I NFECTI OUS DI SEASES MOST

most common cause of FUO infections ( then, neoplasms)

most frequent cause of FUO in the elderly multisystem disease ( giant- cell arteritis being the leading
etiologic entity
most common infection causing FUO in the elderly TB
most common reason for visits to primary care providers URTI
most common cause of URI rhinovirus
most commonly involved sinus in sinusitis maxillary sinus ( ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid)
most common pathogens in sinusitis S. pneumoniae and nontypable H. influenzae
most often involved in tooth pain in sinusitis upper molars
most common pathogen in perichondritis P. aeruginosa and S. aureus
most common pathogen in otitis externa P. aeruginosa and S. aureus
most common cause of chronic otitis externa primarily by repeated local irritation, most commonly arising
from persistent drainage from chronic middle- ear infection
most common causative viruses in otitis media RSV, influenza virus, rhinovirus, enterovirus
most important bacterial cause S. pneumoniae
most common presenting symptom of oropharyngeal infections sore throat
most frequent reasons for ambulatory care visits by adults and sore throat
children
most important source of concern in acute pharyngitis infection with group A beta- hemolytic strep ( S. pyogenes)
most common identifiable cause of acute pharyngitis respiratory viruses ( rhinoviruses and coronaviruses)
most commonly involved in infection of the oral cavity HSV or Candida species
most commonly affected teeth in Ludwig's angina ( fulminant lower second and third molars
cellulitis)
most common cause of death in Ludwig's angina asphyxiation
most common cause of epiglottitis group A streptococcus
most common consequence of extension of infection acute pharyngitis
most common pathogens in deep infections group A beta hemolytic strep and S. aureus
most common sites of entry mucosal surfaces ( respiratory, alimentary, urogenital tracts)
and the skin
most common isolate in asplenic patients with bacterial sepsis S. pneumoniae ( 50- 70% ) ( also H. influenzae and N.
meningitidis)
most commonly transmits Babesia I xodes scapularis ( also transmits Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease;
and Ehrlichia)
most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis group A streptococci alone and a mixed facultative and
anaerobic flora
most common infectious disease emergencies involving CNS bacterial meningitis
most common location of spinal epidural abscesses thoracic or lumbar spine
most common etiologic agents of spinal epidural abscesses staphylococci
most cost effective health intervention available vaccine
most common extraneous allergen egg protein derived fro the growth of measles, mumps,
influenza, and yellow fever viruses in embryonated eggs
most common vaccine- preventable infection in travelers influenza
most important determinant of risk for GI illnesses in travelling
most frequently identified pathogens causing travelers' diarrhea
most frequent causes of persistent diarrhea after travel
most common diagnoses in patients who require emergency
department evaluation for symptoms occurring during airline
flights
most common medical problems encountered by travelers after
their return home
most common skin conditions affecting travelers after their
return home
I E most commonly involves
cardiac conditions most commonly resulting in NBTE
most common with aortic valve infection
most widely accepted to predispose to endocarditis
most commonly affected by herpes zoster
most commonly affected by streptococcal lesions
most common cause of localized folliculitis
most commonly affected by erysipelas
most common way by which P. aeruginosa is introduced into the
deep tissues
most commonly affected by gram- negative bacillary cellulitis
due to P. aeruginosa
gram- positive aerobic rod Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is most
often associated with
most commonly involved in spontaneous nontraumatic
gangrene among patints with neutropenia, GI malignancy,
diverticulosis, or recent radiation therapy to the abdomen
most common cause of osteomyelitis
most common site of infection( osteomyelitis) in older adults and
I V drug users
most commonly involed in tuberculous spondylitis ( Pott's)
Primary bacterial peritonitis most commonly occurs in
conjunction with
most common manifestation of PBP
destination
toxigenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli
postinfectious sequelae such as lactose intolerance or irritable
bowel syndrome
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
diarrhea, fever, respiratory illness and skin disease
pyoderma, sunburn, insect bite, skin ulcers, cutaneous larva
migrans
heart valves, but may also occur on the low- pressure side of the
ventricular septum at the site of a defect, on the mural endocardium
where it is damaged by aberrant jets of blood or
foreign bodies, or on intracardiac devices themselves
mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, VSD,
complex congenital heart disease
extension
dental treatments
immunosuppressed individuals and elderly patients
children 2- 5 years of age
Staph aureus
infants and elderly adults
when person steps on a nail
among hospitalized, immunocompromised hosts
fish and domestic swine and causes cellulitis primarily in bone
renderers and fishmongers
Clostridium septicum
pyogenic bacteria and mycobacteria
spine ( vertebrae as most common site of hematogenous
osteomyelitis)
thoracic spine
cirrhosis of the liver ( frequently the result of alcoholism)
fever
most common organisms in PBP E.coli
most common reason for discontinuation of continuous peritonitis
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
most common organism in CAPD peritonitis Staph spp.
most common pathogen in overt exit- site infections in CAPD Staph aureus
peritonitis
anaerobe most frequently isolated from intraabdominal B. fragilis
infections, especially prominent in abscesses
most common anaerobic bloodstream isolate B. fragilis
most often cause of intraperitoneal abscesses result from fecal spillage from a colonic source, such as an inflamed appendix

organ most subject to the development of abscesses liver

most common source of liver abscess
most common presenting sign of liver abscess
single most reliable laboratory finding in liver abscess
most reliable methods for diagnosing liver abscesses
most frequently isolated in liver abscesses
most common associated infection in splenic abscesses
most sensitive diagnostic tool in splenic infections
most common bacterial isolates from splenic abscesses
most important factor in successful treatment of splenic
abscesses
most common etiology of perinephric and renal abscesses
most important risk factor in perinephric abscesses
most frequently encountered organisms in perinephric and renal
abscesses
most useful diagnostic modalities in perinephric and renal
abscesses
most likely to be isolated when psoas abscess arises from
hematogenous spread or a contiguous focus of osteomyelitis
most likely etiology of psoas abscess when it has an
intraabdominal or pelvic source
most useful diagnostic technique in psoas abscesses
most common disease worldwide
disease of the biliary tract ( previously ruptured appendix)
fever
elevated serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase
imaging studies, include US,CT, indium- labeled WBC or gallium
scan, and MRI
B. fragilis
bacterial endocarditis
CT scan of the abdomen
Streptococcal spp., then S. aureus
early diagnosis
now UTI , previously hematogenous in origin usually
complicating prolonged bacteremia with S. aureus
concomitant nephrolithiasis obstructing urinary flow
E. coli, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp,
renal ultrasonography and abdominal CT
S. aureus
mixed enteric flora
CT
acute upper respiratory illnesses ( second: acute gastrointestinal illnesses

most common travel- related illness traveler's diarrhea

most common isolates from persons with the classic secretory enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative E. coli
traveler's diarrhea syndrome
most common AGE among children < 2 rotavirus
one of the most common manifestations of nosocomial infections
most common pathogens isolated from visibly bloody stools
most commonly diagnosed diarrheal illness acquired in the
hospital
CDAD most frequently occurs in
most common manifestation caused by C. difficile
most sensitive test for CDAD
most common sexually transmitted pathogen in US
most frequent cause of acute epdidymitis in sexually active men
under 35
most common manifestation of serious bacterial infections in
women
most often cause of Pelvic I nflammatory Disease
most common cause of genital ulceration in most developing
countries
most useful when ulcers are painful and purulent, especially if
inguinal lymphadenopathy with fluctuance or overlying
erythema is noted
most common cause of perianal ulcers and inguinal
lymphadenopathy
most often etiology of sexually acquired proctocolitis
most common aminoglycoside resistance mechanism
most common mechanism for resistance to beta- lactams
most common mechanism of tetracycline resistance in G( - )
bacteria
most prevalent mechanism of resistance to trimethoprim and
the sulfonamides in both G( + ) and G( - ) bacteria
most often mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol
most common mechanism for resistance to macrolides,
ketolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins
most common mechanism of resistance to quinolones
most important factor in choosing initial therapy for an infection
in which the susceptibility of the specific pathogen( s) is not
diarrhea
E. coli O157: H7
Clostridium difficile associated disease ( CDAD)
hospitals and nursing homes
Diarrhea
stool culture for C. difficile
genital HPV
C. trachomatis and less commonly N. gonorrhoeae
mucopurulent cervicitis
N. gonorrhoeae
genital herpes
demonstration of H. ducreyi by culture or by PCR test
HSV
Campylobacter or Shigella spp.
inactivation of antibiotic
destruction of the drug by beta- lactamases
plasmid- encoded active- efflux pump that is inserted into the
cytoplasmic membrane and extrudes antibiotic from the cell
acquisition of plasmid- encoded genes that produce a new, drug-
insensitive target- specifically an insensitive dihydrofolate reductase
for trimethoprim and an altered dihydropteroate
synthetase for sulfonamides
plasmid- encoded enzyme, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,
inactivates the compound by acetylation
plasmid- encoded enzyme that methylates ribosomal RNA,
interfering with binding of antibiotics to their target
development of one or more mutations in target DNA gyrase
and topoisomerase I V that prevent the antibacterial agent from
interfering with the enzymes' activity
information on local resistance rates
known
most important interaction involving tetracyclines reduced absorption when these drugs are coadministered with
divalent and trivalent cations, such as antacids, iron
compounds, or dairy products
most affected age group by invasive pneumococcal disease in children < 2 years old
absence of vaccination
most common cause of pneumococcal bacteremia in adults pneumonia
most common respiratory tract infection by Strep. pneumo otitis media, acute sinusitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia,
empyema
most common CNS infection by Strep. pneumo meningitis, brain abscess
most common cardiac infection by strep. pneumo endocarditis, pericarditis
most common soft tissue/skeletal infection by Strep. pneumo septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis
( other) most common infections by Strep. pneumo peritonitis, endometritis, primary bacteremia
most common isolate in otitis media and sinusitis S. pneumoniae ( or second to nontypable H. influenzae
most commonly affected by Pneumococcal pneumonia extremes of age
most common cause of CAP S. pneumoniae
most common complication of pneumococcal pneumonia empyema
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults S. pneumoniae
most often affected by Cellulitis people with CTD or HI V infection
most common diagnosis leading to an antibiotic prescription in acute otitis media
the US
most common cause of surgical wound infections S. aureus
second most common cause of primary bacteremia S. aureus
most common cause of bacteremia CoNS
most frequent site of human colonization of S. aureus anterior nares ( also skin, vagina, axilla, perineum, oropharynx)
most human S. aureus infection are due to capsular types 5 and 8
most often location of carbuncles lower neck
most common cause of bone infections S. aureus
most often involved in hematogenous osteomyelitis in children long bones
most often seen in patients with endocarditis, those undergoing vertebral bone infections
hemodialysis, diabetics, and injection drug users
most common cause of epidural abscess S. aureus
most common cause of septic arthritis in native joints S. aureus
most commonly involved joints in septic arthritis knees, shoulders, hips and phalanges
most common precedent of community- acquired respiratory viral infections or septic pulmonary emboli
tract infections due to S. aureus
most common cause of viral infections that precede S. aureus I nfluenza
infections
most often seen in injection drug users acute right- sided tricuspid valvular S. aureus endocarditis
most common endocarditis caused by S. aureus nosocomial endocarditis
most common causes of food- borne outbreaks of infection in S. aureus
the US
most often affected by SSSS newborns and children
most common cause of prosthetic- device infections Coagulase- negative staphylococcal infections ( CoNS)
most common human pathogen overall in CoNS S. epidermidis
most abundant bacterial species on the skin that is part of S. epidermidis
normal flora
most common cause of bacterial endocarditis Viridans streptococci
most sensitive and specific means of definitive diagnosis culture of a throat specimen
most often cause of erysipelas beta- hemolytic streptococci
most common associated infection with streptococcal TSS soft tissue infection ( necrotizing fasciitis, myositis, cellulitis)
most common manifestation of late- onset infection meningitis
most common manifestation of GBS infection in pregnancy and peripartum fever
parturition
most common form of human infection with S. suis cellulitis of the hand
most frequently cause pharyngeal diphtheria toxigenic strains
most commonly cause cutaneous disease ( diphtheria) nontoxigenic strains
most often location of pseudomembranous lesion of diphtheria tonsillopharyngeal region
most often characterization of cutaneous diphtheria punched- out ulcerative lesions with necrotic sloughing or
pseudomembrane formation
most common site affected by cutaneous diphtheria extremities
most commonly causes ( Rhodococcus equi) pulmonary infections
most common manifestation of R. equi nodular cavitary pneumonia of the upper lobes ( similar to TB or
nocardiosis)
most important determinant of the pathogenesis of Listeria beta- hemolysin, listeriolysin O ( LLO)
monocytogenes
most common clinical syndromes of Listeria infections meningitis and septicemia
most often affected by granulomatosis infantiseptica skin, liver, spleen
most common form of tetanus generalized tetanus
elaborates the most potent bacterial toxin known Clostridium botulinum
most common form of botulism intestinal botulism in infants ( infant botulism)
most clinically important species of Clostridium C. perfringens
most abundant species of Clostridium C. ramosum ( next, C. perfringens)
most common of the clostridial species isolated from tissue C. perfringens
infections and bacteremias
2nd or 3rd most common cause of food poisoning in the US C. perfringens, type A
most commonly isolated Clostridium species in intraabdominal C. ramosum, C. perfringens, C. bifermentans
infections
most often affected by emphysematous cholecystitis diabetic patients
most commonly affected by spreading cellulitis and fasciitis due patients with carcinoma, esp. sigmoid or the cecum
to Clostrium
most often site Clostridia are cultured wounds in the absence of clinical signs of sepsis
most common cause of gas gangrene C. perfringens
most commonly affected by transient clostridial bacteremia predisposing focus in the GI tract, biliary tract, or uterus
most common species in rapidly fatal clostridial sepsis C. septicum
most important factors in the treatment of gas gangrene expert surgical and medical management and control of
complications
most common cause of sporadic disease of meningococcal disease serogroup B

perhaps the most rapidly lethal form of septic shock fulminant meningococcemia
experienced by humans
most distinctive feature of meningococcemia rash
most useful clinical finding in meningococcal disease petechial or purpuric rash
most common clinical manifestation of gonorrhea in males acute urethritis
most common form of gonorrhea in neonates ophthalmia neonatorum
most common manifestation of systemic infection or DGI in newborn septic arthritis

most common manifestation of gonococcal infection in children gonococcal vulvovaginitis

beyond infancy
third most common bacterial isolate from middle- ear fluid of children M. catarrhalis
with otitis media
most commonly isolated species of Moraxella M. nonliquefaciens ( ears, nose, throat) and M. osloensis ( blood) ,
M. urethralis ( urine)
most clinically relevant strain of H. influenzae type b and nontypable strains
most serious manifestation of infection with Hib meningitis
most common features at presentation of Hib infection fever and altered CNS function
most common complication of Hib subdural effusion
most common location of cellulitis in Hib infection head or neck
3 most common causes of childhood otitis media nontypable H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis
most reliable method for establishing diagnosis of Hib infection recovery of organism in culture
most common Haemophilus species isolated from cases of HACEK H. aphrophilus and H. parainfluenzae
endocarditis
most frequently affected by Cardiobacterium hominis aortic valve
most frequent site affected by Eikenella corrodens sites of infection in conjunction with other bacterial species
3rd most common cause of septic arthritis in children < 24 months Kingella kingae
most often affected by Pasteurella infections skin and soft tissue ( mostly caused by cats)
most often affected by Agrobacterium radiobacter immunocompromised hosts, esp. individuals with malignancy or
HI V infection
most commonly affected by Plesiomonas shigelloides immunocompromised hosts
most commonly implicated Legionella serogroups in human infections serogroups 1,4,6
most common Legionella species L. pneumophila, L. micdadei, L. bozemanii, L. dumoffii, L.
longbeachae
most common symptomes of Pontiac fever malaise, fatigue, myalgia ( in 97% )
most common neurologic abnormalities confusion or changes in mental status
most common extrapulmonary site of legionellosis heart
most sensitive option for visualization of Legionella organism in DFA stain
tissues
most consistent and prominent feature of Pertussis violent cough
most important Bordetella species causing human disease Bordetella pertussis
most important virulence factor of B. pertussis pertussis toxin, composed of B oligomer- binding subunit and an
enzymatically active A protomer that ADP- ribosylates a guanine
nucleotide- binding regulatory protein ( G protein) in target cells
most common cause of septic shock ( ?) GNB
accounts for most extraintestinal infections due to GNB and are E. coli, ( Klebsiella, Proteus)
the most virulent pathogens
most reliable active beta lactam agent against ESBL- expressing carbapenems
strains
most common enteric gram ( - ) species to cause extraintestinal E. coli
infection in ambulatory, LTCF, and hospital setting
most frequently infected by ExPEC urinary tract
single most common pathogen for all UTI syndrome/host group E. coli
combinations
most common acute UTI syndrome uncomplicated cystitis ( dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain)
second most common site of extraintestinal infection due to E. abdomen/pelvis
coli
most common cause of HAP GNB
most commonly isolated GNB in HAP E. coli
most common blood isolates of clinical significance E. coli and Staph aureus
most common source of E. coli bacteremia urinary tract
most common food source of STEC/EHEC strains ground beef ( contaminated during processing)
4th most commonly reported cause of bacterial diarrhea O157: H7
most common agent of traveler's diarrhea ETEC
most common method currently used to detect STEC/EHEC screening for E. coli strains that do not ferment sorbitol
most important Klebsiella species from a medical standpoint K. pneumoniae
most common clinical syndromes with Klebsiella Pneumonia, UTI , abdominal infection, surgical site infection, soft
tissue infection, bacteremia
most frequently affected by Klebsiella cellulitis or soft tissue devitalized tissue and immunocompromised hosts
infection
most common site of Proteus infection urinary tract
most strains of Proteus are lactose negative, produce H2S, with swarming motility
responsible for most Enterobacter infections E. cloacae and E. aerogenes
most common syndromes in Enterobacter infections Pneumonia, UTI ( particularly catheter- related) , I V device

most strains of enterobacter are
most common spread of Serratia infection
most common sites of Serratia infection and source of
bacteremia
most common species causing Citrobacter infections
most common sources of Morganella and Providencia infection
most common symptom of Edwardsiella infection
most common extraintestinal infection in Edwardsiella infection
responsible for most Acinetobacter infections
most common source of bacteremia in Acinetobacter infection
most convenient biopsy- based test for H. pylori infection
most specific ( but may be insensitive) for H. pylori
most consistently accurate test for H. pylori
2 most important factors in successful H. pylori treatment
most common cause of G( - ) bacteremia in neutropenic patients
most common contributing factor to respiratory failure in CF
and responsible for majority of deaths among CF
most important factor in disease causation in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
most common of all infections by P. aeruginosa
1st or 2nd most common cause of VAP
most common types of eye disease in P. aeruginosa and often
associated with contact lenses
most devastating of P. aeruginosa eye infections
most serious form of pseudomonas infection affecting ear
most common type of P. Aeruginosa infection in AI DS patients
most virulent among pseudomonads
most commonly diagnosed form of melioidosis
most prominent symptom of enteric fever
most common period when GI bleeding and intestinal
perforation occurs
most common transmission of salmonellosis
most common cause of resistance of Salmonella to nalidixic acid
and fluoroquinolones
most common with S. choleraesuis and S. Dublin
most commonly affected sites with Salmonella osteomyelitis
infection, surgical site infection, abdominal infection
lactose positive and indole negative
sporadic infection
respiratory tract, GU tract, I V devices, surgical wounds
C. freundii and C. koseri
surgical sites and soft tissue
self- limiting watery diarrhea ( severe colitis also occurs)
wound infection due to direct inoculation ( often freshwater,
marine, snake related injuries)
A. baumannii- calcoaceticus complex
respiratory tract and I V devices
biopsy urease test
microbiologic culture
urea breath test
patient's close compliance with the regimen and the use of
drugs to which H. pylori has not acquired resistance
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
inflammatory response to many products of P. aeruginosa
respiratory infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Keratitis and corneal ulcers
P. aeruginosa endophthalmitis secondary to bacteremia
malignant otitis externa and necrotizing otitis externa
pneumonia with/without bacteremia
Burkholderia pseudomallei
acute pulmonary infections
prolonged fever
third and fourth week of illness
animal food products, especially eggs, poultry, undercooked
ground meat, dairy products, and fresh produce contaminated
with animal waste
point mutations in the DNA gyrase genes gyrA and gyrB
bacteremia and metastatic infection
femur, tibia, humerus, lumbar vertebrae
most frequently affected by reactive arthritis ( Reiter's
syndrome) following NTS gastroenteritis
most common transmission of Shigella
most efficient form of rehydration
most common mode of acquisition of C. jejuni
most common among compromised hosts
most common enteric pathogen
most common signs and symptoms of intestinal phase
most prominent symptom in C. jejuni infection
most common natural habitat of Vibrio species
most common means of acquisition of V. cholerae
most common environmental isolate and predominant cause of
clinical cholera in areas in which it appeared
most important of noncholera vibrio
most common cause of severe vibrio infections in the US
most often affected by primary sepsis by V. vulnificus
most salt- tolerant of the vibrios
most frequently implicated sources of Brucellosis
most frequently targeted by Brucella infection
most common focal features in Brucellosis
most commonly affected by osteomyelitis in Brucellosis
most common individual joints affected by Brucellosis
most effective combination for Brucellosis
most common clinical syndrome in Tularemia infection
most common vectors of Francisella tularensis
most common portal of entry for human infection with
Tularemia
most common form of tularemia in adults
most frequent method of confirming tularemia
most commonly used methods to detect antibody to F.
tularensis
most common mode of transmission of plague
most commonly involved in bubonic plague
most life- threatening form of plague
persons with HLA- B27 histocompatibility antigen
person to person ( most efficiently by fecal- oral route)
oral rehydration therapy
ingestion of contaminated poultry that has not been sufficiently
cooked
systemic infections due to C. fetus
C. jejuni
diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever
abdominal pain
tidal rivers and bays under conditions of moderate salinity
ingestion of water contaminated by human feces
O139 Bengal; in SE Asia V. Cholerae O1 remains dominant
V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus
V. vulnificus
patients with cirrhosis or hemochromatosis
V. alginolyticus
dairy products, especially soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk and
ice cream
reticuloendothelial system, musculoskeletal tissues,
genitourinary system
musculoskeletal pain and physical findings in the peripheral and
axial skeleton
lumbar and low thoracic vertebrae
knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, sternoclavicular joints
Streptomycin and Tetracycline
ulcerative lesion at site of inoculation, with regional
lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis
tabanid flies
skin or mucous membranes either directly- through the bite of
ticks, other arthropods or other animals; or via inapparent
abrasions
inguinal/femoral lymphadenopathy
agglutination testing
microagglutination and tube agglutination
flea bite and direct contact with infected animal, especially
exposure to an infected domestic cat
femoral and inguinal nodes ( next, axillary and cervical nodes)
pneumonic plague
most frequent acute clinical manifestations of Yersinia infection
most common mode of identifying pathogenic Y. enterocolitica
isolates
most commonly affected by mesenteric adenitis and terminal
ileitis
most commonly affected by nonsuppurative sequelae of
yersiniosis
most commonly affected area by intestinal inflammation
most common presentation of Yersinia enterocolitica infection
most commonly affected in reactive arthritis from Yersinia
enterocolitica infection
most common clinical presentation of Y. pseudotuberculosis
infection
most commonly used tests to support diagnosis of yersiniosis
most specific diagnosis test in Yersinia infection
most often involved in disseminated disease of Bartonella
infection
most common manifestation of Bartonella infections in HI V-
infected persons
most often presentation of bacillary angiomatosis
most often used test to diagnose urban trench fever
most common extragenital manifestation of donovanosis
most common presentation of nocardiosis
most commonly isolated from clinical material and associated
with invasive disease
most common form of nocardial disease in respiratory tract
most common site of dissemination of nocardiosis
most common isolate in transcutaneous inoculation
most misdiagnosed disease
most common species causing Actinomycosis
most frequent site of Actinomycosis
most common association of Actinomycosis involvement of the
pelvis
most common symptoms of pelvic involvement of actinomycosis
most common CNS involvement in actinomycosis
most commonly affected in disseminated actinomycosis
most commonly used for diagnosis of actinomycosis
enteritis or ileitis; mesenteric adenitis and terminal ileitis
biotyping based on biochemical profiles and serotyping
according to somatic O and H antigens
older children and young adults
adults
distal ileum and less commonly ascending colon
acute diarrhea from enteritis or enterocolitis
knees and ankles
fever and abdominal pain caused by mesenteric adenitis
agglutination tests or ELI SAs
isolation of pathogenic Yersinia strain from feces
nervous system, visceral organs, bone
bacillary angiomatosis
painless cutaneous lesions
serologic studies or by isolating B. quintana
oral donovanosis, presents as pain or bleeding in the mouth,
lesions on the lips, or extensive swelling of the gums and palate
pneumonia and disseminated disease
Nocardia asteroides
pneumonia
brain ( skin, supporting structures, kidneys, bone, muscle
N. brasiliensis ( N. asteroides in cooler climates)
Actinomycosis
A. israelii, ( A. naeslundii, A. odontolyticus, A. viscosus, A.
meyeri, A. gerencseriae, Propionibacterium propionicum)
oral, cervical, facial site, usually as a soft tissue swelling,
abscess, or mass lesion
I UCD
fever, weight loss, abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding
or discharge
single or multiple brain abscesses
lungs and liver
microscopic identification of sulfur granules
most common anaerobic infections of the CNS brain abscess and subdural empyema
most frequently isolated from infections with mixed anaerobic B. fragilis group
organisms
most important clinical isolate in mixed infections B. fragilis
most frequent isolates in female genital tract infections organisms normally colonizing the vagina
most extensively studied virulence factor of the nonsporulating capsular polysaccharide complex of B. fragilis
anaerobes
most commonly isolated from intraabdominal infections and B. fragilis
bacteremia
most commonly precedes necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis debilitating illness or affects severely malnourished children
most common metastasis of Lemierre's syndrome ( acute lung
oropharyngeal infection)
most common isolates in aspiration pneumonia pigmented and nonpigmented Prevotella spp,
Peptostreptococcus spp, Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp.
and anaerobic cocci
most common isolates of intraabdominal infections E. coli and B. fragilis
most frequent sites of injury to skin, bone, soft tissue, by sites prone to contamination with feces or with upper airway
trauma, ischemia, or surgery secretions
most frequently isolated organism in soft tissue or skin infection Bacteroides spp, Peptostreptococci, enterococci, clostridia,
Proteus spp.
most common cause of anaerobic infections in bone actinomycosis ( also, bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp.,
Clostridium spp
most reliable culture specimen in patients with osteomyelitis bone biopsy
most common isolates of anaerobic septic arthritis Fusobacterium
single most common anaerobic isolate from bloodstream B. fragilis
most common and important agent of human disease among M. tuberculosis
the pathogenic species of M. tuberculosis complex
most common path of transmission of M. tuberculosis droplet
one of the most important factors in the transmission of crowding in poorly ventilated rooms
tubercle bacilli
most potent risk factor for TB among infected individuals HI V co- infection
most commonly involved in primary TB middle and lower lung zones
most common hematologic findings in TB mild anemia and leukocytosis
most common extrapulmonary site of involvement in TB lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary tract, bones and joints,
meninges, peritoneum, and pericardium
most common presentation of extrapulmonary TB LN disease
most common site of LN TB posterior cervical and supraclavicular sites ( scrofula)
most commonly affect in skeletal TB Spine ( 40% ) , Hips ( 13% ) , knees ( 10% ) ; weight- bearing joints
most common site of spinal TB in children upper thoracic spine
most commonly involved in GI TB terminal ileum and cecum
one of the most common diseases among HI V- infected persons TB
worldwide
most common form of extrapulmonary TB in HI V- infected lymphatic, disseminated, pleural, pericardial
persons
most widely used screening for latent TB infection PPD or tuberculin skin test
most important impediment to cure in TB lack of adherence to treatment
most common adverse reaction of significance in TB treatment hepatitis
most common drug resistance in North America and Europe I soniazid resistance
most commonly affected by most severe form lepromatous form twice as common in men than women
of leprosy
most affected nerves in leprosy ulnar, posterior auricular, peroneal, posterior tibial nerves
most common form of leprosy tuberculous leprosy ( in I ndia and Africa) ; Borderline
Tuberculous ( in SE Asia)
most commonly affected nerve trunk in leprosy ulnar nerve at the elbow ( results in clawing of the 4th and 5th
fingers, loss of dorsal interosseous musculature in affected hand
and loss of sensation)
most dramatic manifestation of nerve affectation footdrop, when the peroneal nerve is involved
most characteristic microscopic feature of type 1 lepra lesions edema
most common features of erythema nodosum leprosum crops of painful erythematous papules that resolve spontaneously
in a few days to a week but may recur; malaise;
and fever
most frequent complication of leprous neuropathy plantar ulceration
most common site of nerve abscesses in leprosy ( ENL) ulnar
most common presentation of leprosy characteristic skin lesions and skin histopathology
most commonly involved species in cutaneous disease of M. abscessus, fortuitum, chelonae, marinum, ulcerans
nontuberculous mycobacterial infection
most common cause of pulmonary disease MAC organisms ( esp. M. intracellulare)
most commonly isolated in disseminated disease M. avium and M. kansasii
second most common cause of lung disease due to NTM in the M. kansasii
US
most common clinical manifestation with infection with M. disseminated cutaneous disease
abscessus, chelonae, fortuitum
next most common manifestation with infection with M. pulmonary infection
abscessus, chelonae, fortuitum
most important and potent anti TB agent Rifampin
most common adverse event of Rifampin GI upset
2 most important adverse effects of isoniazid therapy hepatotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy
most serious adverse effect of Ethambutol retrobulbar optic neuritis
most common cause of ethambutol resistance in M. tuberculosis missense mutations in embB gene
most common and most serious adverse effects of streptomycin ototoxicity and renal failure
most useful in prophylaxis of disseminated MAC infection Rifabutin
most common adverse effects of rifabutin GI ( dose- related)
most active quinolones against M. tuberculosis Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin
most useful in treatment of multidrug- resistant TB ethionamide
most active agent for treatment of leprosy rifampin
second most active drug in leprosy treatment dapsone
2 most common causes of NTM pulmonary infection MAC organisms and M. kansasii
most common side effects of Azithromycin GI symptoms and reversible hearing loss
most important for patients with syphilis of < 1 yr duration identification and examination of sexual contacts
most common types of tertiary disease of syphilis gumma, cardiovascular syphilis, symptomatic neurosyphilis
( tabes dorsalis and paresis)
most important factor in increased mortality in syphilis cardiovascular syphilis
most common presentation of meningovascular syphilis stroke syndrome involving MCA of a relatively young adult
most frequently involved bones in skeletal gumma long bones
most common clinical problem in congenital syphilis healthy appearing baby born to mother with ( + ) serologic test
most common early manifestation in congenital syphilis bone changes ( 61% ) , hepatosplenomegaly ( 50% ) ,
lymphadenopathy ( 32% ) , anemia ( 34% ) , jaundice ( 30% ) ,
thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis
most widely used nontreponemal antibody tests for syphilis RPR and VDRL tests
most widely used agent for treatment of early syphilis Pen G benzathine
most sensitive index of response to treatment in neurosyphilis CSF pleocytosis
most benign of the treponemal infections Pinta ( caused by T. carateum)
most often location of initial papule extremities or face and is pruritic
most important reservoir of leptospirosis rodents, especially rats
most important known pathogenic properties of leptospires adhesion to cell surfaces and cellular toxicity
most common finding on PE of leptospirosis infection fever with conjunctival suffusion
most severe form of leptospirosis Weil's syndrome
most common radiographic finding in leptospirosis patchy alveolar pattern that corresponds to scattered alveolar
hemorrhage
most often affected lobes in leptospirosis ( Weil's syndrome) lower lobes in the periphery of the lung fields
most common cause of TBRF in sub- Saharan Africa Borrelia duttoni
most common vector- borne infection in the US and Europe Lyme disease
most common abnormality in early infection: stage 2 fluctuating degree of AV block ( 1st, Wenckebach, or complete
( disseminated infection) of Lyme disease
most common form of chronic CNS involvement in Lyme disease subtle encephalopathy affecting memory, mood, or sleep
most common form of peripheral neuropathy in Lyme disease axonal polyneuropathy
most common infectious agents that cause facial palsy HSV1 and VZV
most common symptoms during the first 3 days of Rocky fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Mountain Spotted Fever
most important epidemiologic factor in RMSF history of exposure to a potentially tick- infested environment
within 12 days preceding disease onset during a season of
possible tick activity
most common serologic test for confirmation of the diagnosis indirect immunofluorescence assay
most frequently imported rickettsiosis in Europe and North
America
most common pulmonary sign of murine typhus
most commonly used diagnostic tool in Coxiella burnetti
infection ( Q fever)
most prevalent genital mycoplasmas
most firmly implicated in the etiology of Nongonococcal
urethritis
most common bacterial STI in the US
foremost cause of epididymitis in sexually active heterosexual
men < 35 years of age
most common cause of epididymitis in men over 35
most commonly isolated pathogen from college women with
dysuria, frequency, and pyuria
most common presentation of LGV in heterosexual men
most sensitive and specific chlamydial diagnostic methods
available, most expensive as well
most commonly infected with Psittaci infections
most common mode of transmission of Psittacosis
most effective cell line for isolation of C. pneumoniae
most common viral infections are spread by
most frequently encountered toxicities with orally administered
oseltamivir
most widespread use of acyclovir
most common mechanism of resistance to acyclovir
most frequently encountered form of toxicity with acyclovir
most commonly employed dosage for initial I V therapy
most common initial dosage of foscarnet
most common hematologic abnormality with foscarnet
most common I FN monotherapy regimen
most effective regimen for treatment of chronic hepatitis C
most commonly used assays in HSV
most persons acquire HSV1 infection before
most common clinical manifestations of 1st episode of HSV1
infection
African tick- bite fever
bibasilar rales
serology
M. hominis, U. urealyticum, U. parvum
chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis
coliform bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Chlamydia trachomatis ( in the absence of infection with
uropathogens such as coliforms and S. saprophyticus)
inguinal syndrome, characterized by painful inguinal
lymphadenopathy beginning 2- 6wks after presumed exposure
NAATs ( nucleic acid amplification tests) using PCR, ligase chain
reaction, TMA, and other techniques
Psittacine birds ( parrots, parakeets, budgerigars)
respiratory route
HL cells
direct contact, by ingestion of contaminated water or food, or by
inhalation of aerosolized particles
nausea, GI discomfort, vomiting
treatment of genital HSV infections
deficiency of the virus- induced thymidine kinase
renal dysfunction
5mg/kg q12 for 14- 21 days, followed by I V maintenance dose of
5mg/kg/day or 5x per week
60mg/kg q8 for 14- 21days followed by maintenance dose of 90-
120mg/kg once a day
anemia
I FN alpha2b or alpha2a at 3million units 2x/week for 12-
18months
combination of SC pegylated I FN and oral ribavirin
those that measure antibodies to glycoprotein G to HSV1 ( gG1)
and HSV2 ( gG2)
third decade
gingivostomatitis and pharyngitis
most common clinical manifestation of reactivation of HSV1 recurrent herpes labialis
most common age group affected by HSV pharyngitis and children and young adults
gingivostomatitis
most common infections in patients with AI DS persistent ulcerative HSV infections
most common cause of corneal blindness in the US HSV infection of eye
most commonly identified cause of recurrent lymphocytic HSV
meningitis ( Mollaret's meningitis)
most commonly involved with HSV infection of visceral organs distal esophagus
most sensitive lab technique for HSV diagnosis HSV DNA detection by PCR
most frequently used for treatment of HSV infections Acyclovir
most common period of reactivation of latent VZV sixth decade of life
most commonly affected by chickenpox children 5- 9 yrs old
most common extracutaneous site of involvement in children CNS
with varicella
most common infectious complication of varicella secondary bacterial superinfection of the skin ( usually S.
pyogenes or S. aureus)
most serious complication following chickenpox infection Varicella pneumonia
most frequently involved dermatomes in Herpes zoster T3- L3
most debilitating complication of herpes zoster pain associated with acute neuritis and postherpetic neuralgia
most frequently employed serologic tools for assessing host immunofluorescent detection of antibodies to VZV membrane
response ( VZV) antigens, the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen ( FAMA)
test, immune adherence hemagglutination, and enzyme- linked
immunosorbent assay ( ELI SA) .
most sensitive tests for VZV FAMA and ELI SA
most commonly affected by EBV infection early childhood, with second peak during late adolescence
most common in the 1st 2 weeks of illness of EBV fever usually low- grade
most prominent during 1st 2 weeks of EBV lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis
most often location of lymphadenopathy posterior cervical nodes, but may be generalized
most patients treated with ampicillin develop macular rash
most often cause of deaths in infectious mononucleosis CNS complications, splenic rupture, upper airway obstruction, or
bacterial superinfection
most useful for the diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis I gM antibody to VCA
most common cause of heterophile- negative mononucleosis CMV
most common presentation of congenital CMV infection petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
most common clinical manifestation of CMV infection in normal heterophile antibody- negative mononucleosis syndrome
hosts beyond neonatal period
most common and important viral pathogen complicating organ CMV
transplantation
most common human disease resulting from poxvirus infection molluscum contangiosum
NONE
most often affected population by common warts ( verruca vulgaris) young children
most often affected by plantar warts ( verruca plantaris)
( one of the) most common sexually transmitted diseases in the
US
most common transmission of anogenital HPV infections
most commonly affected by flat warts ( verruca plana)
most common site affected by anogenital warts in circumcised
men
most sensitive and specific methods of virologic diagnosis
most common clinical manifestation of rhinovirus infection
most commonly affected in SARS ( seen on CXR)
most commonly associated with HRSV infection in adults
most common symptoms of HRSV
Most common for Adenovirus
most common clinical syndrome of Adenovirus
most common types of Adenovirus causing epidemic
keratoconjunctivitis
most extensively studied of the orthomyxoviridae
most extensive and severe outbreaks are caused by
most frequent populations affected by I nfluenza B outbreaks
most serious complication of influenza B infection
most prominent high- risk conditions in influenza
most important mediators of immunity
most frequent characterization of influenza
most commonly involved in myalgias from influenza
most frequently affected by complications of influenza
most significant complication of influenza
most common bacterial pathogen in pneumonia secondary to
influenza
most frequently affected by secondary bacterial pneumonia
most common pneumonic complications during outbreaks of
influenza
most commonly affected by acute myositis in influenza infection
most important Oncovirinae in humans
adolescents and young adults
anogenital warts ( condyloma acuminatum)
direct contact with infectious lesions
children occurring on face, neck, chest, and flexor surfaces of
forearms, and legs
penile shaft
PCR or hybrid capture assay
common cold
peripheral and lower lung fields or interstitial infiltrates
common cold- like syndrome
common cold, with rhinorrhea, sore throat, and cough
infants and children, mostly from fall to spring
acute upper respiratory tract infection
type 8, 19, 37
I nfluenzae A and B
I nfluenza A viruses
schools and military camps ( also institutions for elderly)
Reye's syndrome
chronic cardiac and pulmonary diseases and old age
antibodies to hemagglutinin
abrupt onset of systemic symptoms ( headache, feverishness,
chills, myalgia, malaise) and respiratory tract signs ( cough and
sore throat)
legs and lumbosacral area
patients > 64 years old and those with certain chronic disorders,
including cardiac or pulmonary disease, DM,
hemoglobinopathies, renal dysfunction, and immunosuppression
pneumonia: "primary" influenza viral pneumonia, secondary
bacterial pneumonia, or mixed
Strep. pneumo, S. aureus, and H. influenzae
high- risk individuals with chronic pulmonary and cardiac disease
and in elderly
mixed features of viral and bacterial pneumonia
legs
human T cell lymphotropic virus ( HTLV) type I
most important Lentivirinae in humans HI V
most common outcome of HTLV- I infection latent carriage of randomly integrated provirus in CD4+ T cells
most infected cells express ( HTLV) no viral gene products
most HTLV- I transformed cell lines are result of infection of a normal host T cell in vitro
most common transmission of HTLV perinatally
most likely etiologic cause of epidemic sexual contact and blood or blood products
most common cause of HI V disease throughout the world HI V- 1
most likely source of original human infection Pan troglodytes troglodytes species of chimpanzees
responsible for most of the HI V- 1 infections in the world group M ( major)
HI V- 1 O group ( outlier) is most closely related to viruses found in Cameroonian gorillas
most common form ( or subtype) worldwide subtype C viruses of the M group
accounts for most infections in south and southeast asia CRF01_ AE
most common mode of infection of HI V worldwide heterosexual transmission
most common period of maternal transmission to the fetus during perinatal period
most influential factor in ( improvement in morbidity/mortality) increased use of potent ARV drugs,
most common opportunistic infection in HI V- infected individuals mycobacterium tuberculosis
most consistent and potent inducers of HI V expression proinflammatory cytokines TNF- alpha, I L1beta, I L6
most dramatic example of a genetic factor influencing HI V HI V cellular co- receptor CCR5
infection and/or pathogenesis
most potent agonist of CCR5 and HI V- suppressive chemokine CCL3L1 gene that encodes MI P- 1alphaP
for R5 strains of HI V- 1
one of the most potent chemokines that attracts and activates CCL2
mononuclear phagocytes
most commonly used confirmatory test in HI V Western blot
most common patterns of cross- reactivity antibodies that react with p24 and/or p55
2 most commonly used techniques in HI V RT- PCR assay and the bDNA assay
most severe cases occur in ( HI V) patients with lower CD4+ T cell counts
most commonly involved in sinusitis related to HI V maxillary sinuses
one of the most frequent complications of HI V infection pulmonary disease
most common manifestation of pulmonary disease in HI V pneumonia
most common cause of pneumonia bacterial infections and the unicellular fungus P. jiroveci
infection
single most common cause of pneumonia in patients with HI V Pneumocystic pneumonia
infeciton in the US
most common finding on chest x- ray for PCP either normal film, if suspected early; or a faint bilateral
interstitial infiltrate
most common age group affected by active TB in HI V patients 25- 44 years old
most commonly affected by I RI S in patients initiating ARV or anti- TB therapy at the same time,
occurs several weeks following initiation of therapy, seen more
frequently in patients with advanced HI V disease
most common atypical mycobacterial infection in HI V M. avium or M intracellulare species - MAC
most common presentation of MAC infection disseminated disease with fever, weight loss, night sweats
most common pattern of CXR in MAC bilateral, lower lobe infiltrate suggestive of miliary spread
most common presenting signs of Rhodococcus equi infection in fever and cough
HI V
most common pulmonary manifestation of histoplasmosis occurs in in the setting of disseminated disease, presumably due to
reactivation
most common clinically significant finding in HI V ( CVS- wise) dilated cardiomyopathy associated with CHF, referred to as HI V-
associated cardiomyopathy
most frequent cause of oropharyngeal and GI disease in HI V due to secondary infections
most common location of thrush of oral candidiasis soft palate
most frequently isolated in diarrhea in HI V C. jejuni
most common opportunistic protozoa that infect the GI tract Cryptosporidia, microsporidia, and I sospora belli
and cause diarrhea in HI V
most likely to involve the liver in HI V ( among fungal C. immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum
opportunistic infections)
most commonly a consequence of drug toxicity, notably pancreatic injury
secondary to pentamidine or dideoxynucleosides
one of the most common drug- induced renal complications indinavir- associated renal calculi
most common presentation of syphilis in HI V condylomata lata, a form of secondary syphilis
most commonly used in managing lipid abnormalities in HI V gemfibrozil and atorvastatin
most common occurrence of lactic acidosis associated with ARV with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
therapy in HI V
most significant allergic reactions occuring in HI V- infected drug allergies
patients
most commonly affected by I RI S patients starting therapy with CD4+ T cell counts
< 50cells/microliter who have a precipitous drop in HI V RNA
levels following the initiation of HAART
most common hematologic abnormality in HI V- infected patients anemia
most frequently affected by neutropenia patients with severely advanced HI V disease and in patients
receiving any of a number of potentially myelosuppresive
therapies
most effective medical approach to HI V use of HAART
most prevalent dermatologic disorder in HI V patients folliculitis
most severe form of neurologic problem in HI V AI DS dementia complex or HI V encephalopathy
most common cause of seizure in HI V cerebral mass lesions ( from toxoplasmosis, Lymphoma, then
cryptococcal meningitis)
most common cause of focal neurologic deficits in HI V patients toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, CNS
lymphoma
one of the most common causes of secondary CNS infections in toxoplasmosis
patients with AI DS
most common areas with toxoplasmosis Caribbean and France
most common clinical presentation of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HI V fever, headache, focal neurologic deficits
most common peripheral neuropathy in HI V distal sensory polyneuropathy, may be a direct consequence of
HI V infection or a side effect of dideoxynucleoside therapy
most common abnormal findings on fundoscopic examination in HI V cotton- wool spots
one of the most devastating consequences of HI V infection CMV retinitis
most common presentation in HI V patients of Histoplasmosis disseminated disease presumably due to reactivation
third most common AI DS- defining illness in Thailand, following Penicillium marneffei
TB and Cryptococcosis
most common appearance of Kaposi Sarcoma lesions raised macules
most commonly affected by KS aside from skin lymph nodes, GI tract, lung
single most important determinant of response appears to be the CD4+ T cell count
most frequently affected by Small noncleaved cell lymphoma patients age 10- 19
( Burkitt's lymphoma)
most common extranodal site for lymphoma CNS
locations most commonly involved in CNS lymphoma deep in the white matter
most common HPV genotypes in the general population HPV 16 and 18
most common toxicity of Didanosine painful sensory peripheral neuropathy
most common side effects of Maraviroc dizziness due to postural hypotension, cough, fever, colds rash,
muscle and joint pain, and stomach pain
most effective way for sexually active uninfected individuals to practice of "safer sex"
avoid contracting HI V infection and for infected individuals to
avoid spreading infection
most condom failures result from breakage or improper usage
most effective way to prevent transmission of HI V infection to stop use of injectable drugs
among I DUs
most common infectious agents of mild gastroenteritis in the Noroviruses
community and affect all age groups
most common agent among older children and adults causing Noroviruses
gastroenteritis
most common age group affected with severe disease of young children with 1st or 2nd infection
rotavirus infection
most common Astrovirus type type 1
most common age group infected by enterovirus infection infants and young children
most frequent shedders of enteroviruses and usually the index young children
case in family outbreaks
most common transmission of enteroviruses fecal- oral route
most common presentation of poliovirus asymptomatic
most common site of weakness in poliovirus infection legs
most common cause of aseptic meningitis and nonspecific febrile enteroviruses
illness in neonates
most common clinical manifestations of enterovirus infection nonspecific febrile illness
most serious enterovirus infections in infants develop during first week of life
most common pathogen in patients developing neurologic echoviruses
disease while receiving gamma globulin replacement
most cases of enteroviral myocarditis affects newborns, adolescents, or young adults
most common cause of rubelliform rash echovirus 9
most common cause of hand- foot- and- mouth disease coxsackie A16 or enterovirus 71
most accurate method for antibody determination in enterovirus measurement of neutralizing titers
infections
most infections of reoviruses are asymptomatic or cause very mild disease
most common complication of measles infection otitis media
most common secondary bacterial infection in measles streptococci, pneumococci, or staphylococci
most often documented pneumonia in immunocompromised and Primary giant- cell ( Hecht's) pneumonia
malnourished patients with measles
most frequently involved in arthritis of rubella fingers, wrists, and/or knees
most important factor in the pathogenicity of rubella virus for gestational age at the time of infection
the fetus
most commonly used test in rubella ELI SA for I gG and I gM antibodies
most distinctive feature of Mumps swelling of one or both parotid glands
most common manifestation of mumps among postpubertal orchitis
males aside from parotitis
most often manifestation of rabies after a prodromal phase encephalitis
most characteristic pathologic finding in rabies Negri body
most commonly affected by Negri bodies ( eosinophilic Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in pyramidal cells in the
cytoplasmic inclusions) hippocampus
most distinguished presentation of Rabies encephalitis early brainstem involvement, resulting in classic symptoms of
hydrophobia and aerophobia
most common presentation of Colorado Tick Fever fever and myalgia
most important form of HF HF with renal syndrome
most common cause of HF with renal syndrome in Europe I nfections with Puumala virus
most important agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome I US Sin Nombre virus
NONE
most common general anatomic categories of fungal infections mucocutaneous and deep organ infeciton
most common general epidemiological categories of fungal endemic and opportunistic
infections
most commonly used stains to identify fungi periodic acid- Schiff and Gomori methenamine silver
most reliable tests for deep organ fungal infections detection of antibody of Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma
capsulatum in serum and CSF, detection of cryptococcal
polysaccharide antigen in serum and CSF, detection of
Histoplasma antigen in urine or serum
most frequently recovered fungal organism from blood
most prevalent endemic mycosis in North America
most commonly involved in progressive disseminated
histoplasmosis ( PDH)
principal drugs now used to treat most cases of
coccidioidomycosis
most patients with focal primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
require
most cases of disseminated coccidioidomycosis require
most commonly mimicked by chronic pulmonary blastomycosis
most common radiologic finding in Blastomycosis
most common extrapulmonary manifestation of blastomycosis
most important prognostic factor in cryptococcosis
4th most common isolate from the blood of hospitalized patients
most important defense mechanism against hematogenously
disseminated candidiasis
most important component of innate immunity to Candida
most frequently reported cause of chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis
most commonly infected in deeply invasive candidiases
most common pathogen responsible for invasive aspergillosis,
chronic aspergillosis, allergic syndrome
most common areas of growth of Aspergillus
most common clinical features of Aspergillosis
most common features of invasive sinusitis due to aspergillosis
most often site of dissemination of Aspergillus, from lungs to
multi organs, in most severely immunocompromised hosts
most common features of disseminated aspergillosis
most typical of acute disease in cerebral aspergillosis
most useful immediate investigation in cerebral aspergillosis
most affected by aspergillus endocarditis
most common presentation of aspergillus endocarditis
most significant complication of aspergilloma
most commonly affected sinus in chronic invasive sinusitis by
aspergillus
most common approach to otitis externa by aspergillus
Candida
Histoplasmosis
bone marrow, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and mucocutaneous
membranes
Triazole antifungals
no therapy
prolonged antifungal therapy
malignancy or tuberculosis
alveolar infiltrates with or without cavitation, mass lesions that
mimic bronchogenic CA and fibronodular infiltrates
skin disease
extent and duration of the underlying immunologic deficits that
predisposed them to develop the disease
candida species
innate immunity
neutrophil
failure of T lymphocytes to proliferate or to stimulate cytokines
in response to stimulation by Candida antigens in vitro
brain, chorioretina, heart and kidneys
A. fumigatus
decomposing plant material and in bedding
asymptomatic, fever, cough, nondescript chest discomfort,
trivial hemoptysis, shortness of breath
fever, nasal or facial discomfort, blocked nose, nasal discharge
most often brain ( also skin, thyroid, bone, kidney, liver, GI , eye,
heart valve)
cutaneous lesions, gradual clinical deterioration in 1- 3 days,
low- grade fever, features of mild sepsis, multiple nonspecific
abnormalities in lab tests
hemorrhagic infarction
MRI
prosthetic valve infections
culture- negative endocarditis with large vegetations
life- threatening hemoptysis ( could be presenting symptom)
ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses
local debridement and local application of antifungal agents
most common cause of halo sign on HR thoracic CT scan Aspergillus spp.
most common genus recovered from patients with Rhizopus and Rhizomucor
Mucormycosis
most common superficial skin infection tinea versicolor ( by malassezia)
most frequent site of malassezia infection chest and midline of back
most common dermatophytic infection tinea pedis
most common cause of tinea pedis tinea rubrum
most common dermatophyte associated with tinea capitis tinea tonsurans
most common presentation of sporotrichosis chronic cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and/or subcutaneous
disease
most common among immunocompromised patients ( mode of hematogenous dissemination
dissemination of S. schenckii)
most common cause of eumycetoma worldwide madurella mycetomatis
most common etiologic agents of chromoblastomycosis Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, Phialophora verrucosa,
Rhinocladiella aquaspersa, Cladosporium carrionii
most common etiologic agents of phaeohyphomycosis exophiala jeanselmei, wangiella dermatitidis, bipolaris species
most common cause of fusariosis Fusarium solani
most frequent used therapeutic agent in algal infections amphotericin B
most prominent antigen group in Pneumocystis 95- 140 kDa major surface glycoprotein ( MSG)
single most effective means of controlling parasitic infections chemotherapy
most prevalent transmission of Entamoeba histolytica food- borne exposure
3rd most common cause of death from parasitic disease E. histolytica ( after schistosomiasis and malaria)
most common type of amebic infection asymptomatic cyst passage ( most patients harbor E. dispar)
most often extraintestinal infection by E. histolytica liver
most often presentation of amebic liver abscess febrile, RUQ pain which may be dull or pleuritic in nature and
may radiate to shoulder
most frequent complication of amebic liver abscess pleuropulmonary involvement
most important procedures in the diagnosis of amebiasis stool exam, serologic tests, noninvasive imaging of the liver
most often elevated lab finding in amebic liver abscess alkaline phosphatase
most important differential diagnosis in liver abscess amebic vs pyogenic
most commonly infected with Naegleria otherwise healthy children or young adults who often report
recent swimming in lakes or heated swimming pools
most important of the parasitic disease of humans malaria
most malarial infections are asymptomatic
most effective mosquito vectors of malaria Anopheles gambiae
most important antigen in Falciparum malaria surface adhesin, variant protein PfEMP1
most common manifestations of B. microti infection fever, fatigue, malaise, shaking chills, sweats, myalgia, and
arthralgias
most often affected by Babesiosis, due to B. divergens asplenic patients
most common form of Babesia ring forms
most transmission cycles traditionally have been classified as zoonotic
most prominent areas for skin lesions in Post- kala- azar dermal face that develop during or after therapy for visceral
leishmaniasis ( PKDL) leishmaniasis
most common side effects of therapy with Miltefosine GI symptoms and reversible elevations in creatinine and
aminotransferase levels
most commonly affected by trypanosomiasis heart
most important parasitic disease burden in Latin America Chagas' disease
most striking difference between West and East African East African trypanosomiasis follow a more acute course
trypanosomiases
most common important adverse effect of suramin renal damage
most important manifestations of Toxoplasmosis congenital infection and encephalitis from reactivation of latent
infection in the brains of immunosuppressed persons
most critical factor that influence fetal outcome gestational age at time of infection
most probable source of recrudescent infection in bradyzoite cyst degeneration and rupture within the CNS
immunocompromised individuals
most likely stimulus for persistence of antibody titers in the bradyzoite cyst degeneration and rupture within the CNS
immunocompetent host
most common manifestation of acute toxoplasmosis cervical lymphadenopathy
most often involved areas in CNS Toxoplasmosis brainstem, basal ganglia, pituitary gland, and corticomedullary
junction
most ocular involvement in Toxoplasmosis is due to congenital infection
one of the most common parasitic diseases in both developed giardiasis
and developing countries worldwide
most often species of Cryptosporidium causing human infections C. hominis and C. parvum
most commonly affected by microsporidiosis patients with AI DS
one of the most prevalent protozoal parasites in the US Trichomonas vaginalis
most sensitive means of detection of Trichomonas culture of the parasite
most commonly involved muscles in trichinella infection extraocular muscles, biceps, and muscles of the jaw, neck,
lower back, and diaphragm
most commonly affected by visceral larva migrans ( toxocara) children who habitually eat dirt
most light infections of toxocara present as asymptomatic
most commonly affected by Toxocara infection posterior pole of the retina
most common presenting symptoms of Toxocara infection unilateral visual disturbances, strabismus, eye pain
most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis Angiostrongylus cantonensis ( rat lungworm)
most common cutaneous manifestation of strongyloidiasis recurrent urticaria, often involving the buttocks and wrists
among the most common and striking problems in general coma
medicine
most common causes of vegetative and minimally conscious cardiac arrest with cerebral hypoperfusion and head injuries
states
most common herniations supratentorial to the infratentorial compartments through
tentorial opening hence, transtentorial
most extreme pupillary sign in coma bilaterally dilated and unreactive pupils
most useful in diagnosis of coma
most common categories of cerebrovascular diseases
most common stroke
most widely distributed human filarial parasite
most common presentations of the lymphatic filariases
most frequent manifestations of onchocerciasis
most serious complication of onchocerciasis
most common early finding in onchocerciasis
most common cause of manifestations in chronic
schistosomiasis
2nd most significant pathologic change in the liver with
schistosomiasis
most often cause of swimmers' itch
most importantly affected by chronic schistosomiasis
most common symptoms of lung involvement in schistosomiasis
2nd most common cause of epilepsy in endemic areas ( e.g.
Philippines)
most commonly detected site of cysticerci
most common manifestations of cysticerci
most common sites of echinococcal cysts
most often presentation of patients with hepatic echinococcus
who are symptomatic
most common of all cestode infections
most common involvement in Coenurosis
most frequently cited use of microbial pathogens as potential
weapons of war or terrorism
form most likely to be responsible for death in the setting of a
bioterrorist attack
most common areas for infection with Tularemia
most likely affected by Tularemia
most likely mode of dissemination of Tularemia as a biologic weapon aerosol
chemical- toxicologic analysis of blood and urine, cranial CT or
MRI , EEG, CSF examination
basal ganglia and thamalmic hemorrhage; pontine hemorrhage;
cerebellar hemorrhage; basilar artery thrombosis; subarachnoid
hemorrhage
infarction in the territory of the MCA
Wuchereria bancrofti
asymptomatic or subclinical microfilaremia, hydrocele, acute
adenolymphangitis, chronic lymphatic disease
pruritus and rash
visual impairment
conjunctivitis with photophobia
due to eggs retained in host tissues
fibrosis
S. mansoni and S. japonicum
lungs and CNS
cough, fever, and dyspnea
J acksonian epilepsy due to S. japonicum
brain, CSF, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue or eye
neurologic manifestations
liver and lungs
abdominal pain or palpable mass in RUQ
Hymenolepis nana
CNS involvement and subcutaneous tissue
poisoning of water supplies in the 6th century BC with the
fungus Claviceps purpurea ( rye ergot) by the Assyrians; the
hurling of the dead bodies of plague victims over the walls of
the city of Kaffa by the Tartar Army in 1346, efforts by the
British to spread smallpox via contaminated blankets to the
native American population loyal to the French in 1767
inhalational anthrax
rural areas where a variety of small mammals may serve as
reservoir
hunters, during the colder months ( with direct contact with
infected mammals)
most likely modes of transmission for bioterrorism for Botulism
most likely agents to be used on a battlefied
most commonly affected by sulfur mustard
most sensitive sites for erythema with sulfur mustard
most sensitive organs to mustard vapor injury
most severe damage with sulfur mustard
most effective benzodiazepines in cases of nerve agent induced
seizures
most likely scenario of nuclear terror
most effective time to take Potassium I odide in preventing or
reversing radionuclide interaction
most valuable early indicator for radiation- exposed patient
most common cancers with radiation exposure
ingestion of contaminated food or inhalation of aerosolized toxin
sulfur mustard and organophosphorus nerve agents
skin ( with erythema and vesicles) , eyes ( ranging from mild
conjunctivitis to severe eye damage) , and airways ( ranging
from mild upper airway irritation to severe bronchiolar damage)
warm moist locations and thin delicate skin such as perineum,
external genitalia, axillae, antecubital fossae, and neck
eyes
liquid mustard
midazolam
detonation of a single low- yield device
first hour after exposure and is still effective 6h after exposure
absolute lymphocyte counts taken every 4- 6h for 5- 6 days
leukemia, breast, brain, thyroid, and lung cancer

I NFECTI OUS DI SEASES

Hallmark of primary herpes simplex virus grouped vesicles on erythematous base that may evolve into
pustules
pathognomonic for measles Koplik's spots ( 1- 2mm white or bluish lesions with an
erythematous halo on the buccal mucosa
earliest specific antibody to appear in response to infection I gM
pathognomonic skin manifestations target lesion of Erythema migrans ( lyme disease) ; ecthyma
gangrenosum ( pseudomonas aeruginosa) ; and eschars
( rickettsial disease)
harbinger of critical illness in febrile patient visible agitation or anxiety
Necrotizing fasciitis without treatment, pain decreases because of
thrombosis of the small blood vessels and destruction of the
peripheral nerves, an ominous sign
Drug of choice for Malaria ( Asia- incl. SE Asia) Mefloquine, Doxycycline, Atovaquone- proguanil ( Malarone)
leading cause of illness in traveler's diarrhea
mainstay for prevention of Travelers' diarrhea food and water precautions
mainstay for therapy for travelers' diarrhea rehydration
definitive method for unusual or difficult- to- cultivate organisms 16s sequencing
Hallmark of pleurodynia ( coxsackievirus B) , trichinellosis, and severe muscle pain
bacterial infection
definitive when there is drainage, open would, or obvious portal of Gram's stain and culture
entry, diagnosis is provided for by
hallmark of renal abscesses from Candida, by ascension from ureteral obstruction with large fungal balls
the bladder
mainstay of therapy of liver abscesses drainage - either percutaneous or surgical
leading cause of morbidity in children; also major cause of acute diarrheal illnesses
death
mainstay of treatment for infectious diarrhea or bacterial food adequate rehydration
poisoning
definitively identifies salpingitis laparoscopy
leading cause of death in some developing countries HI V
definitive diagnosis of cholangitis in liver transplant recipients require documentation of bacteremia or demonstration of
aggregated neutrophils in bile duct biopsy specimen
Drug of choice for Acute otitis media ampicillin/amoxicillin
Drug of choice for Bacterial gastroenteritis Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
Drug of choice for Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic Doxycycline, Minocycline
bronchitis
Drug of choice for Aeromonas infections Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for brucellosis ( with streptomycin) Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for CA- MRSA infections, leptospirosis, syphilis, Doxycycline, Minocycline
actinomycosis in pen- allergic patient
Drug of choice for Bacillary angiomatosis ( Bartonella henselae) erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for Campylobacter erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for CAP erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin,
moxifloxacin
Drug of choice for Abscess in lung, brain, or abdomen Metronidazole
Drug of choice for Antibiotic- associated clostridium difficile Metronidazole
disease
Drug of choice for Bacterial vaginosis Metronidazole
Drug of choice for Actinomycosis Penicillin G
Drug of choice for Anthrax Penicillin G
Drug of choice for Acinetobacter spp Polymyxin E ( colistin)
Drug of choice for Antibiotic- associated pseudomembranous Vancomycin
colitis
Drug of choice for Bacteremia, endocarditis, other serious Vancomycin
infections due to MRSA
Drug of choice for Chlamydial infections doxycycline
Drug of choice for Clostridial myonecrosis Penicillin G
Drug of choice combined with penicillin for staph, enterococcal, or Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin
viridans strep endocarditis
Drug of choice for community- acquired UTI TMP- SMX
Drug of choice for E. coli UTI Cefazolin
Drug of choice for Ehrlichiosis Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for Enterococcus faecalis UTI ampicillin/amoxicillin
Drug of choice for erysipeloid ( Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) Penicillin G
Drug of choice for ESBL- producing G( - ) bacilli I mipenem or Meropenem
Drug of choice for gastric infections due to H. pylori erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for glanders Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for Gonococcal infections Ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for granuloma inguinale Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for Granulomatous skin infections due to M. minocycline
marinum
Drug of choice for Group A and B streptococcal infection; Penicillin G
pneumococcal infections
Drug of choice for group A streptococcal pharyngitis in pen- erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
allergic patients
Drug of choice for H. influenzae meningitis and epiglottitis ampicillin/amoxicillin
Drug of choice for hospital- acquired G( - ) enteric infections Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
Drug of choice for hospital- acquired infection due to G( - ) bacilli Polymyxin E ( colistin)
resistant to all other chemotherapy
Drug of choice for Hospital- acquired infections ( non- MRSA) I mipenem or Meropenem
Drug of choice for hospital- acquired infections caused by non- Ceftriaxone; ceftazidime, cefepime; Aztreonam
pseudomonal facultative G( - ) enteric bacilli
Drug of choice for I nfections by mixed flora ( aspiration Piperacillin- Tazobactam
pneumonia, diabetic ulcers)
Drug of choice for infections by obligate anaerobes Clindamycin
Drug of choice for infections by susceptible staphylococci Clindamycin
Drug of choice for infections by Vibrio vulnificus Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for I nfections caused by Enterobacter spp. I mipenem or Meropenem, fluoroquinolones
Drug of choice for infections due to Stenotrophomonas minocycline, Polymyxin E ( colistin)
Drug of choice for I ntraabdominal infections ( facultative enteric Piperacillin- Tazobactam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, I mipenem,
GNB + obligate anaerobes) Meropenem
Drug of choice for Legionella erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for Legionella pneumonia Rifampin
Drug of choice for Leprosy Dapsone
Drug of choice for Leptospirosis Penicillin G
Drug of choice for Listeria monocytogenes meningitis ampicillin/amoxicillin
Drug of choice for melioidosis Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for Meningococcal meningitis and Penicillin G
meningococcemia
Drug of choice for mild CAP, skin and soft tissue infections Doxycycline, Minocycline
caused by G( + ) cocci
Drug of choice for MRSA bacteremia Daptomycin
Drug of choice for Mycobacterium avium- intracellulare infections erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for Mycoplasma erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Drug of choice for nocardial infections sulfonamides
Drug of choice for obligate anaerobic G( - ) bacteria ( Bacteroides Metronidazole
spp)
Drug of choice for Oral and periodontal infections Penicillin G
Drug of choice for P aeruginosa Polymxyin E ( colistin)
Drug of choice for Pasteurella multocida infection Penicillin G
Drug of choice for PI D Cefoxitin, Cefotetan
Drug of choice for Pneumococcal meningitis Ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for Pseudomonas Ceftazidime, cefepime; Aztreonam, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
Drug of choice for pyelonephritis Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin
Drug of choice for Rat- bite fever Penicillin G
Drug of choice for rickettsial infections Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for S. aureus ( non- MRSA) bacteremia and Nafcillin, oxacillin; Cefazolin
endocarditis
Drug of choice for S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections ( CA- TMP- SMX, Linezolid
MRSA)
Drug of choice for Salmonellosis ampicillin/amoxicillin; ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for severe, invasive grp A strep infections Clindamycin
Drug of choice for spirochetal infections by Borrelia ( Lyme doxycycline
disease and relapsing fever)
Drug of choice for Staph foreign body infections, in combo with Rifampin
other anti- staph agents
Drug of choice for Surgical prophylaxis Cefazolin
Drug of choice for Syphilis Penicillin G
Drug of choice for Tetanus Penicillin G
Drug of choice for Topical application to nares to eradicate S. Mupirocin
aureus carriage
Drug of choice for toxoplasmosis sulfadiazine
Drug of choice for Tularemia Gentamicin, Doxycycline, Minocycline
Drug of choice for typhoid fever Ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for UTI Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
Drug of choice for viridans Streptococcal endocarditis Penicillin G; ceftriaxone
Drug of choice for VRE Linezolid, Quinupristin/dalfopristin, Daptomycin
Drug of choice with beta- lactam antibiotic for G( - ) bacteremia Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin
Drug of choice for Yaws Penicillin G
mainstay of therapy in H. influenzae infection ( CNS?) beta- lactam drugs
cornerstone in therapy for serious pneumococcal infection beta- lactam antibiotics
leading cause of nosocomial infections
mainstay of therapy of TSS
definitive diagnosis for GAS
gold standard for diagnosis of pharyngitis due to Strep
leading cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in newborns
and a major cause of endometritis and fever n parturient
women
Drug of choice for Rhodococcus
hallmark of L. monocytogenes model
definitive diagnosis for botulism
cornerstone in therapy of rapidly advancing fasciitis
mainstay for gas gangrene therapy
definitive diagnosis of Meningococcal meningitis
Drug of choice for Gonorrhea
mainstay of therapy for uncomplicated gonococcal infection of
the urethra, cervix, rectum, or pharynx
hallmark of H. influenzae
definitive diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila
definitive method for diagnosis of legionella infection
Drug of choice for Pertussis
heralding onset of convalescent phase of pertussis
gold standard for diagnosis of pertusis
hallmark of pertussis
mainstay for pertussis prevention
hallmark syndrome of grossly bloody diarrhea
mainstay of treatment for all diarrheal syndromes
Drug of choice for P. aeruginosa pneumonia, bacteremia
may herald underlying disease at another site ( often pneumonia or
sinusitis)
gold standard for diagnosis of patients with ear infection due to
P. aeruginosa
mainstay for therapy of acute pneumonia due to P. aeruginosa
definitive diagnosis of enteric fever
Hallmark of enteric fever
S. aureus
supportive therapy with reversal of hypotension
culture of throat specimen that is properly collected and
properly processed; a positive rapid diagnostic kit
throat culture
Group B streptococcus
vancomycin
killed vaccines do not provide protective immunity
demonstration of toxin in serum by bioassay in mice
incision of affected area
surgery
recovering N. meningitidis, its antigens, or its DNA from
normally sterile body fluids or from skin lesions
Penicillin
single- dose regimens of the 3rd generation cephalosporins
Ceftriaxone ( given I M) and Cefixime ( given orally)
airway inflammation
Direct fluorescent antibody ( DFA) test
isolation of organism from respiratory secretion or other
specimens
macrolide
coughing episodes become less frequent and less severe
nasopharyngeal secretions
paroxysmal cough
active immunization
colonic edema and an initial secretory diarrhea may develop
into the STEC/EHEC ( Shiga toxin–producing E. coli
/enterohemorrhagic E. coli )
replacement of water and electrolytes
Pip- Tazo or I mipenem or Meropenem + Amikacin
bacteremia
positive technetium- 99 bone scan
potent antipseudomonal beta- lactam
isolation of S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi from blood, bone marrow,
other sterile sites, rose spots, stool, or intestinal secretions
prolonged fever and abdominal pain
gold standard for diagnosis of Shigella infection
definitive diagnosis of inflammatory diarrhea ( Campylobacter
enteritis)
definitive diagnosis of Brucella
gold standard for treatment of brucellosis in adults
mainstay for serologic diagnosis for Brucellosis
mainstay for veterinary prevention
Drug of choice for plague
Drug of choice for Donovanosis
earliest stage of actinomycotic involvement of the pelvis
hallmark of actinomycosis
hallmark of actinomycosis
cornerstone of diagnosis of TB meningitis
definitive diagnosis of Genitourinary TB
definitive diagnosis of Pericardial TB ( tuberculous pericarditis)
definitive diagnosis of TB
gold standard for Tuberculous meningitis and tuberculoma
diagnosis
pathognomonic of miliary tuberculosis in up to 30%
mainstay for Leprosy therapy
pathognomonic for leprosy
pathognomonic for leprosy
Drug of choice in tuberculosis
earliest sign of congenital syphilis
definitive diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis
definitive diagnosis of ricketssia
Drug of choice for rickettsioses, rocky mountain spotted fever
mainstay of laboratory diagnosis of scrub typhus
in Chlamydial infections, icterus, the result of severe hepatic
involvement is a rare and ominous finding
isolation and identification of pathogen from fecal material
culture or demonstration of characteristic organisms on stained
fecal smears
isolation of brucellae from blood, CSF, bone marrow, or joint
fluid or from tissue aspirate or biopsy sample
I M streptomycin ( 0.75- 1g daily for 14- 21 days) + doxycycline
( 100mg BI D for 6 wks)
standard agglutination test ( SAT)
national commitment to testing and slaughter of infected
herds/flocks, control of animal movement, and active
immunization of animals
streptomycin ( also gentamicin) , Doxycycline, Minocycline
chloramphenicol
endometritis
chronic, indolent phase manifested by lesions that usually
appear as single or multiple indurations
risk of relapse
Lumbar puncture
culture of 3 morning urine specimens
by pericardiocentesis under echocardiographic guidance
isolation and identification of M. tuberculosis from a clinical
specimen or identification of specific sequences of DNA in a
nucleic acid amplification test
culture of CSF
choroidal tubercles
sulfones ( dapsone)
invasion and destruction of nerves in the dermis by T cells
actual granuloma formation within dermal nerves
capreomycin, after streptomycin
rhinitis or "snuffles", soon followed by other mucocutaneous
lesions
culture of B. burgdorferi in Barbour- Stoenner- Kelly ( BSK)
medium
requires examination of paited serum samples after
convalescence
doxycycline
serologic assays ( I FA, indirect immunoperoxidase, and enzyme
immunoassays)
pathognomonic for psittacosis
hallmark of Hodgkin's disease
gold standard for defining HSV encephalitis
hallmark of HSV encephalitis
mainstay of therapy for HSV ( mucocutaneous infections)
heralded by pain within the dermatome
hallmark of chicken pox
hallmark of Burkitt's lymphoma
hallmark of Epstein- Barr virus infection
definitive diagnosis of adenovirus infection
mainstay for Coronavirus management
cornerstone of management of patients with HI V infection
cornerstones of an HI V prevention strategy
definitive diagnosis of PCP
definitive diagnosis of microsporidia ( Enterocytozoon bieneusi)
definitive diagnosis of HI V- associated nephropathy
definitive diagnosis of cerebral Toxoplasmosis
gold standard for a diagnosis of HI V infection
Hallmark of HI V
Hallmark of HI V
Hallmark of HI V
Hallmark of AI DS ( before the development of effective
prophylactic regimens)
Hallmark of HI V- associated nephropathy
Histologic hallmark of zidovudine- induced myopathy
leading cause of end- stage renal failure among African
Americans aged 20- 64 in the US
mainstay of treatment and prevention for indinavir- associated
renal calculi
( Levinthal- Coles- Lillie bodies) characteristic cytoplasmic
inclusion bodies
high- level LMP1 expression in Reed- Sternberg cells
brain biopsy
acute onset of fever and focal neurologic symptoms and signs,
esp in temporal lobe
acyclovir, famciclovir, valcyclovir
onset of disease ( VZV)
skin lesions: maculopapules, vesicles, scabs
enhance proliferation of B cells, increasing the likelihood of c-
myc translocation
appearance of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood
( activated CD8+ T lymphocytes)
established by detection of virus in tissue culture ( as evidenced by
cytopathic changes) and by specific identification with
immunofluorescence or other immunologic techniques
supportive therapy
combination antiretroviral therapy ( ART) or HAART
education, counseling, and behavior modification
demonstration of organism in samples obtained from induced
sputum, broncheoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy or open
lung biopsy
depends on electron- microscopic examination of a stool
specimen, intestinal aspirate, or intestinal biopsy specimen
renal biopsy
brain biopsy
positive EI A with a confirmatory Western Blot
reverse transcription of its genomic RNA to DNA by the enzyme
reverse transcriptase
profound immunodeficiency resulting primarily from a progressive
quantitative and quali deficiency of the subset of T
lymphocytes ( helper T cells)
chronic and persistent infection
Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP)
proteinuria
red ragged fibers
HI V infection
adequate hydration
leading cause of mortality among children in developing
countries
leading cause of exanthems in children in the summer and fall
may herald a bacterial superinfection ( measles)
fifth leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide
pathognomonic for measles
pathognomonic for measles
cardinal features of encephalitic rabies
mainstay of Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syndrome
earliest involvement seen with Ebola and Marburg viruses
definitive diagnosis of any fungal infection
Drug of choice for Aspergillosis
gold standard for diagnosis of histoplasmosis
definitive identification of blastomycosis
definitive diagnosis of blastomycosis
cardinal diagnostic tests for allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis
definitive diagnosis of aspergillosis
hallmark of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis
histologic hallmark of allergic fungal sinusitis
hallmark of rhinocerebral mucormycosis
in Mucormycosis, cavernous sinus thrombosis is an ominous
sign
definitive diagnosis of mycoses and algal infections
definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis
definitive diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis
definitive diagnosis of Penicillinosis
Drug of choice for All forms of PcP, primary and secondary
prophylaxis
mainstay for diagnosis of Pneumocystis
acute infectious gastroenteritis
enterovirus infection
leukocytosis
measles
Koplik's spots, eruption on buccal mucous membranes
multinucleated giant cells with inclusion bodies in nucleus and
cytoplasm ( Warthin- Finkeldey cells) in respiratory and lymphoid
tissues
muscle weakness
management of shock, reliance on pressors, modest crystalloid
infusion, I V use of human serum albumin, treatment of renal
failure with prompt dialysis for the usual indications
mononuclear phagocyte system
requires histopathologic identification of the fungus invading
tissue, accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory response
Voriconazole
fungal culture
requires conversion to the yeast phase at 37 oC or, more
commonly, the use of NAAT that detect mycelial- phase growth
growth of organism from sputum, pus, or biopsy material
elevated serum level of total I gE
positive culture of a sample taken directly from an ordinarily
sterile site or positive result of both histologic testing and
culture of a sample taken from an affected organ
one or more pulmonary cavities expanding over a period of
months or years in assoc. with pulmonary symptoms and
systemic manifestation such as fatigue and weight loss.
local eosinophilia and the breakdown products of eosinophils,
Charcot- Leyden crystals
black eschar of the palate
microscopic examination and culture
culture of S. schenckii on any of a variety of media
culture of organism
culture
TMP- SMX
fiberoptic bronchoscopy with BAL
definitive diagnosis of amebic colitis
definitive diagnosis of E. dispar colonization
Drug of choice for Amebic liver abscess
earliest intestinal lesions with amebiasis
may herald the development of cerebral disease
coma is a characteristic and ominous feature of falciparum
malaria ( cerebral malaria)
pathognomonic for Babesia microti and other small Babesia
species
mainstay of therapy for leishmaniasis
definitive diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
definitive diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Drug of choice for East African Trypanosomiasis with CNS
involvement
Drug of choice for Trypanosomiasis
pathognomonic for CNS involvement in Trypanosomiasis
definitive means of detecting or ruling out Toxoplasma infection
when CNS lesion is suspected
definitive diagnosis of Trichinellosis
cardinal symptom of Enterobius infection
definitive diagnosis of Angiostrongyliasis
mainstay of treatment in abdominal angiostrongyliasis
pathognomonic for strongyloidiasis
definitive diagnosis of Filariasis
definitive diagnosis of Onchocerciasis
definitive diagnosis of loaisis
second leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide
leading cause of onchocercal blindness in Africa
mainstay for onchocerciasis treatment
Drug of choice for Clonorchis sinensis, O. viverrini, O. felineus
Drug of choice for F. buski, H. heterophyes
Drug of choice for F. hepatica, F. gigantica
demonstration of hematophagous trophozoites of E. histolytica
specific antigen- detection tests
Metronidazole
microulcerations of the mucosa of the cecum, sigmoid colon, or
rectum that release erythrocytes, inflammatory lcelles, and
epithelial cells
generalized seizures are specifically associated with falciparum
malaria
tetrads or "Maltese" crosses in blood smears during infections
sodium stilbogluconate and meglumine antimonate
demonstration of parasite in specimens from infected sites,
which typically relies on classic microbiologic methods
detection of the parasite
arsenical melarsoprol
Benznidazole
any CSF abnormality in patient in whom trypanosomes have
been found at other sites
single- photon emission CT ( SPECT)
surgical biopsy of at least 1g of involved muscle
perianal pruritus
surgically with partial bowel resection
careful observation and surgical resection
migrating larvae eliciting serpiginous eruption, larva currens
detection of parasites
detection of an adult worm in an excised nodule, or more
commonly, of microfilariae in a skin snip
detection of microfilariae in peripheral blood or isolation of an
adult worm from th eye or from subcutaneous biopsy specimen
from a site of swelling developing after treatment
onchocerciasis
sclerosing keratitis
chemotherapy
Praziquantel
Praziquantel
Triclabendazole
Drug of choice for Paragonimus westermani Praziquantel
Drug of choice for Schistosomiasis praziquantel
definitive method of treatment of Echinococcosis surgery
definitive diagnosis and treatment of coenurosis surgical excision of the lesion
mainstay for cysticercosis with hydrocephalus treatment emergent reduction of intracranial pressure
mainstay for patients with diffuse cerebral edema and elevated glucocorticoids
intracranial pressure due to multiple inflamed lesions in patients
with cysticercosis
pathognomonic for Echinococcus granulosus infection daughter cysts within larger cyst ( eggshell or mural calcification on
CT)
earliest symptoms of Anthrax typically a viral- like prodrome with fever, malaise, and
abdominal and/or chest symptoms that progress over the
course of a few days to a moribund state
mainstay of prevention of full- blown disease in botulism early recognition of the clinical syndrome and use of
appropriate equine antitoxin
earliest form of mustard skin injury erythema
earliest effects from mustard and perhaps the only effects from a involve the nose, sinuses, and pharynx
low concentration
gold standard for bacterial strain analysis pulse- field gel electrophoresis
mainstay of schistosomiasis Praziquantel
leading cause of death from poisoning carbon monoxide
cornerstone of trypanosomicidal treatment nitrofurans and nitroimidazole derivatives ( Nifurtimox and
benznidazole)
gold standard for differentiation between allograft rejection and endomyocardial biopsy
reactivation of Chagas' disease

HEMATOLOGY, ONCOLOGY, ALLERGY, RHEUMATOLOGY, AND DERMATOLOGY MOST

most commonly affected by Ecthyma gangrenosum axillary, groin, perianal regions
most common type of eruption centrally distributed rashes ( primarily truncal)
most commonly affected by Exanthem subitum ( roseola) children < 3 years of age
most prominent areas for rashes peripherally or being in peripheral ( acral) areas before
spreading centripetally
most common cause of Hand- foot- and- mouth disease coxsackievirus A16
most prominent affected areas of variola lesions face and extremities
most prominent affected areas of varicella trunk
most often used in the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections Tzanck smear
most common type of I rritant contact dermatitis chronic low- grade irritant dermatitis
most commonly involved are in I CD hands
most common irritants in I CD chronic wet work, soap, detergents
most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis exposure to plants ( family Anacardiaceae includes genus
 Toxicodendron - Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac)
most commonly affected by Nummular eczema men, middle age
most common location affected by seborrheic dermatitis scalp
one of the most common dermatologic diseases psoriasis
most often affected areas in pityriasis rosea trunk
most common variety of psoriasis plaque- type
most commonly involved parts in Psoriasis elbows, knees, gluteal cleft, scalp
most commonly affected age groups in Guttate psoriasis children and young adults
most often found together with psoriasis with arthralgia fingernail involvement
most often cause of impetigo S. aureus
most common dermatophyte infection tinea pedis
most common variant of infection of the nails, tinea unguium or distal- lateral variant
onychomycosis
most commonly affected areas of filiform warts face, neck, skin folds
most useful and convenient method for treating warts cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen
most common location for acne face ( also chest and back)
most often affect by acne rosacea Caucasians of Northern European background; adults, women
( in men severe disease)
most frequently used agents in PV azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide
most common papulosquamous diseases psoriasis, tinea, pityriasis rosea, and lichen planus
Pityriasis rosea- like drug eruptions are seen most commonly beta- blockers, ACEi, gold, and metronidazole
with
most common systemic disease as etiology of erythroderma CTCL ( Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma)
most common malignancy associated with erythroderma CTCL ( Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma)
most common causes of nonscarring alopecia telogen effluvium, androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, tinea
capitis, and some cases of traumatic alopecia
most common cause of figurate eruption tinea, urticaria, erythema annulare centrifugum, and granuloma
annulare
most common pustular dermatoses acneiform eruption and folliculitis
most common locations for mat telangiectasia face, oral mucosa, and hands - peripheral sites that are prone to
intermittent ischemia
most common sites of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia mucous membranes, face, and distal extremities, including
( Osler- Rendu- Weber) under the nails
most common form of oculocutaneous albinism ( OCA) mutations in the tyrosinase gene ( type I ) or the P gene ( type
II)
most frequently associated disorders with vitiligo diseases of the thyroid gland
most common autoantibodies noted with thyroid gland disorder in antithyroglobulin, antimicrosomal, and antithyroid- stimulating
vitiligo hormone receptor antibodies
4 most common systemic disease considered with patients with Vogt- Koyanagi- Harada syndrome, scleroderma, onchocerciasis,
vitiligo and melanoma- associated leukoderma
most common locations of pigment loss in Vogt- Koyanagi- face and scalp
Harada syndrome
acanthosis nigricans can reflect internal malignancy, most GI tract
commonly of the
café au lait macules ( CALM) most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis ( NF) and McCune Albright syndrome
most common autoimmune diseases associated with diffuse biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma
hyperpigmentation
most common drugs associated with bullae formation as drug doxycycline, sulfonamides, thiazides, NSAI DS, and psoralens
reaction
most common drugs that cause TEN phenytoin, barbiturates, carbamazepines, sulfonamides,
penicillins, and NSAI Ds
most common infectious agents that cause vesicles and bullae HSV, VZV, and S. aureus
most common form of porphyria PCT
2 most common presentations of exanthems erythematous macules and papules ( morbilliform) and confluent
blanching erythema ( scarlatiniform)
most common group A beta- hemolytic streptococcus that pharyngitis
causes scarlet fever
most common cutaneous eruption in Kawasaki's disease morbilliform and scarlatiniform
most serious associated systemic finding in Kawasaki's disease coronary aneurysm secondary to arteritis
most common systemic signs and symptoms of urticarial arthralgias and/or arthritis, nephritis, and crampy abdominal
vasculitis pain, with asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease seen
less often
most common cause of elevated calcium phosphate product secondary hyperparathyroidism in the setting of renal failure
most common form of xanthomas and are associated with eruptive xanthomas
hypertriglyceridemia ( type I , I I I , I V, V)
most frequently involved with tuberous xanthomas large joints or hand
most frequently involved sites in normolipemic flat xanthomas upper trunk or side of the neck
most common setting for eruptive xanthomas uncontrolled DM
most common location of multiple angiokeratoms seen in Fabry lower trunk
disease
2 most common etiologies of erythematous papules in a Sporothrix schenckii ( sporotrichosis) and M. marinum
lymphocutaneous or sporotrichoid pattern ( mycobacteria other than TB; atypical mycobacteria)
most common location for nodules of erythema nodosum shin
most common location for lesions of erythema induratum calf
most commonly associated diseases with erythema nodosum streptococcal infections, upper respiratory viral infections,
sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease in addition to drugs
( oral contraceptives, sulfonamides, penicillins, bromides,
iodides
most common location of the waxy papules and plaques found in face
sarcoidosis
most commonly associated malignancy in Sweet's syndrome AML
most common location of blue nevi ( moles) dorsum of the hand or foot or in the head and neck region
most common location of angiosarcoma
most common presentation of cutaneous metastases
most often cause of cutaneous metastases
most frequent causes of nonpalpable petechiae and purpura
most commonly associated with palpable purpura
most common cause of infectious emboli
most common location of pyoderma gangrenosum
most common associated disorders in pyoderma gangrenosum
most commonly associated with drug- induced pemphigus
most commonly affected age group ( dermatitis herpetiformis)
most common manifestation of dermatomyositis
most often autoantibody in subacute cutaneous lupus
erythematosus
most common of all drug- induced reactions
most common cause of erythema multiforme
most common drugs that cause SJ S or TEN
most frequent adverse reactions to drugs
most frequent causes of I gE- dependent reactions to drugs,
which require prior sensitization
second most frequent type of cutaneous reaction to drugs
most frequent dose- dependent side effects of chemotherapy
most frequent adverse event in drug administration
most frequent cutaneous reactions with anti- malarials
most frequent cause of urticarial eruptions
most common repetitive probes
most rapidly increasing of all human malignancies
most common malignancy arising in immunosuppressed solid-
organ transplant recipients
after sunburn, most common type of photosensitivity disease is
most common type of human porphyria
NONE
most abundant receptor on the platelet surface
scalp and face of elderly patients or within areas of chronic
lymphedema
firm, skin- colored subcutaneous nodules or firm, red to red-
brown papulonodules
MEN: lung, colon, melanoma, oral cavity. WOMEN: breast,
melanoma, lung
primary cutaneous disorders such as trauma, solar ( actinic)
purpura, and capillaritis
leukocytoclastic vasculitis ( LCV)
gram- negative cocci ( meningococcus, gonococcus) , gram-
negative rods ( enterobacteriaceae) and gram- positive cocci
( Staphylococcus)
lower extremities
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
drugs containing thiol group in their chemical structure
( penicillamine, captopril, enalapril)
second to fourth decade
purple- red discoloration of the upper eyelids, sometimes
associated with scaling and periorbital edema
anti- Ro autoantibodies
morbilliform or maculopapular eruptions
herpes simplex virus
anti- infectious sulfonamides, nevirapine, allopurinol,
lamotrigine, aromatic anticonvulsants, oxicam NSAI Ds
cutaneous
Penicillins and myorelaxants used in GA
urticaria
stomatitis and alopecia
injection- site reactions
pruritus
ACE inhibitors, aspirin, penicillin, blood products
alpha- satellite DNA probes
melanomas
BCCs and SCCs
polymorphous light eruption ( PLE)
porphyria cutanea tarda ( PCT)
platelet glycoprotein ( Gp) I I b/I I I a complex
most important predictor of bleeding risk history of bleeding
most common symptom in hereditary hemorrhagic epistaxis
telangiectasia and in boys with vWD
most important point in a history related to venous thrombosis whether thrombotic event was idiopathic or was a precipitated
is event
most commonly used screening tests in thrombosis PT, aPTT, and platelet
most common cause of benign lymphadenopathy ( 63% nonspecific or reactive etiology) , remainder would be due
to infectious mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis
most frequent site of regional adenopathy neck
most causes of regional adenopathy of the neck are benign - upper respiratory infections, oral and dental lesions,
infectious mononucleosis, other viral illnesses
most common symptoms produced by diseases involving the pain and a heavy sensation in the LUQ
spleen are
most serious consequence of splenectomy increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, particularly those
with capsules such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and some
gram- negative enteric organisms
most common sites of infection in patients that underwent lung, skin, and blood
splenectomy
most frequent causes of drug- induced neutropenia antibiotics such as sulfa- containing compounds, penicillins, and
cephalosporins
most important acute cause of neutrophilia infection
most common bacteria in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency S. aureus and enteric gram- negative bacteria
most common neutrophil defect myeloperoxidase deficiency
most dramatic hypereosinophilic syndromes Loeffler's syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Loeffler's
endocarditis, eosinophilic leukemia, idiopathic hypereosinophilic
syndrome
most severe complications of idiopathic hypereosinophilic involves the heart and central nervous system
syndrome
most significant risk factor for cancer overall age
most common cancer lung cancer
most common cause of cancer death lung cancer
second most common cancer breast cancer
diagnosis of cancer relies most heavily on invasive tissue biopsy
most widely used system of staging of cancer TNM
most common side effects of cancer treatment nausea, vomiting, febrile neutropenia, myelosuppression
most common variety of nausea from cancer chemotherapy acute emesis, occurs within 24h
most effective drugs against highly emetogenic agents ondansetron and granisetron
most common causes of death in patients with cancer infection, respiratory failure, hepatic failure, renal failure
most modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, tobacco smoking
pulmonary disease, and cancer
most common etiologic factor for cervical cancer sexual transmission of HPV
most efficient interval for screening sigmoidoscopy unknown, but 5 years is recommended
most common prostate cancer screening modalities DRE and PSA
most autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes are due to mutations in tumor- suppressor genes

most common genetic alternation found in human cancer acquired mutation in p53
most potent trophic angiogenic molecules secreted by tumors VEGF
most effective means of treating cancer surgery
most commonly used form of radiation therapy teletherapy
forms of radiation most commonly used to treat cancer x- rays and gamma rays
most radioresistant organ bone
most sensitive organs to radiation therapy male testis, female ovary, and bone marrow
in radio- resistant organs, the most sensitive component is the vascular endothelium
most feared complication of bleomycin treatment pulmonary fibrosis
most broadly active antineoplastic agents for use in solid taxanes
tumors
most common side effect of chemotherapy administration nausea with or without vomiting
most often cause of cellulitis infection with group A streptococcus or S. aureus
most common location of vesicles in Sweet's syndrome face, neck, arms
most common in patients being treated for acute leukemia and hepatic candidiasis
usually presents symptomatically around the time the
neutropenia resolves
most often presentation of mass lesions of the brain headache with or without fever or neurologic abnormalities
most common cause of chemotherapy- induced lung disease bleomycin
most often associated with neutropenia in cancer patients fungal infections
most common organisms in invasive fungal infections Candida, Aspergillus
most common finding on skin examination pigmented lesion
most common melanoma superficial spreading melanoma
most common melanoma in Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics acral lentiginous melanoma
most common manifestation of nodular melanoma rapidly growing, often ulcerated or crusted black nodule
5th most common cancer in men melanoma
6th most common cancer in women melanoma
most susceptible to development of melanoma are those with fair complexions, red or blond hair, blue eyes,
and freckles, and who tan poorly and sunburn easily
period that melanoma is most capable of being cured by superficial ( so- called radial) growth
surgical excision
most frequent variant observed in white population superficial spreading melanoma
most common site for melanoma in men back
most common site for melanoma in women back and lower leg ( from knee to ankle)
most important prognostic factor in melanoma stage at time of presentation
most melanomas are diagnosed in clinical stage I and I I
most important precursor for melanoma atypical mole
most common cancer in the US nonmelanoma skin cancer
most significant factor in nonmelanoma skin cancer cumulative exposure to sunlight, principally UV- B spectrum
most common site of tumor development in nonmelanoma skin sun- exposed areas of the head and neck
cancer
most frequent metastasis of SCC regional draining lymph nodes
most frequently employed treatment modalities for BCC electrodesiccation and curettage, excision, cryosurgery,
radiation therapy, laser therapy, Mohs micrographic surgery,
topical 5- FU, and topical immunomodulators
most commonly employed method by dermatologists for BCC electrodesiccation and curettage
most common location of atypical fibroxanthoma head and neck
most common location of merkel cell carcinoma head and neck
most common location of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans trunk
most common location of sebaceous carcinoma eyelid
most common location of microcystic adnexal carcinoma face
most common location of porocarcinoma extremity
most common location of eccrine carcinoma head and neck
most common location of angiosarcoma head and neck
most common risk factors for head and neck cancer in the US alcohol and tobacco
most successful treatment in locally or regionally advanced combined modality therapy including surgery, radiation and
disease chemo
most effective approach to locally or regionally advanced concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy
disease
most frequent histologic subtype adenocarcinoma
most common form of lung cancer arising in lifetime adenocarcinoma
nonsmokers, women, young patients ( < 45)
most common side effect of curative thoracic radiation esophagitis
most widely used chemotherapy combination for SCLC etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin
most effective lung cancer prevention deterring children from taking up smoking and helping young adults
stop
2nd most common noncutaneous site for cancer GI tract
most common cause of cancer in women epithelial malignancies of the breast
most important prognostic variables for breast cancer tumor staging
most accurate measure of tumor growth rate S- phase analysis using flow cytometry
most common spread of esophageal cancer adjacent and supraclavicular LN, liver, lungs, pleura, and bone
most common site for hematogenous spread of gastric tumor liver
most frequent extranodal site for lymphoma stomach
most frequently involved in gastric sarcoma anterior and posterior walls of the gastric fundus
most common site of colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps
most effective class of chemopreventive agents in colon cancer aspirin and other NSAI Ds
most frequent visceral site of mets of colon cancer liver ( initial site of distant spread in 1/3 of recurring colorectal
cancer)
most frequent symptoms of benign tumors
most common benign tumors of GI tract
most common site of isolated hemangiomas in GI tract
most frequently occurring small- bowel malignancies
most common primary cancer of the small bowel
most commonly affected by anal cancers
most potent ubiquitous natural chemical carcinogen for HCC
most common symptom of HCC
most common physical sign
most common modes of patient presentation ( HCC)
most typical presentation of cholangiocarcinoma
most frequent site of mets for carcinoma of the ampulla of
Vater
most effective therapy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
4th most common cancer in men, 13th most common in women
feature almost unique to pancreatic cancer
most widely used serum marker in pancreatic cancer
most clinically relevant distinction to make
most common among transitional cell tumors
most common source of gross hematuria
most common presentation of bladder cancer
most common symptom of carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter
most common ovarian cancer
most cancers develop in
imaging technique most frequently used to assess the primary
tumor
most frequently affected by testicular cancer
nonseminomatous GCTs are most frequent in
most frequent finding in pure seminoma
most common benign epithelial tumors
most frequent occurrence of granulosa and theca cell stromal cell
tumors
most common female pelvic malignancy
most often age of presentation of endometrial CA
pain, obstruction, hemorrhage
adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, angiomas
jejunum
adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, carcinoid tumors, leiosarcomas
adenocarcinomas
middle- aged persons, more frequent in women than men
Aspergillus fungus product, aflatoxin B1
abdominal pain ( in high- risk areas)
hepatomegaly ( 50- 90% )
patient with known history of hepatitis, jaundice, or cirrhosis, with
an abnormality on UTZ or CT, or rising AFP or DCP ( PI VKA- 2) ;
patient with abnormal liver function test as part of routine exam;
radiologic workup for liver transplant for cirrhosis;
symptoms of HCC including cachexia, abdominal pain, or fever
painless jaundice, often with pruritus, or weight loss, and
acholic stools
liver
pylorus- sparing pancreaticoduodenectomy
bladder cancer
combination of K- ras and CDKN2A mutations
cancer- associated antigen 19- 9 ( CA 19- 9)
between patients with disease that may be resected with curative
intent and those with advanced disease in whom treatment is
palliative
low- grade papillary lesions that grow on a central stalk
bladder ( also benign cystitis 22% , bladder cancer 15% )
hematuria, then irritative symptoms
painless gross hematuria
epithelial ovarian CA ( 85% )
the peripheral zone
TRUS
between the ages of 20- 40
third decade of life
necrotic debris
serous or mucinous
first 3 decades
endometrial CA
sixth and seventh decade of life; mostly stage I disease
most common cause of cancer death in women cervical carcinoma
5th most common cause of cancer death in children sarcomas
most common presentation of soft- tissue sarcoma asymptomatic mass
most common site of mets of soft- tissue sarcoma pulmonary parenchyma
most important prognostic factor of soft- tissue sarcoma histologic grade, relationship to fascial planes, size of primary tumor
most common malignant tumors of bone plasma cell tumors
4 most common malignant nonhematopoietic bone tumors osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant
fibrous histiocytoma
most common site of involvement of osteosarcoma distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus
most common classification of osteosarcoma 75% are classic category ( osteoblastic, chondroblastic,
fibroblastic)
most sensitive test to assess response to pre- op chemotherapy angiography
in osteosarcoma
most common descriptions for osteosarcoma hypervascular; high- grade
most important prognostic factor for LT survival response to chemotherapy
most chondrosarcomas are classic category; and resistant to chemotherapy
most common sites of bone mets vertebrae, proximal femur, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal
humerus, skull
most frequent symptom of bone mets pain
most common paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes hypercalcemia; ( also hyponatremia and Cushing's syndrome)
most common in cancers of lung, head, neck, skin, esophagus, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
breast, GU tract, multiple myelomas and lymphoma
most common cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy overproduction of PTHrP
most common cause of ectopic ACTH SCLC
most common thrombotic conditions in patients with cancer DVT and PE
most common cancers associated with thromboembolic episodes lung, pancreatic, GI , breast, ovarian, and GU, lymphoma, brain
tumor
most important modulator of O2 affinity pH
most types of paraneoplastic encephalitis and encephalomyelitis respond poorly to treatment
most SCLC patients do not have detectable antineuronal antibodies
tumor most frequently involved in anti- Ri- associated syndromes breast cancer
in paraneoplastic visual syndromes, the most commonly associated SCLC
tumor is
most common anemias hypoproliferative anemias
most common hypoproliferative anemias anemia associated with acute and chronic inflammation
one of the most prevalent forms of malnutrition iron deficiency
most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores serum ferritin level
most common causes of increased red cell protoporphyrin levels absolute or relative iron deficiency and lead poisoning
most common diagnostic problems encountered by clinicians distinction between true iron- deficiency anemia and anemia
 associated with chronic inflammation
most prominent complication of oral iron therapy GI distress
most distinguishing feature between true iron- deficiency anemia serum ferritin values
and the iron- deficient erythropoeisis associated with inflammation
most common genetic disorder in the world thalassemias
most common structural hemoglobinopathy Sickle cell disease
most common clinical manifestation of sickle cell anemia painful crises
most frequent underlying or concomitant conditions in patients pulmonary infarction and pneumonia
with acute chest syndrome
most significant advance in the therapy of sickle cell anemia introduction of hydroxyurea as a mainstay of therapy for
patients with severe symptoms
most common forms of beta- thalassemia arise from mutations that derange splicing of the mRNA precursor or
prematurely terminate translation of the mRNA
most common type of alpha- thalassemia in Asians alpha- thalassemia- 2 trait
2 most important acquired hemoglobinopathies carbon monoxide poisoning and methemoglobinemia
most abundant GPI glycophorins and band 3
most affected tissues with cobalamin and folate deficiencies after the marrow, epithelial cell surfaces of the mouth, stomach,
and small intestine; and the respiratory, urinary, and
female genital tracts
most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to cobalamin autosomally recessive disease called I merslund syndrome
deficiency in infancy in Western countries
most powerful action against DHF reductase methotrexate
most active against the bacterial enzyme that inhibit DHF trimethoprim
reductase
most typical feature of G6PD deficiency presence of bizarre poikilocytes with red cells that appear to
have unevenly distributed hemoglobin ( hemighosts) and red
cells that appear to have had parts of them bitten away ( bite
cells or blister cells)
most serious threat from acute HA in adults with G6PD development of acute renal failure
deficiency
most frequent infectious cause of hemolytic anemia in endemic malaria
areas
most frequent cause, in other parts of the world for HA Shiga- toxin producing E. coli
most common form of acquired hemolytic anemia ( except Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
where malaria is endemic)
most often location of phagocytosis- mediated red cell spleen and liver
destruction
most consistent blood finding in PNH anemia
most common cause of aplastic anemia idiopathic
most infamous culprit of aplastic anemia Chloramphenicol
most common preceding infection in aplastic anemia hepatitis
most common type of Fanconi's anemia Type A
most common early symptom of aplastic anemia bleeding
most common hematologic diseases pancytopenia
most important side effects of chronic cyclosporine treatment nephrotoxicity, hypertension, seizures, opportunistic infections,
especially Pneumocystis carinii
most important factors weighing in the decision between increasing age and severity of neutropenia
transplant and immunosuppression in adults who have a
matched family donor
most important pretreatment prognostic information in AML chromosomal analysis of the leukemic cell
most common of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders Polycythemia vera
most common cytogenic abnormality in polycythemia vera J AK2 gene located on the short arm of chr 9 and loss of
heterozygosity on chr 9p due to uniparental disomy
most often Polycythemia vera is first recognized by incidental discovery of a high hemoglobin or hematocrit
most significant complication of polycythemia vera thrombosis due to erythrocytosis
essential thrombocytosis is most often identified incidentally when a platelet count is obtained during the course
of a routine medical evaluation
most dramatic neurologic problems in essential thrombocytosis migraine- related
most common in monocytic leukemia gum hypertrophy and skin infiltration or nodules
most commonly used CR induction regimens consist of combination chemotherapy with cytarabine and an
anthracycline
most important factors predicting response at relapse length of previous CR, whether initial CR was achieved with 1 or
2 courses of chemothrapy and the type of postremission
therapy
most common physical finding in CML minimal to moderate splenomegaly
most important prognostic indicators in CML ( Sokal index) percentage of circulating blasts, spleen size, platelet count,
age, and cytogenic clonal evolution
most important prognostic indicators in Hasford system percentage of circulating blasts, spleen size, platelet count,
age, and percentage of eosinophils and basophils
most common hematologic side effect with I matinib myelosuppression
most common translocations in myeloma t( 11; 14) ( q13; q32) and t( 4; 14) ( p16; q32)
most prevalent form of leukemia in western countries CLL
most aggressive lymphoid leukemia Burkitt's leukemia
most common cancer in childhood B cell ALL
precursor B cell lymphoblastic leukemia are most commonly of pre- B cell origin
most common lymphoid leukemia B cell CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma
when B cell CLL presents as lymphoma the most common asymptomatic lymphadenopathy
abnormality is
most common treatments for typical B cell CLL/small chlorambucil or fludarabine, alone of in combination
lymphocytic lymphoma
most MALT lymphoma origin gastric in origin
most common presentation of mantle cell lymphoma palapble lymphadenopathy, frequently accompanied by systemic
symptoms
most common presentation for follicular lymphoma new, painless lymphadenopathy
one of the malignancies most responsive to chemotherapy and follicular lymphoma
radiotherapy
frequently used treatment in follicular lymphoma single- agent chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide or combination
chemotherapy with CVP or CHOP
most common type of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma diffuse large B cell lymphoma
most common sites of extranodal involvement in diffuse large B GI tract and bone marrow
cell lymphoma
most popular regimen for diffuse large B cell lymphoma in the US CHOP plus rituximab
most rapidly progressive human tumor Burkitt's lymphoma
precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma is most often found in young men presenting with a large mediastinal mass and
pleural effusions
tropical spastic paraparesis, a manifestation of HTLV- I infection individuals who acquire the virus during adulthood from
is most common in transfusion or sex
most peripheral T cell lymphomas are CD4+
extranodal T/NK cell lymphoma of nasal type/angiocentric the upper airway
lymphoma/lethal midline granuloma most frequently involve
most useful to document remission of Hodgkin's disease PET and gallium scans
most popular chemotherapy regimens used in Hodgkin's disease doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine ( ABVD)
most serious late side effects of Hodgkin's disease second malignancies and cardiac injury
most common condition that pathologists and clinicians might reactive, atypical lymphoid hyperplasia
confuse with lymphoma is
most common symptom in myeloma bone pain
next most common clinical problem in patients with myeloma susceptibility to bacterial infections
most common infections in myeloma patients pneumonias and pyelonephritis
most frequent pathogens in infections in myeloma patients Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae in the
lungs and E. coli and other G( - ) organisms in the urinary tract
most common cause of renal failure in myeloma hypercalcemia
most important differential diagnosis in patients with myeloma monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance ( MGUS)
single most powerful predictor of survival and can substitute for serum beta2- microglobulin
staging for myeloma patients
most widely used method of assessing prognosis in myeloma I SS system
patients
most distinctive symptom of Gamma Heavy Chain Disease palatal edema, resulting from involvement of nodes in
( Franklin's Disease) Waldeyer's ring, and this may progress to produce respiratory
compromise
second most important blood group system in pretransfusion testing Rh system
most common cause of incompatibility during pretransfusion
screening
most frequent reaction associated with transfusion of cellular
blood components
most frequently recognized antigen in posttransfusion purpura
most common in patients treated with total- body irradiation and
those who receive glucocorticoid therapy posttransplant for
treatment of GVHD
most common cause of infection, during period from
engraftment to 3months posttransplant
most common cause of thrombocytopenia
most common noniatrogenic cause of thrombocytopenia
most frequent etiologic serotype causing HUS
most often cause of thrombocytosis
most common inherited bleeding disorder
most common type of vWD
most commonly affected by acquired vWD
most commonly affected by major side effect of DDAVP
( hyponatremia)
most common site of senile purpura
most common inherited factor deficiencies
most common cause of prolonged aPTT
most common isolated abnormal PT
most common coagulation disorders
( one of the) most common hemophilia A mutations are due to
most common bleeding manifestations in the severe form of
hemophilia
most common causes of DI C
most common findings in DI C
most sensitive test for DI C
most common and earliest finding in Vit. K deficient patients
most effective way to correct hemostasis in patients with liver
failure
most common target of antibody formation
most common cause of AMI , ischemic stroke, limb gangrene
antibodies to Lewis system carbohydraye antigens
febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction ( FNHTR)
HPA- 1a
cataract
Gram positive bacteria, fungi ( particularly Aspergillus) and
viruses including CMV
drug ingestion ( nonprescription and herbal remedies)
viral and bacterial infections resulting in thrombocytopenia
E. coli O157: H7
iron deficiency, inflammation, cancer, or infection, or underlying
myeloprolferative process
von Willebrand disease
type 1 disease
patients with underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, including
monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance
( MGUS) , multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
very young and very old
skin that has been previously damaged by sun exposure
hemophilias, x- linked diseases ( Hemophilia A or B)
hemophilia or FXI deficiency
FVI I deficiency
hemorrhagic diathesis of liver disease, DI C, Vit K deficiency
inversion of the intron 22 sequence ( 40% )
recurrent hemarthroses ( affecting mainly knees, elbows,
ankles, shoulders, hips)
bacterial sepsis, malignant disorders ( solid tumors of acute
promyelocytic leukemia) , OB causes
bleeding ranging from oozing from venipuncture sites, petechiae,
ecchymoses to severe hemorrhage from GI tract or
lung or into CNS
FDP level
prolonged PT values
treatment with FFP
FVI I I
arterial thrombosis
2 most common genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis Factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A
most attractive method for pulmonary embolism multi- slice spiral CT of the chest
most widely applied regimen for pulmonary embolism recombinant tissue plasminogen activator r( tPA)
most abundant receptor on the platelet surface GPI I b/I I I a
most widely used antiplatelet agent worldwide aspirin
most common side effects of ticlopidine gastrointestinal
most common side effect of heparin bleeding
most specific diagnostic test in HI T serotonin release assay
likely to be the most important cause of invasive cervical cancer human papillomavirus
most significant chest radiographic finding in SVC syndrome widening of superior mediastinum, most commonly right side
most reliable view of mediastinal anatomy CT scan
most patients with pericardial metastasis are asymptomatic
most frequent PE in pericardial effusion/tamponade pleural effusion, sinus tachycardia, jugular venous distension,
hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, cyanosis
most helpful diagnostic test in pericardial effusion/tamponade echocardiography
most common symptom of intestinal obstruction in patients pain
with advanced cancer
most common symptom of urinary obstruction in patients with flank pain
cancer
most common metastatic tumors causing biliary obstruction gastric, colon, breast, lung CA
most common cause of malignant spinal cord compression ( MSCC) lung cancer ( also breast, and prostate)
most common site of MSCC thoracic spine ( 70% )
most frequent cancer causing multiple site involvement breast and prostate CA
most common initial symptom in patients with SCC localized back pain and tenderness due to involvement of vertebrae
by tumor
most useful for demonstration of intramedullary pathology T2- weighted images
cancers that most often metastasize to the brain lung, breast, melanoma
most common causes of involvement of leptomeninges melanoma, breast, lung CA, lymphoma, acute leukemia
most common cause of seizures in patients with cancer metastatic disease to CNS
most commonly affected by hyperleukocytosis or leukostasis brain and lung
most common cause of malignant upper airway obstruction invasion from adjacent primary tumor, most commonly lung
cancer ( esophageal, thyroid, mediastinal)
most common paraneoplastic syndrome hypercalcemia
most common cause of hyponatremia among patients with cancer SI ADH
most often associated with treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma Tumor Lysis syndrome
most important steps in management of Tumor lysis syndrome recognition of risk and prevention
most common agent causing HUS mitomycin
most common types of cancer where HUS occurs gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, breast CA
most common serious complications of cancer therapy neutropenia and infection
most potent and effective APCs in the body
most common KI R haplotype in Caucasians
most frequent among patients with more severe, erosive
disease
most common cause of recurrent or chronic sinopulmonary
infection, meningitis, and bacteremia in patients with defects in
humoral immunity
most frequent primary immunodeficiency
next most common primary immunodeficiency
most frequent clinical problem in patients with x- linked
agammaglobulinemia
most common pattern of vasculitis in SLE
most cases of chronic urticaria are
most common sites for urticaria
most effective means of controlling allergic diseases
most potent drugs available for the relief of established rhinitis,
seasonal or perennial
most frequent side effect of intranasal glucocorticoids
most consistent association for susceptibility to autoimmune
disease has been with
most commonly affected joints in polyarthritis of SLE
most common SLE rash
most serious manifestation of SLE
most common presentation of nephritis in SLE patients
most common manifestation of diffuse CNS lupus
most common pulmonary manifestation of SLE
most frequent cardiac manifestation of SLE
most commonly affect valve in SLE
most frequent hematologic manifestation of SLE
most important autoantibodies to detect in SLE
most commonly affected by microvascular thrombotic crisis
( TTP, HUS)
most useful lab test in microvascular thrombotic crisis
most frequent onset of RA
most common manifestation of established RA
dendritic cells
contains one activating KI R and 6 inhibitory KI R genes
DR4 positive RA- associated alleles
pyogenic bacteria such as H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S.
aureus
isolated I gA deficiency
common variable immunodeficiency
sinopulmonary bacterial infections
leukocytoplasmic vasculitis
idiopathic
extremities and face, with angioedema often being periorbital
and in the lips
avoidance of exposure to the offending allergen
intranasal high- potency glucocorticoids
local irritation, with Candida overgrowth being a rare
occurrence
particular alleles of the MHC
hands, wrists, knees
photosensitive, slightly raised erythema, occasionally scaly on
the face ( particularly cheeks and nose; "butterfly" rash)
nephritis
asymptomatic
cognitive dysfunction, including difficulties with memory and
reason ( also, headache)
pleuritis with or without pleural effusion
pericarditis
mitral or aortic valves, or to embolic events
anemia, normochromic normocytic ( reflects chronic illness)
( also, leukopenia, almost always consists of lymphopenia)
ANA ( positive in > 95% , usually at the onset of symptoms)
young individuals with lupus nephritis
schistocytes on PBS and elevated serum levels of LDH
fourth and fifth decade ( 80% developing disease between 35-
50)
pain in affected joints, aggravated by movement
most common antibodies in persons with aggressive disease,
with a tendency for developing bone erosions
most frequently affected by anti- CCP
most frequently employed immunosuppressive agent used to
treat patients with RA
most common cause of heart disease in children in developing
countries
most common clinical presentation of ARF
most commonly affected valve in ARF
most common effect of pericarditis
most commonly affected by arthritis of ARF
most common serologic tests for ARF
obliterative vasculopathy in SSc is a late finding most
prominent in the
most common histologic pattern in SSc
salt and pepper appearance in SSc is most common on
breakdown of atrophic skin leads to slow- healing ulceration that
are most common at
most common abnormalities in SSc with pulmonary involvement
in patients with SSc who develop significant I LD, the most rapid
progression in lung disease occurs
the most common pattern of I LD in SSc is
most dreaded complication of SSc with renal involvement
most patients with SSc with cardiac involvement would
most commonly affected in SSC with joint mobility impairment
bone resorption, a frequent late complication, occurs most
commonly in
most common anemia in SSc
most common SSc- specific autoantibodies
most common clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome
Ankylosing Spondylitis; most serious complication
Ankylosing Spondylitis; most commonly involved spine
presence of anti- CCP
individuals with an RA associated HLA- beta1 allele, and in those
who smoke cigarettes and may occur before the development
of clinical manifestations of RA
leflunomide, alone or with methotrexate
RHD
polyarthritis and fever
mitral valve
friction rub or small effusion on echo
knees, ankles, hips, elbows
ASO and anti- DNase B titers
heart, lungs, kidneys, and intestinal tract
nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
scalp, upper back, and chest
the extensor surfaces of the proximal interphalangeal joints
reductions in FVC or DLCO
early in the course of the disease
nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
scleroderma renal crisis ( most commonly within 4 years of
onset of disease)
remain asymptomatic until heart failure or serious arrhythmias
occur
hands, where contractures at the proximal interphalangeal
joints and wrist develop, sometimes accompanied by tendon
friction rubs characterized by leathery crepitation that can be
heard or palpated upon passive movement
terminal phalanges, where it causes loss of the distal tufts
( acro- osteolysis)
mild normocytic or microcytic anemia due to chronic inflammation
anticentromere or antitopoisomerase- I
purpura, recurrent urticaria, skin ulcerations,
glomerulonephritis, and mononeuritis multiplex
Spinal Fracture
lower cervical spine
most common occurrence of pseudoarthrosis ( fracture through thoracolumbar spine
diskovertebral junction and adjacent neural arch)
Ank. Spon.; most common extraarticular manifestation acute anterior uveitis
Most common cause of back pain other than AS primarily mechanical and degenerative
Ank. Spon.; most commonly used measure of disease activity Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity I ndex ( BASDAI )
most common indication for surgery in patients with AS severe hip joint arthritis
most common age range in Reactive Arthritis 18- 40 years old
Most common rheumatic diseases in Africans Reactive Arthritis and other peripheral spondyloarthritides
Most common sites of involvement in Reactive Arthritis joints of lower Ext.; esp. knee, ankle, subtalar,
metatarsophalangeal, and toe interphalangeal
Most common site of keratoderma blenorrhagica palms and soles
most common causes of enteropathic arthritis reactive arthritis and I BD- associated arthritis, when
etiopathogenically related
most commonly affected in sarcoidosis lung
most widely accepted pathogenic mechanism of vasculitis deposition of immune complexes in vessel walls
most effective therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis cyclophosphamide
second most common manifestation of Churg- Strauss mononeuritis multiplex
most frequent cause of death in Churg- Strauss myocardial involvement
in PAN, renal involvement most commonly manifests as hypertension, renal insufficiency, or hemorrhage due to
microaneurysms
most frequently involved in giant cell arteritis temporal artery
Takayasu's arteritis is most prevalent in adolescent girls and young women
most commonly affected arteries in Takayasu's arteritis subclavian, common carotid, abdominal aorta, renal, aortic arch or
root, vertebral, celiac axis, superior mesenteric, iliac,
pulmonary, coronary
disease- related mortality in Takayasu's arteritis most often CHF, cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, aneurysm
occurs from rupture, or renal failure
palpable purpura of HSP is most commonly distributed over the buttocks and lower extremities
antibody class most often seen in the immune complexes of I gA
patients with HSP
presenting symptoms in adults with HSP most frequently skin and joints, while initial complaints related to the guy are
involve less common
most common presenting symptom in children with HSP gastrointestinal involvement
most commonly encountered vasculitis in clinical practice idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis
most commonly involved vessels in idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis postcapillary venules
most common clinical manifestations of essential mixed cutaneous vasculitis, arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, and
cryoglobulinemia glomerulonephritis
most commonly involved vessel in isolated vasculitis of the arteriole
CNS/primary angiitis of the CNS
most common finding in vasculitis associated with malignancies leukocytoclastic venulitis
most common form of vasculitis in connective tissue diseases small- vessel venulitis isolated to the skin
( SLE, RA, inflammatory myositis, relapsing polychondritis)
most dreaded complication in Behcet's syndrome eye involvement with scarring and bilateral panuveitis
most frequent associated rheumatologic disorder with relapsing systemic vasculitis, RA, SLE, Sjogren's, or Ankylosing
polychondritis spondylitis
most frequent presenting manifestation of relapsing auricular chondritis
polychondritis
most often involved cranial nerves in relapsing polychondritis cranial nerves I I , I I I , VI , and VI I
most likely etiology of sarcoidosis infectious or non- infectious environmental agent that triggers
inflammatory response
most common presenting symptoms of sarcoidosis cough and dyspnea ( next 2, cutaneous and ocular disease)
most common constitutional symptom fatigue
most commonly used method for detecting lung disease chest roentgenogram
most sensitive test for an I LD diffusion of carbon monoxide ( DLCO)
most common chronic form of sarcoidosis maculopapular lesions
most common ocular manifestation of sarcoidosis anterior uveitis ( next, inflammation at posterior of the eye
including retinitis and pars planitis)
most common abnormality of liver function elevation of alkaline phosphatase, consistent with obstructive
pattern
most common hematologic problem lymphopenia
most likely cause of sarcoidosis- associated renal disease hypercalcemia
most commonly used tool to assess lung involvement in sarcoidosis chest roentgenogram

most frequent among individuals homozygous for the M694V FMF arthritis
mutation
most characteristics cutaneous manifestation of FMF ( familial erysipelas- like erythema ( most commonly dorsum of the foot,
Mediterranean fever) ankle, lower leg, alone or in combination with abdominal pain,
pleurisy, or arthritis)
most often used to establish diagnosis of FMF renal or rectal biopsy
most often ocular inflammation in TNF Receptor- associated conjunctivitis and/or periorbital edema
Periodic Syndrome ( TRAPS)
most severe among 3 hereditary febrile syndromes: FCAS, NOMI D ( neonatal- onset mutisystem inflammatory disease)
MWS, NOMI D
most common cause of familial amyloidosis ( AF) transthyretin, transport protein for thyroid hormone and retinol
binding protein
most common form of localized amyloidosis A- Beta ( AB)
most frequent cause of AL amyloidosis clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow that
secrete a clonal I g LC
most common type of systemic amyloidosis in North America AL amyloidosis
most frequently affected organ in amyloidosis Kidneys ( 80% )
common initial symptoms of amyloidosis fatigue and weight loss
second most common presentation cardiac symptoms ( 40% )
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in patients with RA AA amyloidosis
( in Finland)
most common form of AF is caused by mutation of the abundant plasma protein transthyretin ( TTR,
also known as prealbumin)
most common form of malalignment in the knee genu varum ( bowlegs) or genu valgum ( knock knees)
most common type of arthritis osteoarthritis
most potent risk factor for OA age
most common cause of chronic knee pain in persons > 45 OA
most effective exercise regimens in OA aerobic and/or resistance training
most popular drug to treat osteoarthritic pain NSAI Ds
most often affected by gout middle- aged to elderly men and postmenopausal women
most frequent early manifestation of gout acute arthritis
most commonly used hypouricemic agent xanthine oxidase inhibitor
most serious side effects of allopurinol skin rash with progression to life- threatening toxic epidermal
necrolysis, systemic vasculitis, bone marrow suppression,
granulomatous hepatitis, renal failure
most commonly affected by CPPD crystal deposition in articular elderly
tissues
most commonly affected by spinal stenosis elderly
most frequently affected joint in CPPD arthropathy knee
most common sites of apatite deposition bursae and tendons in and/or around the knees, shoulders,
hips, and fingers
most common causes of infectious arthritis S. aureus; N. gonorrhoeae
most common route in all age groups for infectious arthritis hematogenous
most commonly implicated organism in inf. Arthritis in young N. gonorrhoeae
adults and adolescents
most common nongonococcal isolate in adults of all ages S. aureus
most common organism in infections after surgical or S. aureus
penetrating injuries
most common presentation of nongonococcal bacterial arthritis single joint, mostly knee ( also hip, shoulder, wrist, elbow)
most common population with polyarticular infection patients with RA
most common manifestation of disseminated Gonococcal syndrome of fever, chills, rash, articular symptoms
infection
most common presentation of mycobacterial arthritis chronic granulomatous monarthritis
most common result of synovial tissue culture in mycobacterial positive with granulomatous inflammation
arthritis
most commonly affected by Reiter's syndrome young men
most patients present with fibromyalgia between the ages 30- 50
most common psychiatric diagnoses associated with depression, anxiety, somatization, hypochondriasis
fibromyalgia
most often affected by acromegaly middle- aged persons
most commonly affected by arthropathy of acromegaly knees, shoulders, hips, hands
most commonly affected by hemarthrosis of hemophilic knees, ankles, elbows, shoulders, hips
arthropathy
most commonly affected joints in sickle cell crisis knees and elbows
most common isolate in osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease Salmonella typhimurium
patients
most likely mechanism for avascular necrosis bone infarction
most frequent cause of neuropathic joint disease DM
most commonly affected in tabes dorsalis knees, hips, and ankles
almost always a feature of Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy clubbing
most common intrathoracic malignancies with hypertrophic bronchogenic carcinoma and pleural tumors
osteoarthropathy
most frequently affected joints in HOA ankles, wrists, knees
most often involved in myofascial pain posterior neck, low back, shoulders, chest
most common age of onset of pigmented villonodular synovitis third decade
most commonly affected joint in pigmented villonodular knee ( also, hips, ankles, calcaneocuboid joints, elbows, and
synovitis small joints of the fingers and toes)
most commonly affected in synovial chondromatosis knee ( also hip, elbow, shoulder)
most commonly affected by hemangiomas knee
most common occurrence of lipomas knee ( from subsynovial fat on either side of the patellar
tendon)
most commonly affected population in synovial sarcoma young adults, more common in men
most common site of synovial sarcoma knee ( foot, ankle, elbow, shoulder)
most common site of visceral metastasis in synovial sarcoma lung
most common form of bursitis subacromial bursitis
most often affected tendon among the rotator cuff tendons supraspinatus tendon
most often affected tendon by calcific tendinitis supraspinatus tendon
most often affected by lateral epicondylitis activities like tennis, pulling weeds, carrying suitcases, using
screwdriver
most often affected by medial epicondylitis activities like swinging a golf club, throwing a baseball; work-
related repetitive activities
most common cause of an anterior mediastinal mass in adults Thymoma ( accounting for ~ 40% of all mediastinal masses)
thymomas are most common in fifth and sixth decades
most common hormone deficiency ( in cancers??) growth hormone deficiency
most common abnormality in patients who received radiation hypothyroidism, followed by Graves' disease, thyroiditis, and
therapy to the neck cancer

HEMATOLOGY, ONCOLOGY, ALLERGY, RHEUMATOLOGY, AND DERMATOLOGY

32 pathognomonic for Wegener's granulomatosis strawberry gums, red- purplish, granular gingivitis
pathognomonic for erythema multiforme minor and major ( SJ S) the "iris" or "target" lesion on the skin
hallmark of acne vulgaris comedone ( whitehead or blackhead)
mainstay for lichen planus treatment topical glucocorticoids
pathognomonic signs of the three major autoimmune connective periungual telangiectasias
tissue disease- LE, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis
heralds development of distinct clinical lesions 12- 24 hrs later onset of local symptoms ( pruritus) in dermatitis herpetiformis
Hallmark of pemphigoid gestationis ( herpes gestationis) linear deposits of C3 in epidermal basement membrane
mainstay for Pemphigus vulgaris systemic glucocorticoids
mainstay for bullous pemphigoid systemic glucocorticoids
mainstay for Dermatitis herpetiformis dapsone
pathognomonic for dermatomyositis Gottron's sign/papules; violaceous, flat- topped papules over the
dorsal interphalangeal joints
mainstay for therapy of urticaria or angioedema epinephrine ( in severe cases)
hallmark of moderate and sever factor VI I I and I X deficiency, Spontaneous hemarthroses
clotting factor deficiencies
second leading cause of death behind heart disease cancer
Drug of choice for Effusion in patients with cancer Doxycycline
hallmark for the presence of a tumor- suppressor gene at a Loss of heterozygosity in tumor DNA
particular locus
hallmark of cancer deregulation of molecular mechanisms controlling cell cycle
progression
hallmark of apoptosis DNA fragmentation
definitive diagnosis of brain mass biopsy
gold standard for lung infection diagnostics open- lung biopsy
hemoptysis as ominous sign in Aspergillus infection
earliest metastases of melanomas often to inguinal lymph nodes
definitive staging procedure in patients with head and neck endoscopic examination
masses
cornerstone of symptomatic management of metastatic disease in standard medical management, judicious use of pain
disseminated Non small cell lung CA medications, the appropriate use of radiotherapy, outpatient
chemotherapy
leading cause of cancer death in both men and women primary carcinoma of the lung
mainstay of treatment of Gallbladder CA surgical, either simple or radical cholecystectomy for stages I or I I ,
respectively
fourth leading cause of cancer- related death pancreatic cancer
definitive treatment of the bladder CA radical cystectomy or radiation therapy
gold standard for treatment of prostate CA with mets surgical orchiectomy
second leading cause of cancer deaths in men prostate cancer
pathognomonic for GCT of all histologic types isochromosome of short arm of chr.12
pathognomonic for testicular malignancy painless testicular mass
leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the US
mainstay for Ewing's primitive neuroectodermal tumors
mainstay for chondrosarcoma
definitive treatment for eosinophilia
mainstay for therapy for sickle cell anemia
reduction in arterial oxygen saturation is ominous because it
promotes sickling on a massive scale
onset of heart failure in hemosiderosis is ominous, often
presaging death within a year
definitive diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis
definitive diagnosis of glycolytic enzymopathies
gold standard for proving life span of red cells is reduced
gold standard for definitive diagnosis of PNH
cytogenic hallmark of Chronic myeloid leukemia
leading cause of therapy- associated AML
earliest manifestation of renal failure in multiple myeloma
patients
may herald life- threatening bleeding
mainstay for treatment of I TP
mainstay for treatment of type 1 vWD
earliest finding in Vitamin K
second leading cause of death in hemophilia patients exposed to
older clotting factor concentrates; major cause of morbidity
gold standard for DVT ( classic gold standard)
gold standard for pulmonary embolism ( classic gold standard)
mainstay for prevention and treatment of venous
thromboembolism
earliest radiologic finding of vertebral tumor
often heralds autonomic failure in men and may precede other
symptoms by years
Hallmark of hematopoietic growth factor ( type 1) receptor
family
Hallmark of hematopoietic growth factor ( type 1) receptor
family
epithelial ovarian cancer ( among the three: germ cells, stromal
cells and epithelial cells)
chemotherapy; often before surgery
surgical resection of primary and recurrent tumors, including
pulmonary mets
directed at the underlying malignancy
hydroxyurea
molecular studies demonstrating mutation in one of the genes
underlying HS
demonstrating the deficiency of an individual enzyme by
quantitative assays
red cell survival study
flow cytometry
t( 9; 22) ( q34; q11.2)
Anticancer drugs
adult Fanconi syndrome, a type 2 proximal RTA) with loss of
glucose and amino acids, as well as defects in the ability of the
kidney to acidify and concentrate urine
wet purpura ( blood blisters in the mouth) and retinal
hemorrhages
plasma exchange
DDAVP or desmopressin
prolongation of PT values
Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) infection
contrast venography; now replaced by ultrasonography
pulmonary angiography; now replaced by assessment of clinical
probability, D- dimer; spiral CT of chest
anticoagulants
erosion of the pedicles ( "winking owl" sign)
impotence, although not specific for autonomic failure
extracellular regions of each receptor contain two conserved
motifs
1. located at the N terminus, rich in cysteine residues
Hallmark of hematopoietic growth factor ( type 1) receptor
family
therapeutic cornerstone for antibody- deficient patients who have
recurrent infections and who are deficient in I gG
hallmark of anaphylactic reaction
Hallmark of systemic autoimmune diseases
herald a flare, particularly nephritis or vasculitis
mainstay in patients with fatigue, pain and autoantibodies of
SLE, but without major organ involvement,
mainstay of treatment for any inflammatory life- threatening
manifestations of SLE
definitive diagnosis of Rheumatoid arthritis
earliest lesions in rheumatoid sinovitis
earliest event in RA
hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis
Drug of choice for Arthritis, arthralgia, and fever in ARF
Drug of choice for Acute Rheumatic fever, LT secondary
prophylaxis
hallmark of rheumatic carditis
mainstay for primary prevention for ARF
mainstay for controlling ARF and RHD
cardinal features of systemic sclerosis
earliest manifestations of systemic sclerosis
hallmark of Systemic Sclerosis
hallmark of Systemic Sclerosis
Clinical hallmark of Systemic sclerosis
leading cause of death of patients with systemic sclerosis
earliest manifestations of AS
earliest changes by standard radiography in AS
2. located at the C terminus proximal to the transmembrane
region and comprises 5 amino acid residues, tryptophan- serine- C-
tryptophan- serine
replacement therapy with human immunoglobulin
onset of some manifestation within seconds to minutes after
introduction of the antigen
associated relevant autoimmune manifestations
increase in quantities of anti- dsDNA
analgesics and antimalarials
systemic glucocorticoids ( 0.5- 2mg/kg per day PO or 1000mg of
methylprednisolone sodium succinate I V daily for 3 days
followed by 0.5- 1mg/kg of daily prednisone or equivalent
predominantly on characteristic clinical features and the
exclusion of other inflammatory processes
microvascular injury and an increase in the number of synovial
lining cells
nonspecific inflammatory response initiated by an unknown
stimulus and characterized by accumulation of macrophages and
other mononuclear cells within the sublining layer of the
synovium
potential of the synovial inflammation to cause cartilage damage
and bone erosions and changes in joint integrity
aspirin
Penicillin
valvular damage
primary prophylaxis
secondary prevention
vasculopathy, cellular and humoral immunity, and progressive
visceral and vascular fibrosis in multiple organs
autoimmunity and altered endothelial cell function
widespread obliterative vasculopathy and failure to repair
damaged vessels
widespread obliterative vasculopathy of small arteries and
arterioles and fibrosis in the skin and internal organs
skin thickening
pulmonary involvement
sacroiliitis
blurring of the cortical margins of the subchondral bone,

mainstay for pharmacologic therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis
pathognomonic for Whipple's disease
definitive diagnosis of vasculitis
earliest form of Wegener's granulomatosis
Hallmark of idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis
mainstay of treatment of Cogan's syndrome
sine qua non for diagnosis of Behcet’s syndrome
earliest abnormality of hyaline and elastic cartilage noted
histologically
Drug of choice for Sarcoidosis
hallmark of sarcoidosis
gold standard for diagnosis of ATTR and other AF mutation
pathognomonic for AL amyloidosis
pathognomonic for ATTR amyloidosis
may herald a more serious condition that requires further
evaluation or laboratory testing to establish a diagnosis or
document the extent and nature of the pathologic process
pathognomonic for amyloidosis
cardinal elements of the treatment of OA
earliest changes of OA occur in
radiographic hallmark of osteoarthritis
leading cause of disability in the elderly
mainstay for treatment of OA
sine qua non of OA
definitive diagnosis of CPPD
mainstay for treatment during acute attack of gout
definitive diagnosis of an infectious process ( arthritis)
definitive diagnosis of PNH
followed by erosions and sclerosis
NSAI Ds
oculomasticatory and oculofacial- skeletal myorhythmia,
accompanied by supranuclear vertical gaze palsy
biopsy of involved tissue
renal involvement is characterized by focal and segmental
glomerulitis that may evolve into a rapidly progressive
crescentic glomerulonephritis
predominance of skin involvement, palpable purpura, macules,
papules, vesicles, bullae, subcutaneous nodules, ulcers, and
recurrent or chronic urticaria
glucocorticoids
recurrent aphthous ulcerations
focal or diffuse loss of basophilic staining indicating depletion of
proteoglycan from the cartilage matrix
Glucocorticoids
granuloma
DNA sequencing
macroglossia, with an enlarged, indented, or immobile tongue
vitreous opacities caused by amyloid deposits
specific musculoskeletal symptoms or their persistence
soft tissue findings of macroglossia and periorbital ecchymoses
improve the functioning of muscles surrounding the joint
cartilage
osteophytes
osteoarthritis
altering loading across the painful joint and improving function of
joint protectors
hyaline articular cartilage loss, present in a focal and initially
non- uniform manner
demonstration of typical crystals in synovial fluid or articular
tissue
administration of anti- inflammatory drugs such as NSAI Ds,
colchicine, or glucocorticoids
relies on identification of the pathogen in stained smears of
synovial fluid, isolation of the pathogen from cultures of synovial
fluid and blood, or detection of microbial nucleic acids and proteins
by PCR- based assays and immunologic techniques
based on demonstration that a substantial proportion of the patient’s
red cells