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Klinkenberg
Kli k b Eff t (Review from Res. Rock Prop.)
Effect
Turbulent Flow in Porous Media
Friction Factor in Flow Through Porous Media
The Klinkenberg Effect
• Liquid flow and gas flow at high mean flowing
pressure is laminar
– Darcy’s Law is valid
– flow velocity at walls is zero
fl l ll
• At low mean flowing pressure gas slippage occurs
At low mean flowing pressure gas slippage occurs
– Non‐Darcy flow is observed
– flow at walls is not zero
flow at walls is not zero
The Klinkenberg Effect
• Klinkenberg, 1941, found that the gas permeability
of a core sample varied with both the type of gas
used in the measurements and the average pressure
in the core
in the core.
• Kli
Klinkenberg
k b d l
developed a method to correct gas
d h d
permeability measured at low mean flowing
pressure to equivalent liquid permeability
pressure to equivalent liquid permeability
Air Permeability Measurment
• Measurement of permeability in the laboratory is
most commonly done with air
– Convenient and inexpensive
– Problem: low values of mean flowing pressure
• downstream pressure, p
downstream pressure, patm
• upstream pressure, just a few psi higher than patm
• At low mean flowing pressure, gas slippage occurs
– Diameter of flow path through porous media approaches
the “mean free path” of gas molecules
• mean free path is a function of molecule size
• mean free path is a function of gas density
– Increasing mean flowing pressure results in less slippage
as pmean→∞, we obtain absolute (equivalent liquid)
as p →∞ we obtain absolute (equivalent liquid)
permeability
The Klinkenberg Effect
The Klinkenberg Effect
• Effect of absolute permeability on the magnitude of the Klinkenberg effect
The Onset of Klinkenberg Effect
• System comprised of a bundle of identical capillary tubes
Consider Helium flow in the system
•Consider Helium flow in the system
• Newton‐Raphson method
Example
• The permeability of a core plug is measured by air. Only
one measurement is made at a mean pressure of . The air
permeability is 46.6 mD . Estimate the absolute
permeability of the core sample. Compare the result with
the actual absolute permeability of 23.66 mD
the actual absolute permeability of 3.66 m .
1 30 000
30.000 25 12
25.12 3 45
3.45 22 719
22.719
2 22.719 -0.466 3.29 22.861
3 22 861
22.861 0 414
0.414 3 29
3.29 22 848
22.848
• The final value : 22.85 mD
Variable Slippage Factor
Macini PSE,
Macini, PSE 2011
• The non‐linearity of plot, if the slippage factor b is considered
variable, is sometimes attributed to inertial effects.
,
Non-Darcy Flow- Forchheimer Equation
• Forchheimer proposed a flow equation to account for the
nonlinear effect of turbulence by adding a second order
term
• Steady state and horizontal conditions
Effect of Inertia on Measured Permeability
Non-Darcy Flow- Turbulent
Non-Darcy Flow- Forchheimer Equation
• Turbulent mass flow rate of a gas
constant cross section area
Non-Darcy Flow- Forchheimer Equation
• In practical field units
• Suitable plotting function
Non-Darcy Flow- Evaluation of β and k
Non-Darcy Flow, Evaluation of β and k
Firoozabadi SPERE,1995
Firoozabadi, SPERE 1995
Non-Darcy Flow, Evaluation of β and k
Houng SPEJ,2008,
Houng, SPEJ 2008 Schlumberger
Non-Darcy Flow, Evaluation of β and k
Houng, SPEJ,2008, Schlumberger, Variable
i β
Relationship between β and k
• Non‐Darcy Coefficient, β, is an empirically determined
function of absolute permeability
Relationship between β and k
• Non‐Darcy Coefficient, β in ft‐1, is an empirically
determined function of absolute permeability
• the non‐Darcy or high‐velocity flow coefficient is a
function of rock properties and is a tensor
Example
Turbulence Gas Flow Rate
• A consolidated sand core 2cm in diameter and 5cm long has a
permeability of 225 mD and a porosity of 20%. Air at 75°F is injected into
this core. The inlet pressure is 100 psia and the outlet pressure 14.7 psia.
The viscosity of air is 0.02 cP, and the z‐factor is assumed to be equal to 1
Calculate the mass flow rate.
l l h fl
Solution
• To change this mass flow rate to volumetric flow rate, which
is more commonly used the density of the fluid at some
is more commonly used, the density of the fluid at some
pressure must be calculated and the mass flow divided by
the fluid density. At an averagepressure p = (100 + 14.312 =
57.35 psia or 3.9 atm, the density of the fluid [ρ = Mp/zRT] is
equal to:
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
• Cornell and Katz investigated the flow of gas through
porous media in terms of the Reynolds number and the
porous media in terms of the Reynolds number and the
friction factor
• The friction factor of a porous rock is equal to:
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
• Using the same units, and k in mD and the viscosity in cP,
the Reynolds number of a porous rock is equal to:
the Reynolds number of a porous rock is equal to:
• Figures shows three regions
– for Repr < 0.08, the curve is a straight line of slope ‐1, Darcy’s law
– a transition region for 0.08 < Repr, < 8; and
– a horizontal line for Re
a horizontal line for Repr > 8 (turbulent flow)
> 8 (turbulent flow)
• It is important to note that the unit‐slope line and the
horizontal line intercept at Repr = 1
Example
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• Solve the previous example using the friction factor plot for
p p g p
porousand permeable rock .
• A consolidated sand core 2cm in diameter and 5cm long has
a permeability of 225 mD
bilit f 225 D and a porosity of 20%. Air at 75°F
d it f 20% Ai t 75°F
is injected into this core. The inlet pressure is 100 psia and
the outlet pressure 14.7 psia. The viscosity of air is 0.02 cP,
and the z‐factor is assumed to be equal to 1 Calculate the
mass flow rate.
Solution
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• The variables have to be converted to the suitable units
• The Reynolds number and the friction factor are
Solution
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• A trial‐and‐error method is necessary to solve for the flow
y
rate. The correct value of qm is such that the calculated
values of Repr and fpr behave according to the fpr vs Repr
curve .
curve
• A practical first guess is Repr = 1. From Equations, fpr = 42.3
for Reppr = 1. However, for Reppr = 1, Figure gives fppr = 120. After
several trials, it determined that Repr = 0.48 and fpr = 182 are
correct; thus,
= 3 40 x 10‐44 Ib/sec or 0.158 g/sec, which is approximately
qm = 3.40 x 10 Ib/sec or 0 158 g/sec which is approximately
the same value obtained from last example
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Simplified Trial
Trial-and-Error
and Error Method
A general formula that covers the laminar and
t rb lent flo regimes and the transition range
turbulent flow regimes, and the transition range
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• The range of Reynolds number is not known until the flow
g y
test is completed, so the generalized correlation of friction
factor must be used first to estimate the mass flow rate, qm
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• Substituting in friction factor equation one can get
g q g
the below equation which should be graphically solved.
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
• Assume several values of Reynolds number Rep, in the range
y p, g
of 0.01 to 100, and calculate the corresponding values of qm
• Plot J(qm) vs qm and find the qm corresponds to J(qm) = 0
• If Repr < 0.08 then you can use
• If Repr > 8 then you can use
Friction Factor of Porous Rocks
Friction Factor in Gas Flow
Classification of Flow Regimes in Porous Media
Houng, SPEJ,2008, Schlumberger
Classification of Flow Regimes in Porous Media
Macini PSE,
Macini, PSE 2011
Experimental Verification of Flow Regime
Macini PSE,
Macini, PSE 2011