PART 3

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

CHAPTER 8 – PC ASSEMBLERs
• Microsoft Macro Assembler for PC
• Turbo Assemble - Borland
• DOS/BIOS Functions

CHAPTER 8: MS/TURBO ASSEMBLER

8.1. Definitions:
• Assembler for an assembly language, a
computer program to translate between lower-
level representations of computer programs
• A full tool to create a Assembly Language
Program (Assembler):
– An any standard Editor (ASCII)
– Assembler:
• Checks syntax, error,…

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• Replaces names of label, variable… real
address, constant symbols – 1 pass
• Converts Assembly Mnemonics to Object Code,
2 pass.
• Links several modules become an executable
file (.EXE file). This procedure is needed even
program has one module
• Option: Converts to .COM file : exe2bin

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 8.2. DIRECTIVES – Pseudo OpCode
• Assembly Directives are instructions that are
executed by the Assembler at assembly time,
not by the CPU at run time. They can make the
assembly of the program dependent on
parameters input by the programmer, so that
one program can be assembled different ways,
perhaps for different applications. They also
can be used to manipulate presentation of the
program to make it easier for the programmer
to read and maintain.

• PROC … ENDP DIRECTIVES:

– Are used to identify the start and end of procedure
– The PROC follows name you give to procedure
– A term NEAR of FAR is used to specify type of
procedure
– FE:
LED_CON PROC NEAR
…
…
LED_CON ENDP
– Caution: In MASM, main program is known a
proc too

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 SEGMENT…ENDS DIRECTIVES
• To declare a logical segment is used
CODE SEGMENT
…
CODE ENDS
• PUBLIC directive to tell assembler that this
segment may be put together with other
segments named CODE from other modules
when the modules are linked together.
CODE SEGMENT PUBLIC

DIRECTIVES
• END directives: is put after the last statement
of a program to tell assebler that this is the end
of program module. Assembler will ignore any
statement after END directive.
• GROUP dir: is used to group the logical
segments named after directive into one local
group segment

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 DEFINE DATA DIRECTIVES
• DB - define byte: is used to declare a byte type
variable or to set aside one or more storage locations
of type byte in memory
Temp DB (?); Not initialized
Name_Here DB ‘BARACK OBAMA’; a string
LED_Table DB 21, 45h, ‘C’, 345, (?);
DataStorage DB 100h DUP (?); Not Init
• DW – Define word, DD – Define Double Word, DT –
Define TenByte
• EQU: is used give a name to some value or symbol.
PA_Addr EQU 300h…
…
MOV DX,PA_Addr;

Simplified Segment Definition

• For more simple, some latter versions of
Assembler accept some directives to declare
segments:
.Stack
.Data
.Code
• These directives don’t need to combine the
ENDS directives

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 CASE STUDY – LED BURNING

• EXERCISE: 6 x 7segment - LED interfacing

– PPI 8255:
• All ports are mode 0, PA and PC are output, PB is Input
• Address PA is 0E0H, PB: 0E1H, PC: 0E2H and CR:
0E3H
• PA0: Serial Data
• PA1: Serial Clock = rise edge
• PA2: HC595 Latch = rise edge
• PA3: Clear HC595 = 0 low pulse
– LEDs: 6 Common anode, 7 segment LEDs, driven
by 74HC595 chips, Fig 2

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Description: Suppose that
• IO space, 0E0h to 0E3h.
• The system is supported by BIOS and DOS
functions for standard Input (Key board, Int
16h), Output (Screen) and terminate
• In this exercise, some PROCes and MACROes
are used
• CONTENT: Read 6 number characters from
Key Board, suppose that no user error in this
phase. Convert these digits to BCD then
convert to 7 Segment and display to 6 LED –
the model display board with 74HC595.

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 ;= = = = = = = = = DECLARING = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
.MODEL SMALL ; Declaring model of program:
; tiny/small/medium/large/huge/flat
.STACK 64 ; Stack Mem
.DATA ; !!! there is a dots front of logical segment
Table7Seg DB 3FH, 06H, 5BH, 4FH, 66H, 6DH, 7DH, 07H, 7FH, 6FH ;
; Table contains 10 bytes of 7 seg codes, 0 - 9
@7SegBuf DB 6 DUP (?) ; declaring 6 byte array variable, not
;initialized
BCD_Buf DB 6 DUP (?) ; declaring an array 6 bytes, not initialized

; = = = = = = PROGRAM = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
.CODE ; Program starts here
Chinh PROC NEAR ; Main is named for program
MOV AX,@DATA ; Assigning logical data segment to
; physical DATA segment
MOV DS,AX
INIT_PPI ; inserting a macro here
Clear_595 ; use macro to clear 6 LEDs to zeros
;====================================

MOV BX, offset BCD_Buf; Read 6 digit ASCII from KB, convert to BCD
MOV CX,6 ; and save to BCD_Buf
M1: MOV AH,0 ; Wait for character from Standard Input (Key Board)
INT 16H ; using the BIOS function, DOS’s available also
SUB AL,30H ; Convert ASCII to BCD
MOV [BX],AL ; saving BCD to BCD_Buf Array
INC BX ; Next digit
LOOP M1 ; after 6 loops, 6 BCD num are located in BCD_Buff
;========================================
CALL BCD_7Seg ; Converting 6 bytes of un-package BCD to 7 segment
CALL SHIFT6BYTE ; Shifting to HC595
IN AL,0E0h ; Displaying
OR AL,00000100b ; SET LATCH PULSE
OUT 0E0h,AL ; LEDs are turned on after
NOP
NOP ; Delay 2 machine cycles for Latch pulse is wide enough
AND AL,11111011b ; RESET PULSE
OUT 0E0h, AL ;

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;====================================
MOV AH, 0
Int 16h ; Wait for key pressed to terminate
MOV AH,4CH ; Terminating an .exe file – a DOS function
INT 21H
Chinh ENDP
; = = = = = = PROCEDURES AND MACROES ARE DECLARED HERE
Init_PPI MACRO
PUSH AX
MOV AL,10000010b ; PA, PB, PC mode 0, PA, PC out, PB in
OUT 0E3h,AL ; Sending to PPI Control Register
MOV AL,00001000b ; Un-Clear HC595
OUT 0E0h,AL ; Sending to HC595: data=0, Clk=0, latch=0, Clr=1
POP AX ;
Init_PPI ENDM

Clear_595 MACRO
IN AL,0E0h ; Read PA
AND AL,11110111b ; Clear pins = 0
OUT 0E0h,AL
NOP ; Delay for 2 Machine cycles
NOP
OR AL,00001000b ; Un-clear HC595
OUT 0E0h,AL ; Send to PA
Clear_595 ENDM
;==================
ShiftBIT MACRO BITT ; BITT is dummy parameter, 0 or 1
PUSH AX ;save content AX to Stack mem
MOV AL,BITT ;bit 0 of AL = 0 or 1
OUT 0E0h,AL ; Out Data bit via PA0
NOP
OR AL, 00000010b ; Set Clock bit

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 OUT 0E0h,AL ; Send Clock via PA1
NOP ; delay 2 cycles for clock pulse’s fat enough
NOP ; No Operation
AND AL, 11111101b ; Reset Clock bit
OUT 0E0h,AL
POP AX
ShiftBIT ENDM
;===================
BCD_7SEG PROC Near ; Cnvrt 6 digit BCD in BCD_Buf to 7S
MOV CX,6 ; Counter = 6
MOV SI,offset @7SegBuf
MOV BP,offset BCD_Buf
B1: MOV BX,offset Table7Seg ; LEA BX, Table7Seg

MOV AL,[BP] ; read BCD to AL

XLAT ; Convert BCD to 7 segment by TRANSLATE
MOV [SI],AL
INC BP
INC SI
LOOP B1
RET
BCD_ 7SEG ENDP
;===================
SHIFT6BYTE PROC Near ; Shift a byte from @7SegBuf to
;HC595s
MOV BX,offset @7SegBuf
MOV DL,6 ; Counter of 6 digits
S4: MOV CX,8 ; counter of 8 bit/digit

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 MOV AL, [BX]
S3: SHL AL,1 ; Shift Left AL via Carry Flag, MSB is first
JNC S1 ; jump if this bit is zero, If..Then..Else strctr
ShiftBIT 1 ; a MACRO, shifting a bit 1
JMP S2 ; Jumping over shift BIT 0 to continue
S1: ShiftBIT 0 :Macro shift a bit
S2: LOOP S3 ; CX==CX-1 if CX <>0 then goto S2
INC BX ; Next bit
DEC DL ; Have 6 digits shifted?
JNE S4 ; If not equ zero, goto S4
RET ;
SHIFT6BYTE ENDP

END

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