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Dr Assad Al-Thukair
Associate Professor
General concept of energy in life (Chapter 5.1)
Energy: is in play (been utilized) or stored. Energy flow through out life
by making and breaking bonds in chemical reactions.
Energy in, Energy out
All chemical bonds holds potential energy .
Energy measured in Calories
Calorie: amount of energy that require to heat one g of water by one degree at
standard pressure .
Sun-------Producer ---------Consumer
ATP in Metabolism
In biology:
a. Energy is stored in ATP molecules
Energy
Energy from the
sun or from food
Energy release
Catapult
Enzymes in metabolic reaction (Chapter 5.3, 5.4 )
Spark (E)
Activation Energy (AE) Transition state = state from which the
reaction proceeds spontaneously
Substrates
A+ B [Ex. Spark (small energy)]
Products
C+D
* Temperature (To):
High To= high reaction rates but very too high temperatures
denature enzymes
low To = low reaction
* pH:
In humans, most enzymes work at pH 6 to 8
* salt concentration:
Affect the hydrogen bonds that hold enzymes in their three-
dimensional shape
35o C > 38 oC
temperature
Hypothermia [fever], lowers
Low enzyme activity enzyme reactions
Enzymes and helpers
• Cofactors
* Atoms or molecules (other than proteins) that are
necessary for enzyme function
Example: Iron atoms in catalase
Catalase : Antioxidant enzymes that reduce
free radicals (unpaired electron).
• Coenzymes
* Are organic cofactors such as vitamins
* May become modified during a reaction
– Ex. NAD+, NADP+
Types of Metabolic Pathways