Formulas (for EE2023 Midterm Quiz) Page 1 of 2

 1 t +T x t exp − j 2p k t T dt X f
( )
∞

Fourier Series:  k T ∫ t
=  X () ( ) = 
Fourier Transform: 
∫ −∞ x ( t ) exp ( − j 2p ft ) dt
∞ ∞
 x ( t ) = ∑ k =−∞ X k exp ( j 2p k t T )  x ( t ) = ∫ X ( f ) exp ( j 2p ft ) df
 −∞

FOURIER TRANSFORMS OF BASIC FUNCTIONS FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES

x (t ) X( f) Time-domain Frequency-domain
Constant K Kδ ( f ) Linearity α x1 ( t ) + β x2 ( t ) α X1 ( f ) + β X 2 ( f )
1 X f 
Unit Impulse δ (t ) 1 Time scaling x(βt ) β 
β  

u (t ) 1 δ f + 1  X (t ) x(− f )
Unit Step
2 
( ) jπ f  Duality

Sign (or 1
sgn ( t ) Time shifting x ( t − to ) X ( f ) exp ( − j 2p fto )
Signum) jπ f

Rectangle rect t
T() T sinc ( fT ) Frequency shifting
(Modulation)
x ( t ) exp ( j 2p fot ) X ( f − fo )

Triangle tri ( t ) T sinc2 ( fT )

Differentiation in the dn x t
() ( j 2π f )n X ( f )
T time-domain dt n
Sine Cardinal sinc ( t ) T rect ( fT ) ∞
T Multiplication in the x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) ∫ −∞ X1 (ζ ) X 2 ( f − ζ ) dζ
Complex time-domain
exp ( j 2p f ot ) δ ( f − fo ) or X1 ( f ) X 2 ( f )
Exponential
cos ( 2π f ot ) 1 δ f − f + δ f + f 
Cosine ( o) ( o )
∞
2 Convolution in the ∫ −∞ x1 (ζ ) x2 ( t − ζ ) dζ X1 ( f ) X 2 ( f )
j time-domain
Sine sin ( 2π f ot ) − δ ( f − f o ) − δ ( f + f o )  or x1 ( t )x2 ( t )
2
 2  1 X f +1X 0 δ f
Gaussian exp  − t 2  αp 0.5 exp ( −α 2p 2 f 2 ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
 α  j 2π f
Integration in the t
∫ −∞ x (t ) dt
( )
∞
1
∞ time-domain 1 X f if X 0 = 0
Comb ∑ δ ( t − mT ) ∑ δ f −k ( ) ( )
T k = −∞ T j 2π f
m = −∞
Formulas (for EE2023 Midterm Quiz) Page 2 of 2

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

) cos (θ ) ± j sin (θ )
exp ( ± jθ= sin
= (α ± β ) sin (α ) cos ( β ) ± cos (α ) sin ( β )

cos
= (θ ) 12 exp ( jθ ) + exp ( − jθ ) cos (α ± β ) =
cos (α ) cos ( β )  sin (α ) sin ( β )

1 exp jθ − exp − jθ 
sin
= (θ ) j2 
( ) ( )
tan (a ) ± tan ( β )
tan (a ± β ) =
1  tan (a ) tan ( β )
sin 2 (θ ) + cos 2 (θ ) =
1

sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin(θ )cos(θ ) ( β ) 12 cos (α − β ) − cos (α + β )

sin (α ) sin=

cos
= ( 2θ ) cos 2 (θ ) − sin 2 (θ ) ( β ) 12 cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β )
cos (α ) cos=

θ ) 1 1 − cos ( 2θ ) 
sin 2 (= ( β ) 12 sin (α − β ) + sin (α + β )
sin (α ) cos=
2

θ ) 1 1 + cos ( 2θ ) 
cos 2 (=
2
C cos (θ ) − S sin (θ ) =
 ( )
C2 + S 2 cos θ + tan −1 S 
C 