economic stability by free trade
>promised both—in public wants independence, private delayed independence

CommonWealth of the Philippines

>result of the tydings mcduffie law
>americans wanted to see how we will run the country
>turned over the chief executive, according to the tydings mcduffie law, a filipino test president
>we held elections and the winner was manuel quezon

1940
>president became 4 years = 1 term
>they can be president for 2 consecutive terms

National Defense Act

>first statue passed by the commonwealth
>created the armed forces of the Philippines

Commonwealth
>women were allowed to vote
>issues include agrarian between tenant landowner relations and wage labor
>labor was also an issue

10 year path of independence

>interrupted because japanese took over

War Plan Orange

>mcarthur dismissed it
>plan of the americans should the japanese invade
>withdraw to bataan and wait for reinforcement

Amazons of the Huk Rebellion

Return of the Americans

>manila found itself in the bloodiest crossfire between american and japanese

Vina Lanzones-work redeems women’s stories that might have been forgotten or lost

Communism and Socialism in the Philippines

>weak ideologies and very strong polemics
>proven by the merging of socialist and communist parties

1946 Elections
-roxas represents the liberal party, splintered from nationalista party
-more popular politics

Democratic Alliance
>populist demands—8 hours working days, industrialization, recogniztion of unions, loans for tenant
farmers
Tyddings Rehabilitation Fund
>we have to sign the bell trade relations act and military bases agreement in order to get the money
for post-war
>pegging the peso to dollar
>partify clause: equal rights to our natural resource—unconstituonal but roxas amended the
constitution. he railroaded congress to do this.

Labor issues
>no labor laws in the philippines which made the peasants angry
>if no labor laws, employers exploited the laborers

Roxas admin
>bore the problem of pre-war and post-war issues
>increased communist problems

Quirino Admin
>>appointed magsasay secretary of defense
>magsaysay ended the huk rebellion by implementing programs that support peasants in the ph

Central Bank
>put a stop to the bel trade relations act
>created dollar allocation scheme

Magsaysay
>solved the end of the Huk rebellion
>magsaysay sent ninoy aquino to try to bring down luis taruc
>but failed to end the peasant problems

Colonial Historiography
>national historiography was a response to it
>national historiography is problematic
>all politics is local!!!!!!!!!!

>