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Lecture 7
L7.2
Overview
Pressure-Overclosure Models
Any pressure
possible when in
contact
h<0 h=0 No pressure
Pressure-Overclosure Models
Softened Contact
C
• Often useful as an approximation of
surface conditions J-tube ring supports
• Surface coatings
J-tube
• Gaskets Restraint/release
• Laying a pipe onto the muddy seabed, mechanism
Riser
where the seabed is the softened surface B A
Exponential Pressure-Overclosure
k0
e -1 c 1 dh h -0.9999 c
-c -0.9999c
• At penetrations greater than 6c, the pressure-
overclosure relationship is linear
• Both c and po must be positive
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=exponential
c, p o
po c
Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus
L7.8
Tabular Pressure-Overclosure
pressure p
• Input data pairs ( pi, hi ) to define a
piecewise linear relationship between p n , hn
pressure and overclosure
p , h3
• p1 = 0, so the first data pair is (0, h1) p , h2
3
clearance c 2
overclosure h
• Data must be entered such that pi 0, h
1
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=tabular
pi, hi
Linear Pressure-Overclosure
• Usage
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=linear
slope of the linear p-h relationship
• Numerical treatment
• A linearized contact stiffness is used for each Newton iteration
• A tolerance is enforced on the deviation from the true pressure vs.
overclosure curve in the convergence check
• Except in cases in which the slope of the pressure vs. penetration
curve is very large, the contact stiffness is enforced without exposing
Lagrange multipliers to the equation solver
contact
pressure
pn + 1
incompatibility
error
p0
pn
c clearance
Friction
Friction
Contact Shear
Dependence on
Constraints enforced contact pressure
pressure stress
with penalty method mp
• Numerical challenges:
• Stick-slip transition t eq
• Slope discontinuity similar to m p2
open-closed transition in normal
direction m p1
• Critical stress is proportional to normal
contact pressure (tcrit = mp)
• Dependence of m on slip velocity,
contact pressure, etc.
• Optional upper bound on critical shear
stress
• tcr = min (m p, tmax)
• tmax is often taken as the shear yield
stress of the underlying material
Anisotropic Friction
2 2
t1 t2
t eq m
m1 m2
• m
2
1 2
m1 m 22 is the equivalent friction coefficient
m1 max m max
t1max t and t 2 2 t
max
m m
Anisotropic Friction
• Usage:
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*FRICTION, ANISOTROPIC [,TAUMAX=tmax,
LAGRANGE]
m1, m 2, eq, p, , fi
Slip Directions
• The slip increment follows from = t u, where t is the slip direction
• By default, the slip (reference) directions are defined as follows:
• For two-dimensional contact surfaces, the slip direction t is obtained by a
90°clockwise rotation of the contact direction n
• For slave surfaces defined on beam elements in space, the first slip
direction, t1, is along the beam axis and the second slip direction, t2, is
transverse to it
• Alternative surface directions for the purpose of prescribing an
anisotropic tangential-contact-interaction model or viewing contact
output may be defined
Slip Directions
include „aba_param.inc‟
dimension fCoefDeriv(3)
parameter ( one = 1.d0, two=2.d0 )
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*FRICTION, EXPONENTIAL DECAY
Friction Enforcement
• Rough friction
• Sticking conditions are always enforced while surfaces are in contact
(i.e., while normal constraints are active)
• Enforcement method: Lagrange multipliers (strict enforcement)
• Similar to Coulomb friction with m =
• But if ―NO SEPARATION‖ behavior is also specified, resist relative
motion even if normal contact forces are tensile
• Only available for contact pairs
• Motivation for using rough friction may be physical or numerical (avoid
convergence problems)
t cr m p2
2
t cr m p
G2 cr Ff li
t m p1
1
cr
G t cr cr
G1
cr
• Too large—inaccurate G1
• Too small—poor convergence cr
• To adjust Ff :
li
cr Ff li
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*FRICTION, ELASTIC SLIP=cr
m
cr
• Useful when Abaqus cannot calculate a reasonable value of li :
• Node-based contact (node sets have no faces)
• Models in which contact surface face dimensions vary greatly
• Contact surfaces along beam elements, where cross-sectional
dimensions may be more important than segment length in
determining allowable elastic slip
• Models with very refined meshes, in which the default value of
cr is too small
Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus
L7.29
• Drawbacks
• Often degrades convergence
• Likelihood of overconstraint problems
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*FRICTION, LAGRANGE
m
Tie Constraints
Tie Constraints
*PREPRINT, MODEL=YES
Tie Constraints
• Usage:
Tie Constraints
Tie Constraints
BotTube
BotPlate
Tie Constraints
Surface-based constraint
(Can select either predefined
surfaces or regions directly in
the viewport)
The surface-to-surface
method is used by default
Tie Constraints
• Rigid bodies
• Abaqus has a general rigid body capability
• A rigid body is a collection of nodes and elements whose motion is
governed by the motion of a single node called a ―reference node‖
• Any body or part of a body can be defined as a rigid body
• A rigid body can undergo arbitrarily large rigid body motions
• Rigid bodies are computationally efficient
• Their motion is described completely by no more than six degrees
of freedom
• There are no element calculations for elements making up a rigid
body
• Model a body as rigid if it is much stiffer than other bodies with which it
will come in contact
• For example, rigid bodies are commonly used to model dies in
metal forming simulations
Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus
L7.41
• The rigid body can be made to rotate about the reference node by
prescribing the rotational degrees of freedom
• In dynamics problems where the rigid body moves freely, the
reference node should be placed at the center of mass of the rigid
body
• The location of the reference node is irrelevant if its rotational
degrees of freedom are suppressed
• Elements can be connected to the reference node. For example:
• Attach MASS and/or ROTARYI elements to simulate the mass
and/or rotary inertia of the rigid body in dynamic problems
• Attach spring elements to remove rigid body motion or simulate a
supporting structure
• Rigid elements 2
4 3
Z
Y
• Preferred method is meshing a
R3D4
body with deformable elements X 1 2
and then applying a rigid body
constraint
• Rigid die
• The die is meshed with S3
elements which are
declared rigid
SURFA
RSURF
Profile is sketched in
the Sketch module
Reference point assigned
in the Part module
x0 , y0
x1, y1
Normal must point
toward deformable body
x2 , y2
• Three-dimensional
analytical surfaces require
definition of a two-
dimensional profile in a
local coordinate system
• The figure shows a three-
dimensional infinite
rectangular projection of a
two-dimensional profile
*SURFACE,TYPE=CYLINDER, NAME=RSURF
xa, ya, za, xb, yb, zb Coordinates define local system for surface definition. Point c is on
the negative local z-axis.
xc, yc, zc
START, x1, y1 Coordinates define two-dimensional surface profile and are
... given in the local system above.
*RIGID BODY,ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF,REF NODE=999
• Three-dimensional surface of
revolution
*SURFACE,TYPE=REVOLUTION,
NAME=RSURF
xa, ya, za, xb, yb, zb
START, x1, y1
...
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=999,
ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF
*SURFACE,TYPE=REVOLUTION
*SURFACE,TYPE=CYLINDER
*SURFACE,TYPE=SEGMENTS