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Complete report of Basic Biology observations with the title “Microscopic


Observation”. Which made by:
Name : Muhammad Tri Prasetia Nua
ID : 1512441003
Class : ICP of Physics Education
Group : 6th
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted

Makassar, December 2015


Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Kamaliah Guntur
Rusdianto Nurman ID : 1314440012
ID:1214041002

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Drs. H. Abdul Muis, M.Si


ID: 19640913 199011 1 001
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Structurally, the bodies of animals and plants are composed of various
organs and tissues that support each other to carry out the functions and
activities of life. Tissue in animals and plants have differences due to the
constituent organs of the body of animals and plants differ greatly. Tissue in
animals and plants have a function, shape, and location of different.
Living things in this world can not stand alone but there are preparing his
body to become one and intact so that everything was going to do all the
activities that can be run properly. All living beings in this world whether
human, animal, and plant has a body made up of organs - organs, from the
organ - this organ is composed by a tissue. In this tissue is not the same as
organs - organs of living things that can be seen by naked eye like the feet,
hands, leaves, stems, but making up the living body tissue can be seen through
a microscope.
Tissue is a collection of cells that form and function the same. Tissue on
plant body consists of two tissues that meristem tissue (tissue young) and adult
tissues. In addition, the plants divided into two groups, namely the class of
plant monocot and dicot plant group where, two types of classifications of
plants is characterized by the structure and layout of each organ tissues that
make up the plant.
Tissue in animals are also divided into several main tissue epithelial tissue,
connective tissue / tissue backer, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. The main
tissue is composed of other tissues and perform their function, have
characteristics, location, and different shapes. Based on the difference of the
tissue of plants and animals to learn more about the structure and kind of body
tissues of animals and plants we perform microscopic observation.
There are more than two hundred the different kind of the cell that built
our body, and we never aware that. This cell arranged and had controlled to
form in to four the basic of tissue for our body.
Tissue is a some of the cells collected that have tight relation with each
other of cell sand it has a same function and same structure for the certain
purpose. At the organism in low degree has that simple in the body have tissue,
as long as the life only one cell, and in the organism high degree develop
organism has so more appear for any arrange body organ. Science which is
study about tissue called histology.
The tissue cannot be looked with a naked eye, because it is too small or we
can say it including into the microscopic thing. So, we need the microscope to
enlarge it for observe the structure of tissue.
When we looking the tissue for the microscopic step, the capability to
knowing the existence and the location of four the basic of tissue that make
possible and enable to identification the organ that we found. The basic
knowledge about the basic characteristic and cell composition from the tissues
is important in the histology, that science or knowledge that study the tissues
of the microscopic step.
This experiment with the title is “microscopic observation”. In the
microscopic observation the university student will observation some of the
microscopic thing from the plant tissue and animal tissue. From this experiment
the university student will know about the structure of tissue that built the plant
body and the animal body.

B. Purpose
Students skilled use of biological microscope quickly and safely to look simple
preparations.

C. Benefit
Students can learn microscope parts and their functions, can take care of him,
and knowing some plant cell shape differences were observed under a
microscope.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The tissue is a cell collected which is connecting with one and other cell that
has the function and same structure. The knowledge that was studying or learning
about the structure of the tissue is a histology. (Organizer team, 2015: 13).
The tissue that was built the plant body can be separated into pale tissue
(meristematic) and old tissue which is separated into protect tissue (epidermis),
parenchyma tissue, transportation tissue, and cork tissue. (Organizer team, 2015:
13).
The tissue of animal body diferentiated to four kinds of main tissue, that are:
ephitelium tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue and string tissue (Organizer team,
2015: 16)
The ground tissue of roots, consisting mostly of parenchyma cells, fills the cortex,
the region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis. Cells within the ground
tissue store carbohydrates and absorb water and minerals from the soil. The
innermost layer of the cortex is called the endodermis, a cylinder one cell thick that
forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder. As you will see in Chapter 36, the
endodermis is a selective barrier that regulates passage of substances from the soil
into the vascular cylinder. Lateral roots arise from the pericycle, the outermost cell
layer in the vascular cylinder, which is adjacent to and just inside the endodermis.
A lateral root pushes through the cortex and epidermis until it emerges from the
established root. (Campbell, 2011: 749)
The epidermis covers stems as part of the continuous dermal tissue system.
Vascular tissue runs the length of a stem in vascular bundles. Unlike lateral roots,
which arise from vascular tissue deep within a root and disrupt the vascular
cylinder, cortex, and epidermis as they emerge, lateral shoots develop from axillary
bud meristems on the stem’s surface and disrupt no other tissues. The vascular
bundles of the stem converge with the root’s vascular cylinder in a zone of transition
located near the soil surface.(Campbell, 2011: 749)
In most eudicot species, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles
arranged in a ring. The xylem in each vascular bundle is adjacent to the pith, and
the phloem in each bundle is adjacent to the cortex. In most monocot stems, the
vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue rather than forming a
ring. In the stems of both monocots and eudicots, the ground tissue consists mostly
of parenchyma cells. However, collenchyma cells just beneath the epidermis
strengthen many stems. Sclerenchyma cells, especially fiber cells, also provide
support in those parts of the stems that are no longer elongating. (Campbell, 2011:
750)
The epidermis is interrupted by pores called stomata (singular, stoma),
which allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the
photosynthetic cells inside the leaf. In addition to regulating CO2 uptake for
photosynthesis, stomata are major avenues for the evaporative loss of water. The
term stoma can refer to the stomatal pore or to the entire stomatal complex
consisting of a pore flanked by two guard cells, which regulate the opening and
closing of the pore. (Campbell, 2011: 750)
The ground tissue of a leaf, a region called the mesophyll (from the Greek
mesos, middle, and phyll, leaf), is sandwiched between the upper and lower
epidermal layers. Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for
photosynthesis. The mesophylls of many eudicots have two distinct layers: palisade
mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. Palisade mesophyll consists of one or more
layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf. Spongy
mesophyll is below the palisade mesophyll. These parenchyma cells are more
loosely arranged, with a labyrinth of air spaces through which CO2 and oxygen
circulate around the cells and up to the palisade region. The air spaces are
particularly large in the vicinity of stomata, where CO2 is taken up from the outside
air and O2 is discharged. (Campbell, 2011: 750)
The vascular tissue of each leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue of the
stem. Veins subdivide repeatedly and branch throughout the mesophyll. This
network brings xylem and phloem into close contact with the photosynthetic tissue,
which obtains water and minerals from the xylem and loads its sugars and other
organic products into the phloem for transport to other parts of the plant. The
vascular structure also functions as a framework that reinforces the shape of the
leaf. Each vein is enclosed by a protective bundle sheath, consisting of one or more
layers of cells, usually parenchyma cells. Bundle sheath cells are particularly
prominent in leaves of plant species that undergo C4 photosynthesis. (Campbell,
2011: 750)
CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place


Day/date : Monday/December 21st 2015
Time : 01.20 pm – 03.20 am
Place : Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science,
State University of Makassar.

B. Tools and Materials


1. For plant tissue
a. Tools
1) Microscope
2) Rough cloth and soft cloth
3) Object glass
b. Material
1) Preserved Preparate of root tissue, steam tissue, and leaf which is
from monocotylclass and dycotyle class.
2. For animal tissue
a. Tools
1) Microscope
2) Rough cloth and soft cloth
3) Object glass
c. Material
1) Preserved Preparate of monolayer cube ephitel on medulla renalis
2) Preparate of rub solid bone on pipe bone
3) Preserved preparate of blood with giemsa
4) Preserved preparate of smooth muscle, seletal muscle and cardiac
muscle
5) Preserved preparate of Purkinje cell on small brain

C. Work Procedure
1. For plant tissue
a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.
b. Preparate was taken which is the preparate represent with monocotyl
and dycotyle.
c. Observed the characteristic of the structure and location from each tissue
which is built the root, stem and leaf.
d. The magnificent of objective lens is 4 X to see the totally of preparate,
and then change the magnificent 10 X to observe the part of tissue
clearly.
e. Drew the part of tissue.
f. Compared the observation result with picture.
g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the plant organ.

2. For animal tissue


a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.
b. Took the lasting preparate of animal tissue.
c. Observed the characteristic of the structure of each animal tissue
d. Used of objective magnificent 4 x to see the totally of preparate to
observe the part of animal tissue clearly.
e. Drew the part of tissue.
f. Compared the observation result with picture.
g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the animals organ.
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Result
I. Plant Tissue
1. Monocot Corn leaves

Compared Picture
2. Zea mays ts stem

Compared Pictures
3. Hibiscus sp. cs

Compared Pictures
II. Animal Tissue
1. Human Muscle Cardiac Sect

Compared Pictures
2. Mammal striated muscle teased

Picture from experiment

B. Discussion
Based on the experiment about microscopic observation there some of the
animal function and plant function:
In this experiment we observed about the plant body especially for the
monocotyl and dycotyle plant. In the root of monocotyle we can found some of
tissue there are xylem and floem. The function of the xylem and floem tissue to
transport the mineral or food from the ground into the body of plant so this
tissue is the one of transportation tissue.
In the stem of monocotyle there some tissue we can found there are
epidermis, cortex, floem and xylem. And in the dycotyle plant there some tissue
that same character with monocotyle plantlike epidermis, cortex, floem and
xylem. But in the monocotyle plant there are some different position of the
transportation tissue, in the monocotyle plant the position of transportation
tissue was spread and in the dycotyle plant the transportation tissue was well
ordered.
For the animal tissue in this experiment we observe the human brown skin
which is in the human brown skin we can found laminar epithelium, in this
obsevation we observe the epithelium tissue. Beside of epithelium tissue we
observed the blood tissue. In this tissue we observe some kind of blood cell
there are monosite, eusinofite, limfosite, basophile and neutrosite. Each cell has
a different characteristic.
In the animal tissue we also observed the muscle tissue we will focused
the observe about cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. In the
cardiac muscle we can found the nucleus and sinsitium, in the smooth muscle
we observe the nucleus and in the skeletal muscle we can found the myofibrin,
dark ribbon and nucleus. When we observed about the muscle tissue we found
some different of the muscle tissue, especially the position of the nucleus.
CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on the practicum about microscopic observation, the practicum
draw the conclusion as follows: The tissue of each part of plant and animal has
some different structure and it has some different function. Like in the animal
tissue it has Epithelium tissue, String tissue, Nerve tissue and Muscle tissue.
Each tissue has some different structure and function. And plant are meristem
tissue, cork tissue, transportation tissue.
B. Suggestion
Based on the result of practicum and the conclusion, the suggestion as
follows:
1. Suggestion for Laboratory
I hope for next practicum about the microscopic observation. The
quality of the preserved preparate must be improve or take careless with the
preparate that we use it for observation.
2. Suggestion for Assistant
The Assistant who was guide for this practice is good. So, I hope for
the next practicum the assistant can guide excellently.
3. Suggestion for Friend
I hope for my friend in the next practicum, we can work together again
more than in this practicum and working seriously to get a good result to get
a good result.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Campbell, Neil A et al. 2011. Biology 9th edition. Erlangga. Jakarta

Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum.


Laboratorium Biologi UNM. Makassar.
ATTACHMENT

Question:
1. What kind of smooth muscle cells, where it is located, how many in each
cell nucleus?
2. The set of fibers of skeletal muscle cells called what, how much of the core
which is attached to the fibers?
3. What is the fundamental difference between smooth muscle cells, skeletal
muscle cells and cardiac muscle are found?
4. What is called lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi?
5. What is the function of the Haverst channel?

Answer:
1. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, large middle section and tapered
at the ends. Essentially there amid the sarcoplasmic amounted to one fruit
per cell, that are duct layout gastrointestinal smooth muscle, bladder, blood
vessels, etc.
2. The set of skeletal muscle cells called meat, and lots of each cell nucleus is
a lot to be at the core and edge of the sarcoplasmic.
3. The fundamental difference between smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle,
and cardiac muscle is more to the cell nucleus, where the tissue in the body
smooth muscle has 1 core in the middle, skeletal muscle has a lot on the
edge and the core of the heart muscle has 1 or 2 core in middle. Smooth
muscle is in the organs in the body, skeletal muscles are on the outside of
the skeletal and cardiac muscle is in the heart.
4. The lamella is a circular band that is wrapped around the center of the bone,
there is a lacuna is part of the boundary between the lamella, canaliculi is
part osteocytes connect with each other.
5. Haverst channel function is as a place of blood vessels, lymph vessels and
nerves.

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