RF and Fiber: Worlds Collide

Brad Goetzelman
Neven Jambresic
Webinar, May 29th 2014
Agenda

§ Cell Site Evolution

§ Distributed RF advantages
§ Deployment challenges
§ Deployment best practices
• RF
• Fiber
§ Q & A

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 2

Coax meets Fiber – an Evolution

Conventional Distributed Cell- Distributed Active Antenna

Cell-sites sites Antenna Systems Small Cell-sites

Coax
RRH or RRU Coax

Coax

Coax Fiber

Fiber

Fiber

Installs Conventional Distributed DAS Small-cells

Deployed +++ ++ ++ +
Trend + ++ ++ +++

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 3

 DAS – Different Configurations

50 ohm Coax – Passive Splitters

Low Power RF
Fiber (Analog) Remote
(strand or pair) Units

Feed High Power RF POI

from
Service
(Point of
Provider Interface) 75 ohm Coax Remote
Donor
Units
Combiner and
Cell
Master
Fronthaul Distribution Unit Fiber (Digital) Remote
/Backhaul
Transceivers Units
Digital (CPRI)

Fiber (Digital) Twisted Pair

Indoor Unit (Non-Ethernet)
Radio

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 4

Introduction to CPRI

§  CPRI is an industry cooperation defining a specification for the interface

between the Radio Equipment Control (REC) and the Radio Equipment
(RE).
•  Three different information flows (User Plane data, Control and Management
Plane data, and Synchronization Plane data) are multiplexed over the interface.

Radio Equipment Control Radio Equipment

(REC) (RE)
CONTROL SYNC USER CONTROL SYNC USER
PLANE PLANE PLANE PLANE PLANE PLANE
CPRI

LAYER 2 LAYER 2

Backhaul LAYER 1 LAYER 1

Antennas

•  Data Plane: IQ data flow of one antenna and one carrier (AxC).
•  Control Plane: Information related the operation, administration and maintenance of the CPRI link.
The actual content of the control data bytes are not defined in CPRI but are vendor specific.
•  Synchronization Plane: Data flow which transfers frame and time alignment information between
nodes.

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 5

Agenda

§ Cell Site Evolution

§ Distributed RF advantages
§ Deployment challenges
§ Deployment best practices
• RF
• Fiber
§ Q & A

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 6

RF Signal Quality to the End User and/or System Capacity

§  As of today, DAS and small cells appear to be the best

alternative to beam forming antennas
•  This technology seeks to change RF coverage patterns to
more precisely focus energy to follow a subscriber’s location
§  By placing multiple antennas closer to end users and
creating smaller RF footprints you can improve signal quality
•  Only if the power levels are well balanced according to the
surrounding antenna coverage
§  Best performance and capacity is accomplished when there
is minimal adjacent antenna overlap and multipath signals
§  RF coverage should ideally create a high quality, dominant
signal covering where subscribers congregate
§  Advantage of DAS systems are components are often
reusable as technologies change

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 7

“It’s All in the Scanner”
PCIs within 5 dB of the dominant server

“I would much rather have a single sector service with RSRP = -80 than two
sectors with RSRP = -60” (Gerrit Boonstra – President/CEO of Siriq LLC)

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 8

Agenda

§ Cell Site Evolution

§ Distributed RF advantages
§ Deployment challenges
§ Deployment best practices
• RF
• Fiber
§ Q & A

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 9

Considerations Before You Start

§  Baseline existing coverage

•  Relative to respective bands and technologies of interest
§  New RF coverage should complement (not compete with)
existing coverage
§  Can the existing coverage be permanently changed, yielding
to better RF planning?
§  During major gatherings and crowd movement can coverage
be dynamically changed?
§  Benefits of predictive modeling
§  RF licensee must approve

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 10

“Control Your RF Environment”

§  The aspects which can and will affect RF quality:

•  Signal quality
-  Components
-  Installation Access Visibility
•  Antenna Test points
Built in and external test
equipment
•  Power levels (including noise)
•  Building materials
•  Geography Control
•  Time of day Level controls

•  Vegetation
•  Weather

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 11

Do You Need To Test? Why? When?

§  Know what you are getting into

•  Cables and antenna analysis, spectral measurements, and
signal quality measurements
§  Doing it right the first time requires:
•  Test before you start (baseline)
•  Design validation before installation
•  Test while you install (preventative)
•  Setting uplink and downlink path losses/gains
•  Test when you are finished (acceptance)
§  Continue monitoring…stuff happens (repair)

Baseline Prevent Acceptance Repair

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 12

DAS: Challenges for Deployment
1.  Fiber Cabling
•  Inspect & clean all connectors
•  Certify & document pristine installation
•  Certify & qualify ability to carry light
•  Troubleshoot & resolve faults

2.  Coax (50 and 75 ohm)

•  Verify transmission lines & antenna system
•  Certify & document installation
•  Troubleshoot & resolve faults

3.  CAT-x
•  Certify each cable to TIA/ISO limits
•  Verify basic connectivity and function
•  Troubleshoot & resolve faults

4.  RF & RAN Environment

•  Verify antenna operation

•  Verify macrocell / DAS cooperation
•  Verify a “clean” RF environment
(no interference)
•  Verify smartphone user satisfaction

5.  Advanced Topics

•  Verify CPRI or OBSAI links
•  Verify Ethernet backhaul functions
(throughput, timing, control)
•  Troubleshoot & resolve faults

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 13

Working Groups – from Construction to Maintenance

Construction
Small
“Small Cell Tech”
Cell

xDSL/HFC

Construction U
Optimization s
Commission
Backhaul Contractor e
MTSO eNodeB System
“Backhaul Tech” Macro Performance r
Maintenance
Commission Engineers s
Cell Tech
NEM or Cell
Tech
Backhaul Construction
eNodeB DAS
System
Integrators
Contractors

Legend Core Fiber Coax RF

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 14

Case Study: EVM distortion – LTE eNodeB output quality
degraded by DAS

Base Station Analyzer - JD745A Base Station Analyzer - JD745A

Reference Signal EVM at eNodeB Reference Signal EVM at DAS End Point
© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 15
DAS Automeasure
§  Measurement comparisons would allow the user to make measurements
at the base station and final output (just prior to the antennas)--and then
compare those measurements.
§  A pre-defined set of limits describing the maximum amount of change from
BTS output to Antenna input would be useful in helping users to determine
PASS/FAIL criteria

A B

RF point #A B

CellAdvisor

RF point #B
Typical DAS System Configuration

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 16

Deployment Challenges

§  Installers now need to support multiple

technologies
•  2G, 3G, 4G, WiFi, Public safety, etc.
§  Tools are required that can support both the RF
domain and the Fiber domain
§  Simplified usage is important to speed up cell
site install
§  Save the “Birth Certificate” of the cell site to the
cloud so that important data is not lost

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 17

Poll Question

§  What do you believe is the biggest

challenge when deploying cell sites?
•  Multi-technology/spectrum complexity
•  Fronthaul/backhaul testing
•  External RF Interference/Passive
Intermodulation
•  Fiber
•  RAN coverage/optimization

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 18

Agenda

§ Cell Site Evolution

§ Distributed RF advantages
§ Deployment challenges
§ Deployment best practices
• RF
• Fiber
§ Q & A

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 19

Test Solutions for Radio Access Network
SERVICE COVERAGE CELL SITE PERFORMANCE CALL PERFORMANCE

CABLE  AND    
ANTENNA    
ANALYZER  

 WIRELESS    
    BASE  STATION   FIBER   PROTOCOL    
DRIVE  TEST  TOOL   ANALYZER     TEST     TEST  

Network Entity Purpose Solution

User Equipment Service Coverage: data throughput, call quality, handover test Drive Test Tool (LG, Samsung, Qualcomm)
Base Station Analysis: RF performance and signal/modulation Base Station Analyzer (2G, 3G, 4G)
quality Cable and Antenna Analyzer (Coax, Fiber)
Cell Site
Fiber Test Fiber microscope, Visual fault locator, OTDR, and
Optical source and power
S1 Interface Call Performance: call tracing, statistics, decoding Wireless Protocol Test

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 20

 CellAdvisor Product Portfolio
RF Field Test Solutions
BASE  STATION  
SIGNAL  ANALYZER   RF  ANALYZER   CABLE  &  ANTENNA  ANALYZER  
ANALYZER  

FEATURES  

JD785A   JD745A   JD788A   JD748A   JD786A   JD746A   JD725A   JD724C   JD723C  

Cable  &  Antenna   25MHz  to   5MHz  to   25MHz  to   5MHz  to   5MHz  to   5MHz  to   100MHz  
Analysis   6GHz   4GHz   6GHz   4GHz   4GHz   4GHz   to  2.7GHz  
InserIon  Gain/Loss   " " " " "
9KHz  to   100KHz  to   9KHz  to   100KHz  to   9KHz  to   100KHz  to  
Spectrum  Analysis  
8GHz   4GHz   8GHz   4GHz   8GHz   4GHz  
Signal  Analysis   " " " "
DAS  Auto  Test   " " " "
Interference  Analysis   " " " " " "
PIM  DetecIon   " " " " " "
RF  Power     " " " " " " " " "
OpIcal  Power   " " " " " " " "
Fiber  InspecIon   " " " " "
Bluetooth  Control   " " " " " " " "
StrataSync   " " " " "
T1/E1  Analysis   " "

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 21

RF & Fiber Feed-line Verification

§  Fiber Test

‒  Fiber Inspection §  RF Test
‒  Optical Power ‒  Return Loss/Reflection
‒  Distance To Fault
‒  Cable Loss
‒  RF Power

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 22

Optical Fiber Types

§  Singlemode
§  Multimode

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 23

Focused On the Connection

Bulkhead Adapter

Ferrule
Fiber
Fiber Connector

Physical
Contact
Alignment Alignment
Sleeve Sleeve

Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST

PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 24

What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?

The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber

optic connection are “The 3 P’s”:

§  Perfect Core Light Transmitted

Alignment
§  Physical Contact
§  Pristine Connector Core

Interface Cladding

CLEAN

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 25

What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?

CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical

networks.

§  A single particle mated

into the core of a fiber
can cause significant Light Back Reflection Insertion Loss

back reflection,
insertion loss and
even equipment Core
Cladding
damage.

§  Visual inspection of

DIRT
fiber optic connectors
is the only way to
determine if they are
truly clean before
mating them.

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 26

Contamination and Signal Performance

1 CLEAN CONNECTION FIBER CONTAMINATION AND ITS EFFECT ON SIGNAL

PERFORMANCE

Back Reflection = -67.5 dB

Total Loss = 0.250 dB

3 DIRTY CONNECTION

CLEAN CONNECTION VS. DIRTY CONNECTION

This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal
performance when dirty connectors are mated
Back Reflection = -32.5 dB
Total Loss = 4.87 dB

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 27

Proactive vs. Reactive Inspection

PROACTIVE REACTIVE INSPECTION:

INSPECTION: Visually inspecting fiber connectors
Visually inspecting fiber AFTER a problem is discovered,
connectors at every stage of typically during troubleshooting.
handling BEFORE mating By this time, connectors and other
them. equipment may have suffered
permanent damage.
Connectors are much easier to
clean prior to mating, before
embedding
Dirty
FiberFiber
AFTER debris
PRIOR tointo the fiber.
Cleaning Dirty
FiberFiber
AFTERPRIOR
Mating
to Mating
and
Mating Numerous Cleanings

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 28

Inspect Before You Connectsm

Follow this simple “INSPECT BEFORE YOU CONNECT” process to ensure

fiber end faces are clean prior to mating connectors.

INSPECT CONNECT
Is it
clean?

NO YES
CLEAN

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 29

Major Issue: Bending

§  Microbending
•  Caused by microscopic fiber
deformations in the core-cladding
interface
-  Induced pressure on the glass
(freezing water, external pressure)

§  Macrobending
•  Caused by physical bends in the fiber
(over clamping, poor patching)
-  Exceed bend radius limitations
-  Are wavelength sensitive

Attenuation due to macrobending increases with wavelength

(e.g. greater at 1550nm than at 1310nm)

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 30

 Tier 1 Certification – Loss and Inspection

Test Type
Handheld Digital
§  Check Fiber Continuity Microscope/OPM for
RRU/Breakout connector
§  Certify the Fiber Connector inspection/certification
endface quality for all
components.
§  Check power levels of the active
equipment at the BBU and RRH. Loopback for loss
measurement
§  Measure total fiber link or
channel Loss of the RFF cable.

§  No information about

individual events
§  Can certify overall loss
and state of connectors

Digital Microscope for Source and Digital Handheld Power

Source and Digital Meter/Microscope for Tier 1 Loss
Connector Certification Power Meter for Link/ Certification & Connector Certification
Channel Loss Visual Fault Locator
Certification

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 31

 Tier 2 Testing

Handheld Digital
Microscope/OPM
for RRU/Breakout
connector
inspection

Test Type
§  Check Fiber Continuity
§  Certify the Fiber Connector Loopback for loss
endface Quality for all measurement

components.
§  Measure fiber link/channel
length
§  Measure discrete losses of
the fibers and connectors/
joints of the RFF.

MTS-2000, OTDR,
Loss, Inspection

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 32

 JDSU solutions for oDAS installation (up to 20 km+)
OTRx: Optical Transceivers
: Singlemode fiber Remote End Unit
A UL:1550 nm
DAS Headend
IN OUT
DL:1310 nm B
High / Low
bands
OTRx

RF to optical Patch
conversion panel

Test Type
§  Certify connector endfaces
§  Check fiber continuity/polarity
§  Measure total fiber link or channel loss
§  Measure fiber link/channel length
§  Measure discrete losses of the fibers
and connectors/joints

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 33

 JDSU solutions for iDAS installation (up to 2 km)
: Singlemode or Multimode fiber Remote End Unit
A Expansion
HUB / Group
DAS Headend /
Telecom Room

Host Unit
Or DL/UL:1310 nm
Main Hub

RF to optical
conversion

Test Type
§  Certify connector endfaces Remote End Unit
§  Check fiber continuity/polarity (VFL)
§  Measure total fiber link or channel loss
§  Measure fiber link/channel length
§  Measure discrete losses of the fibers
and connectors/joints

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 34

Report Generation: Proof and Protection

OTDR and Inspection Inspection and Loss

Birth certificate – prove day zero fiber performance and quality of work

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 35

Complete Software Service for Instruments

StrataSync®
Asset Configuration Test Data What’s New @
Management Management Management JDSU
Asset Tracking Firmware
(Serial #, Cal date, File Storage Latest Releases
FW ver., etc.) Updates

Instrument
Modules Options File Viewing Release Notes
(permanent)
Instrument
View Instrument
Options Dashboards New Options
Options
(floating, timed)

View Links to
Templates File Exporting
Configurations Training Videos

DSAM Configs
Anti-theft DSAM Test Data
(Channel Plans,
(DSAM) Rendering
Limit Plans, etc.)

Smart ID
Configuration

StrataSync® provides a universal JDSU experience to our customers…

…and unlocks the power of the entire instrument portfolio

© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 36

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