Chapter01 Electinst

SITP Electrical Installation
1.0 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
Most consumers in Nigeria receive an electricity supply derive from a high voltage
three-phase 50 Hz distribution system. Industrial consumers with heavy load
demands are given a supply at a higher voltage that is either used for a works
distribution system with step-down transformer substations at different points, or is
stepped down in one main substation feeding a low distribution system.
1.1 Supply voltages
For the largest industrial plants, the incoming supply may be derived from a local
transmission system operating at, say 33kV or 66kV, and is stepped down to a lower
high voltage for the works distribution system. In some cases, the distribution system
voltage of, say, 6.6kV or 11kV is used directly for high voltage motors and
equipment, or is stepped down to about 3.3kV.
The low voltage (e.g. 415V) supply is derived from the star-connected secondary
winding of the step-down transformer and it may be distributed by either a three-wire
system (Fig. 1) or a four-wire system (Fig. 2). With the three-wire system the voltage
is the same between any two phases so that it can be used to supply both three-
phase and single -phase equipment at the same voltage. With the four-wire system
the voltage between one phase and neutral is that produced by one phase of the
transformer secondary winding so that the phase voltage equals 3 times the
phase-to-neutral voltage. Therefore, with the standard low voltage of 415V between
415
phases, the phase-to-neutral voltage is = 240V.
3
Omoigui, M Page 1 of 23 ©Univation

In general, the three-wire system is used only to supply three-phase loads while the
four-wire system provides both for 415V three-phase loads and 240V single-phase
loads. A four-wire 415/240V supply is given to premises where there is a
requirement for three-phase equipment or where the demand is high enough to
necessitate the introduction of the 415V system into the consumer's premises. In the
interests of safety, this is avoided when possible and the supply is given by a 240V
phase-and-neutral cable.
Low voltage (l.v.) is defined as voltages corresponding to 500-600V a.c. between

conductors and earth or 50-1000V ac. between conductors, or for 120-900V d.c.
between conductors and earth or 120-1500V d.c. between conductors.
Voltages above l. v. are considered high voltage. Extra-Iow voltages (e.l.v) are those
not above 50V a.c. or 120V d.c.
To enable electricity to be used safely and efficiently, a distribution system must be

planned and installed in accordance with whatever statutory regulations applicable to
the use of electricity in the premises involved.
1.2 Industrial distribution systems
A typical arrangement of a distribution system for a large industrial plant is shown in

Figure 3. The high-voltage switchboard could be supplied from the ring-main 11 k V
feeders forming part of the network of the local electricity authority or it could be
located in one substation of a number supplied from a ring main, providing an 11 k V
distribution system around the plant. In the latter case the 11 k V supply would be
derived from a main substation stepping down from 33kV, 66kV or 132kV. The

magnitude of the load demand, determines from which system the incoming supply
would be provided.
With the arrangement of Figure 3., each of the transformers would have a capacity
of, say 1000k V A. The h. v. switchboard forms part of a ring main system with one
circuit breaker controlling the incoming supply and the other the outgoing supply. A
bus-section circuit breaker is normally closed but would be opened, together with the
appropriate feeder circuit breaker to isolate a transformer from the h. v. system.
Low-voltage circuit-breakers control the output from each transformer and each of
the four feeders, and the I. v. switchboard includes a bus-section circuit-breaker that
is normally open to limit the short-circuit current in the event of a fault on the I. v.
system. When the total load is such that it can be carried by one transformer, the
bus-section circuit-breaker is closed and one transformer is switched out.
In many industrial plants the load is such that only one substation is needed and this
may contain only one transformer. Similarly, only one transformer may be installed in
each of the substations fed from a works high-voltage ring main. The arrangement of
the system depends on whether it is imperative to maintain continuously a supply to
all parts of an industrial plant. If this is the case, then a complicated distribution
system is necessary.

Figure.4 shows a system designed to ensure the availability of a works supply in all
circumstances except the complete loss of the incoming supply. Distribution is by a
h. v. ring main with automatic circuit-breakers to provide for switching sections as
required in the event of faults or the need to carry out maintenance. With appropriate
fault protection schemes the system can be operated as a closed ring main so that in
the event of cable fault the section involved is disconnected at each end without loss
of supply.
Alternatively, the system can be operated as an open ring main, with simpler fault
protection. The ring main would be opened at a point where each out-going feeder
would be equally loaded. A cable fault would interrupt the supply to certain
substations but after the operation of the appropriate circuit-breakers to isolate the
faulty section, supply would be restored by closing the circuit-breaker that is normally
open to divide the ring main. As a further safeguard there are three transformers in
each substation and if necessary the I. v. supply to a particular I. v. switchboard can
be maintained by an interconnection with the I. v. switchboard in another substation.

This interconnection also permits all the h. v. switch gear and transformer in a
substation to be isolated for maintenance while the supply is still available from the I.
v. switchboard
Every circuit requires a circuit protective conductor (c.p.c.) connected to the

consumer's terminals. This provision also applies to all outlet points including lighting
circuits, which must have a c.p.c. run to all switch and light outlets. To enable them
to be connected to the protective conductor, an earth terminal must be provided in all
insulated switch boxes and also in metal switch boxes where there is not a solid
conduit connection to the box and cover plate.
1.3 Low-voltage distribution circuits
In industrial distribution systems three-wire and four-wire circuits supply three-phase

and single phase low-voltage power to the production plant. These circuits may be
used to feed main distribution boards; or as sub-mains to sub-distribution boards
supplying two or more final circuits; or as final circuits.
In practice, some main three-phase circuits may serve as final circuits supplying
large motors or other individual loads (Figure. 5.) or, as shown in Figure. 6, a sub-
main may supply a group motor control board when this is a convenient unit to

provide centralized starting and control facilities for motors that operate together to
power a production process. It is a particularly suitable unit when motors have to be
started in a certain sequence and must all be shut down if one fails. To provide a
supply for lighting and other equipment in the area used for the production process,
a sub-distribution board can be connected to the busbars of the group motor control
board.
For the single-phase supplies, the arrangement shown in Figure.7 can be used;
protective conductors are omitted for clarity .The broken line represents that part of
the system where the main I. v. switchboard is located. From the three-phase four-
wire board, the single-phase circuits are taken to switch-fuse boards each feeding a
distribution fuse board. This is known as the TN-S supply system. T stands for earth
and N for neutral, while S denotes that the protective (earth) and neutral conductors
are separate.

1.4 Methods of System Earthing
Electrical supplies entering premises vary slightly with the type of earthing provision
adopted. The lEE Wiring Regulations outline five different systems, however, one of
these requires special authorization before use and another cannot be used at all for
public supplies. The three most popular systems are shown in Figure 8. The systems
are classified with a three or a four-letter designation; the meaning of which is as
follows.
The first letter denotes the supply earthing arrangement:
T -Earth; one or more points connected to earth;
I -All parts isolated from earth or one point connected to earth through a high
impedance.
The second letter denotes the installation earthing arrangement:
T -All exposed conductive parts connected directly to earth;
N -All exposed conductive parts connected directly to the earthed conductor (which
for AC is usually the neutral).

The third and fourth letters denote the arrangement of neutral and protective
conductors:
S -Neutral and protective conductors separate;

C -Neutral and protective conductors combined.
Prior to the above classification system being introduced, other ways of classifying
these conductors were employed and as these classifications are still used it would
be useful to take a look at these:
PME -This refers to protective multiple earthing (now known as TN-C-S), for which
permission for its use is required.
In the PME system, the protective conductor is used as a combined earth/neutral

conductor. The arrangement has some dangers but the main advantage of the
system is that any earth fault, which occurs automatically, becomes a phase to
neutral fault, and the consequent low impedance will result in the fast operation of
the protective devices. Multiple earthing of the neutral is a feature of the system and
this is employed to ensure that in the event of broken neutral, dangerous voltages do
not occur.
It should be noted however, that installation of PME is specifically prohibited in petrol

filling stations under Health and Safety Instruction.
PEN. This denotes the combined protective and neutral conductors in cables
supplying the PME system;
CNE -Sometimes the above cable is referred to as combined neutral and earth;
PNB -This stands for protective neutral bonding, used on overhead systems
employing individual transformers, where the supply authority will, by agreement,
connect an earth electrode at the consumer's premises, as well as at their
transformer.
Whichever system is provided, it is the responsibility of the consumer, or the

electrical contractor working for him, to satisfy themselves that the characteristics of
the earth fault current path, including any part of that path provided by the supply
undertaking, are suitable for the effective operation of the earth fault protection
chosen for the installation.

It should be noted that when the neutral/ point of a supp/y, or one pole of a
transformer on the consumer's premises is earthed permanent/y it is not
permissible/e to have a fuse, non-/inked switch or circuit-breaker in the line
connected to earth.
The metering of supplies
The electric meter records the amount of energy used in a particular installation; it is
connected as shown in Fig. 11. It will be seen that the meter has current coil and a
voltage coil; the interaction of their magnetic fields causes a disc to spin. This, in
turn, is connected to gears, which operate the display, which can be either the dial or
digital type; the speed of the disc increases with an increase in load.
1.5 Tariffs
The unit of measure is the kilowatt-hour and is the result, for example, of a load of 1
kW being used for one hour or 2kW being used for a half hour. To calculate the
amount of money owing in a domestic installation, the supply authority simply deduct
the previous reading on your meter from the present one. This gives them the
number of unit used and this is multiplied by the cost per unit, to arrive at a total unit
cost. To this is added a standing or quarterly charge for provision of the service, the
total being the amount to be paid.


1.6 Distribution Fuseboard.
A sub-main may be used as a ring main feeding several distribution boards. A similar
arrangement controlled by a single-phase main switch-fuse is shown in Fig. 12. The
sub-main can also form a circuit looping to the bus bars of several distribution
boards. With both of these arrangements a line fuse and a neutral link may be
inserted in the connections from the sub-main to the distribution board (Fig. 12). The
insertion of fuses and links is recommended as a good practice as they enable the
board to be isolated from the rest of the circuit.
For industrial and commercial premises which do not require a three-phase supply, a
typical single-phase distribution system would be that shown in Fig. 13. The
particular arrangement of the system from the consumer's switch-fuse depends on
the load and the services that have to be supplied. The layout of the premises
determines the location of the distribution boards and the capacity and number of
ways of each board depend on what the circuits supply.


Various arrangements of boards and circuits are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The
diagrams illustrate methods of connecting distribution fuse-boards which are
permitted by the lEE Wiring Regulations. The basic requirement is that every
distribution fuseboard must be connected to and controlled by the main switch- fuse,
or by a separate way on a larger distribution fuseboard or switchboard, or by a circuit
feeding several boards as in Fig. 12.
The permissible methods of connecting final circuits are shown in Fig. 15. In
industrial and commercial installations the circuits will be grouped for specific loads
so that, for example, there are four groups supplying respectively: equipment units
with a rated capacity below 15A, units with a rated capacity above 15A, an extensive
lighting system and a large motor or other unit of a rated capacity that necessitates a
direct connection to a main switch and not simply to one way of a sub-distribution
fuseboard.
1.7 Ring Circuits
A ring circuit (Fig. 16) consists of an earth wire and two current carrying conductors
looped from one socket-outlet to another, both ends of the circuit being connected to

the phase and neutral terminals of a single fuse or circuit breaker. It is permissible to
cut the conductors where they loop into the terminals of socket-outlets provided that
the continuity of the ring circuit is maintained by satisfactory joints. An unlimited
number of socket-outlets are permitted for a floor area not exceeding 100 m2 but the
following considerations must be taken into account. For domestic installations the
load concentration in kitchens may demand wiring by a separate ring circuit.
Separate circuits are also required for immersion heaters supplying tanks with a
capacity in excess of 15 litres, or permanently connected heating appliances forming
part of a space-heating installation.
A saving in cable can often be made by using spur circuits connected into the ring
circuit, as shown in Fig. 16. Each non-fused spur must not feed more than one single
or one twin socket-outlet or one permanently connected piece of equipment. The

total number of fused spurs is unlimited but the number of non- fused spurs must not
exceed the socket-outlets and stationary equipment connected to the circuit. Fixed
appliances may also be connected to a ring circuit provided they are protected by
local fuses or miniature circuit-breakers with ratings not exceeding 13A and 15A
respectively. Such appliances are usually connected by means of a switched and
fused connector having a front flexible outlet. 13A sockets and plugs may be fitted to
a radial circuit, also allowing an unlimited number of points provided the looping of
socket-outlets is either wired by 4 mm2 p.v.c or 2.5 mm2 mineral insulated copper-
sheathed cable (m.i.c.c) within a floor area of 50 m2 and protected by 30A cartridge
fuses or circuit-breakers, or wired by 2.5 mm2 p.v.c. or 1.5 mm2 m.i.c.c. cable within
a floor area of 20 m2 and protected by 20A fuses or circuit breakers.
1.8 Control and protection for the consumer
1.8.1 Switching
Every electrical installation must be provided with a main switch and be protected
against short circuits, overloads and dangerous earth fault currents. Very often the
functions of switching and protection are incorporated in the same device, i.e., a
switch fuse. There are a number of ways that switch gear can be arranged before
being connected to the supply authorities meters and some of these are shown in
Information Sheet No. 5B.
In installing consumer control unit adequate precaution must be exercised in

ensuring that its insulated version are mounted on non-flammable material, because
they often have no back; they can however, be fitted with a non-flammable back-
plate (Information sheet No. 5C).
1.8.2 Protective Devices
Protection against short circuits, overloads and dangerous earth fault currents can
be obtained by use of the following:
• Semi-enclosed rewirable fuses to BS 3036;
• Cartridge fuses to BS 1361 and 1362

• High breaking capacity (HBC) fuses to BS 88
• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) to BS 3871

Each of the above types of protection are of different construction and this is shown
in Information Sheet No. SD. They also have different advantages and
disadvantages, and it would be useful to look at some of these characteristics.

Semi-enclosed Rewirable Fuses:
The advantages of these fuses are:
• They have a low initial cost;
• The fuse element is cheap to replace;
• They have no moving parts so there is less maintenance necessary;
• They are easy to check if they are intact.
The disadvantages of these fuses are:
• Incorrect fusewire can be used;
• They deteriorate with age;
• They cannot be replaced quickly;
• Lack of discrimination;
• They are not advisable for short circuit protection.
Cartridge Fuses:
The advantages of these fuses are:
• They have a more accurate current rating;
• There are no moving mechanical parts;
• They are not prone to deterioration;
• They are of a small physical size.
• They are more expensive to replace than the rewirable fuses;
• They can be shorted out with silver foil (BS 1361 type );

• The BS 1361 type can be replaced with higher rated fuse;
• They are unsuitable for very high fault current conditions.
High Breaking Capacity (HBC) fuses:
The advantages of these fuses are;

• There are no moving parts to go wrong or maintain;
• There is no deterioration of the fuse element;
• They are reliable;
• The fuse discriminates between transient and sustained overloads.
• They have a high cost;
• It is not always easy to see if the fuse has blown.
Miniature Circuit Breakers:
The advantages of these fuses are :
• They are set to a predetermined rating at the factory;
• It is easy to check if the breaker has tripped or not;
• The supply to the circuit is easily reinstated;
• Multi-pole units are available;
• They discriminate between sustained and transient overloads.
• They have a high cost;
• They have mechanical moving parts;
• Tripping heavy overloads causes distortion due to heat;
• Ambient temperature affects their characteristics;
• Regular tests are required to ensure their satisfactory operation.

1.9 Domestic Distribution Systems
A ring circuit is included in the domestic distribution system shown in Fig. 17. The
single-phase supply to the installation is through a consumer~ s supply control unit
which, in this case, includes the supply fuse, meter, consumers main switch, the fuse
ways for all the services and the neutral bar. Because the unit meets specified
requirements of the lEE Wiring Regulations, the consumer's main fuse is omitted,

overall protection being given by the supply authority's fuse.
When a consumer’s control unit is not used, the incoming supply will be controlled by
the consumer’s main switch gear , which may consist of a switchfuse or a separate
switch and fuses.
As shown in Fig. 18, the switch gear must be fitted as close as possible to the supply
authority’s meter and service fuses so that the tails connecting the meter to the
switch gear are short as possible. The tails have to be provided by the consumer’s
contractor as near as possible to the meter.
For small installations, a splitter unit (Fig. 19) can provide both the main switch and
the distribution fuseboard, which has developed into the modern consumer's control
unit, thus reducing the cost of the installation.

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SITP Electrical Installation

1.0 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

1.1 Supply voltages

Omoigui, M Page 1 of 23 ©Univation

Low voltage (l.v.) is defined as voltages corresponding to 500-600V a.c. between

To enable electricity to be used safely and efficiently, a distribution system must be

1.2 Industrial distribution systems

A typical arrangement of a distribution system for a large industrial plant is shown in

Omoigui, M Page 2 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 3 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 4 of 23 ©Univation

Every circuit requires a circuit protective conductor (c.p.c.) connected to the

1.3 Low-voltage distribution circuits

In industrial distribution systems three-wire and four-wire circuits supply three-phase

Omoigui, M Page 5 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 6 of 23 ©Univation

1.4 Methods of System Earthing

The first letter denotes the supply earthing arrangement:

T -Earth; one or more points connected to earth;

The second letter denotes the installation earthing arrangement:

T -All exposed conductive parts connected directly to earth;

Omoigui, M Page 7 of 23 ©Univation

S -Neutral and protective conductors separate;

Omoigui, M Page 8 of 23 ©Univation

C -Neutral and protective conductors combined.

In the PME system, the protective conductor is used as a combined earth/neutral

It should be noted however, that installation of PME is specifically prohibited in petrol

Whichever system is provided, it is the responsibility of the consumer, or the

Omoigui, M Page 9 of 23 ©Univation

The metering of supplies

Omoigui, M Page 10 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 11 of 23 ©Univation

1.6 Distribution Fuseboard.

Omoigui, M Page 12 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 13 of 23 ©Univation

1.7 Ring Circuits

Omoigui, M Page 14 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 15 of 23 ©Univation

1.8 Control and protection for the consumer

In installing consumer control unit adequate precaution must be exercised in

1.8.2 Protective Devices

• Semi-enclosed rewirable fuses to BS 3036;

• Cartridge fuses to BS 1361 and 1362

Omoigui, M Page 16 of 23 ©Univation

• High breaking capacity (HBC) fuses to BS 88

• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) to BS 3871

Omoigui, M Page 17 of 23 ©Univation

Omoigui, M Page 18 of 23 ©Univation

Semi-enclosed Rewirable Fuses:

The advantages of these fuses are:

• They have a low initial cost;

• The fuse element is cheap to replace;

• They have no moving parts so there is less maintenance necessary;

• They are easy to check if they are intact.

The disadvantages of these fuses are:

• Incorrect fusewire can be used;

• They deteriorate with age;

• They cannot be replaced quickly;

• They are not advisable for short circuit protection.

The advantages of these fuses are:

• They have a more accurate current rating;

• There are no moving mechanical parts;

• They are not prone to deterioration;