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Parameters are numbers that summarize data for an entire population.
Statistics are numbers that summarize data from a sample, i.e. some subset of
the entire population.
Primary, or "statistical" sources are data that are collected primarily for
creating official statistics, and include statistical surveys and censuses.
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a variable is a symbol used for a number not yet known, while a constant is a
number or symbol that has a fixed value. The value of a variable can change
depending on the equation, while the value of a constant always remains the
same.
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Numerical data. These data have meaning as a measurement, such as a
person’s height, weight, IQ, or blood pressure; or they’re a count, such as the
number of stock shares a person owns, how many teeth a dog has, or how
many pages you can read of your favorite book before you fall asleep.
Discrete data represent items that can be counted; they take on possible values
that can be listed out.
Continuous data represent measurements; their possible values cannot be
counted and can only be described using intervals on the real number line.
Categorical data represent characteristics such as a person’s gender, marital
status, hometown, or the types of movies they like.
Ordinal data mixes numerical and categorical data. The data fall into categories,
but the numbers placed on the categories have meaning.
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an independent variable, sometimes called
an experimental or predictor variable, is a variable that is being manipulated in
an experiment in order to observe the effect on
a dependent variable, sometimes called an outcome variable.

Nominal variables are variables that have two or more categories, but which do
not have an intrinsic order
Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or
levels.
Ordinal variables are variables that have two or more categories just like
nominal variables only the categories can also be ordered or ranked.
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 nominal
 ordinal
 interval
 ratio
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 Census. A census is a study that obtains data from every member of

a population.

 Sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a

subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes.

 Experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher

attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. The study is
"controlled" in the sense that the researcher controls (1) how subjects are
assigned to groups and (2) which treatments each group receives.

 Observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to

understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments,
the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to
groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives.

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Textual Method
The reader acquires information through reading the gathered data.
Tabular Method
Provides a more precise, systematic and orderly presentation of data in
rows or columns.
Semi-tabular Method
Uses both textual and tabular methods.
Graphical Method
The utilization of graphs is most effective method of visually presenting
statistical results or findings.