Explor. Mining Geol., Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, pp.

61–68, 2002
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Phosphate Prospecting Using Natural Gamma Ray Well

Logging in the Khneifiss Mine, Syria
JAMAL ASFAHANI
Department of Geology, Atomic Energy Commission
Damascus, Syria

Received June 20, 2001; accepted July 16, 2003

Abstract — Natural gamma ray well logging, an effective tool in geophysical prospecting, is used to
investigate the radioactive and phosphatic layers in the Khneifiss mine in Syria. The interpretation of
the gamma ray measurements, using numerical methods of analysis developed previously and applied
successfully in some phosphatic areas in Syria, make it possible to define precisely the phosphate
thickness from place to place in the study area. This technique has been successfully applied while
studying seven boreholes in the area. Sixty-three core samples from phosphatic layers in the boreholes
have been analyzed, using gamma ray spectrometry for the determination of P2O5 , U, Th, and K.
Good correlation between P2O5 content and U concentration has been found. The total count gamma
logs correlate reasonably well with the U core analysis, suggesting that radioactive equilibrium exists
in the U decay series. These gamma logs can be therefore used effectively to quantitatively map the
distribution of P2O5 and U. The characteristics of both subsurface phosphatic sand and phosphatic
rocks have been investigated and outlined using a statistical approach. The affinity of uranium to some
trace elements such as V, Sr, Cu, and Ni has been verified using correlation matrices of these elements.
© 2004 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. All rights reserved.

Introduction phosphatic layers for the determination of U, Th, and K

contents and other trace elements.
Phosphate deposits are encountered in some areas in This study investigates the main radioactive and geo-
Syria, with the highest concentrations of phosphorite being chemical characteristics of the phosphatic layers in the
located in the Palmyrides Mountain Chain, particularly in Khneifiss region, by using natural gamma ray borehole logs
the south-central part where two occurrences have been and by studying the characteristics of some trace elements
economically mined for years (Fig. 1). The first mine is the such as V, Sr, Ni, and their relations to uranium and P2O5 in
Khneifiss deposit, located in the extreme southwestern both phosphatic sands and phosphatic rocks, using a statisti-
plunging flank of Jabal Al-Abter, 65 km southwest of cal approach, particularly correlation matrices.
Palmyra. The second mine is the Al-Sharquieh deposit,
located 45 km southwest of Palmyra. Most of the studies
carried out by Cayeux (1935); Russian Technoexport Mis-
sion (1966a, 1966b); Atfeh (1967); Al-Issa (1972); and
Abbas (1987) on the phosphorite deposits focussed mainly
on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of
the deposits. In contrast, the radioactive and geochemical
characteristics of subsurface phosphatic samples taken
from drilled wells were only briefly reviewed. Recently,
Asfahani and Mohamad (2000) conducted geo-electrical
and radioactive measurements in the Al-Sharquieh mine in
an attempt to characterize the phosphatic layers in this
region and to introduce geo-electrical soundings for the
development of non-metallic resources. The research work
presented in this paper is a geophysical survey of phos-
phate deposits in the Khneifiss region in Syria. There are at
present in the study area seven boreholes (labeled S1 to S7)
and their depths vary between 50 m and 100 m. These
boreholes were measured by the natural gamma ray well Fig. 1. Phosphatic deposits related to Cretaceous and Eocene in
logging technique. Sixty-three samples were taken from Syria (after Atfeh, 1967).

61
62 Explor. Mining Geol., Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, 2002
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Palmyrides Mountain Chain in Central Syria. Phosphatic
deposits are also shown.
Geological Setting
The Palmyrides Mountain Chain located in central
Syria is composed of a NE-SW elongated group, 35 km
long, of mountains covering an area of 30 000 km2. The
chain is segmented by a vast Neogene-Quaternary depres-
sion, into northern and southern ranges. The sedimentary
series exposed in the Palmyride Mountain Chain, which has
ages ranging from the Upper Triassic up to Neogene, con-
sists of several lithologic units (Fig. 2); among these, the
Soukhneh group is characterized by its significant phospho-
rite deposits (Al-Maleh and Mouty, 1994). This unit is com-
posed mainly of two rock types: calcareous and siliceous.
The first type is dominated by limestone, marly limestone,
limy marl, and marl with characteristic limy concretionary
structures of few centimeters up to 2 m size. The siliceous
rocks are composed of thin layered chert horizons or chert
lenses and nodules.
The Soukhneh Group is devided into two lithologic
units, the Rmah and Sawwaneh formations. The phospho-
rite deposits in the region are attributed to enrichment
processes of phosphorus and plankton particles that indi-
cate a paleogeographic evolution related to Cenonian
transgression and the subsidence of the Arabian Platform.
The phosphatic layers appear to be thick in the central part
of the Palmyrides and become thinner toward the west
until they completely disappear under the marly rocks of
Upper Cretaceous Phosphate Deposits (Type A)
1. Khneifiss deposits
2. Al-Sharquieh deposits
3. Gadir Al-Hamal deposits
4. Central deposits
5. Al-Abter deposits
6. Al-Bardeh deposits
7. Al-Soukhneh deposits
8. Al-Rakheem and Al-Awabed deposits
9. Thanyat Al-Safra deposit
Paleogene Phosphate Deposits (Type B)
10. Fahed Al-Masrab deposits
11. Thlethawat Al-Jafeh deposits
12. Tarraq Al-Habari deposits
13. Al-Mourrabaa deposits
14. As-Sijar deposits
the Arak and Tantour formations. The phosphatic deposits
in Syria can be classified in two types, A and B (Fig. 2).
Type A includes the phosphates of Upper Cretaceous age,
while type B includes the Syrian Desert phosphorites of
Paleogene (Lower Eocene) age.
In addition, phosphatic deposits in Syria contain secondary
uranium concentrations in open pores and fractures (Abbas,
1987). These uranium concentrations can be interpreted as a
result of syngenetic precipitation along with the formation of
phosphate, or perhaps, as a result of secondary concentration
caused by surface run-off and ground water flow.
Experimental Work
Natural Gamma Ray Well Logging
Natural gamma ray well logging was conducted in
seven boreholes in the Khneifiss region (labeled S1 to S7).
Figure 3 shows the study area and the location of the bore-
holes. The borehole logging equipment used for conducting
these measurements was Mount Sopris model 1000-C Log-
ger system (Mount Sopris, 1982). This equipment is a com-
plete, fully portable, lightweight (27.3 kg), backpack-
mountable logging unit. Using the standard probe (G375/A),
Gross Count, dead time corrected total gamma radiation was
recorded in the boreholes.
 Phosphate Prospecting Using Natural Gamma Ray Well Logging • J. ASFAHANI 63

The applied statistical analysis included single variate and

bivariate statistics. In addition, some quantitative statistical
measures were determined, such as threshold levels, fre-
quently defined as the mean plus two standard deviation,
which indicate the beginning of anomalous values.

Single Variate Analysis

Single variate statistics were used to describe the statis-

Fig. 3. Study area and the location of wells measured by natural
gamma ray well logging.
Gamma Spectrometry Measurements
The gamma spectrometer consisted of a 12.5% relative
efficiency Ge detector, with an energy resolution of 1.8 keV
at 1.333 MeV, coupled to an S-100 spectroscopy system with
an 8192 ADC card. The gamma ray measurements were car-
ried out in a 10 cm thick lead shield internally covered with
a 1 mm thick copper sheet. The calibration of the gamma
spectrometer for K, U, and Th analysis was achieved by
using IAEA standard references materials RGTh and RGU,
which were counted under the same conditions as ore sam-
ples (AQCS, 1995). The gamma spectra were analyzed using
GaNAAS (Gamma and Neutron Activation Analysis Spec-
trum) PC program (Nuclear Analysis Software, 1991).
This spectrometric gamma counting is an indirect tech-
nique, which gives U analyses as eU analyses. The term eU
is commonly used to refer to equivalent uranium and is
equal to true uranium only if there is radioactive equilibrium
in the rocks being analyzed. Sixty-three core samples (40
phosphatic sand samples and 23 phosphatic rock samples)
were analyzed with gamma ray spectrometry to determine
U, Th, and K contents.
Statistical Analysis of the Data
Radioactive and geochemical data from the seven
Khneifiss wells were subjected to quantitative and qualita-
tive statistical analysis in order to draw valid conclusions
regarding the nature and significance of the distribution of
the radio elements and trace elements in the studied area.
tical characteristics of the distribution of each geochemical
and radioactive variable. These include range, arithmetic
–
mean (X ), measures of dispersion of data: standard devia-
tion (σ) and coefficient of variability (CV), which measures
the relative dispersion with respect to the mean of distribu-
tion. Table 1 summarizes the statistical characteristics men-
tioned above for the radiometric variables measured over the
phosphatic samples taken from the wells in the Khneifiss
region.
Bivariate Analysis
Correlation analysis has been applied as a bivariate sta-
tistic to examine the mutual relations and strength of associ-
ation between pairs of variables through calculation of the
linear Pearson product moment correlation coefficient “r.”
Results and Discussion
The natural gamma ray well logging measurements
show that radioactive intensities of the phosphatic layers
vary between 130 c.p.s. and 383 c.p.s. with an average of
270 c.p.s. and with a standard deviation of 57 c.p.s. Asfa-
hani and Kamarji (1996) have recently developed a new
automatic method for the interpretation of natural gamma
ray well logging. This new methodology has been suc-
cessfully applied in some phosphatic areas in Syria (Asfa-
hani and Kamarji, 1996; Asfahani, 1999; Asfahani and
Abdul-hadi, 2001). Depending on numerical analysis, this
automated method rapidly gives the thickness and the
radioactivity of each traversed layer in the studied well.
The thickness of the phosphatic layers varies from a min-
imum of 4.8 m in the S1 well and a maximum of 16.7 m

Table 1. Statistical analysis of the phosphatic layer in Khneifiss region.

Elements Phosphatic Sand Phosphatic Rocks

Sampling Number N = (40) Sampling Number N = (23)
– – – – – –
Range of Values X σ CV X + 2σ >X + 2σ Range of Values X σ CV X + 2σ >X + 2σ
(ppm) (ppm)
U 79-130 106.8 13.7 12.8 134.2 None 58-114 82.7 15.5 18.75 114 None
P2O5 (%) 25.1-34 30.6 2.3 7.5 35.2 None 16-29 23.7 3.8 16 31.4 None
c.p.s. 147-383 254 55.3 21.8 364 3 130-365 236.3 57.2 24 351 1
–
X: Mean.
σ: Standard deviation. –
CV: Coefficient of Variability (CV = σ/X * 100).
64 Explor. Mining Geol., Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, 2002

Fig. 4a. Lithology, natural gamma ray measurements, and theoretical models of the seven studied boreholes.

Fig. 4b. Variation of the phosphatic unit in three dimensions.

 Phosphate Prospecting Using Natural Gamma Ray Well Logging • J. ASFAHANI
in the S2 well, with an average of 13.7 m and a standard
deviation of 4.1 m.
Figure 4a shows the lithology of the seven wells, the
natural gamma ray measurements, and their corresponding
theoretical models. The thickness of phosphatic layers has
been precisely determined, and the correlation of this layer
according to the studied profile (from S1 to S6) is obvious,
as is shown in Figure 4b. This figure shows the variation of
this phosphatic unit in three dimensions. It is thin and shal-
low at well S1, and becomes thicker and deeper, reflecting
the basin morphology. Asfahani and Mohamad (2000) have
proved the distribution of variations of phosphatic ore con-
tent in Al-Sharquieh mine through the application of geo-
electrical measurements.
P2O5 content in the phosphatic layers varies between
15% and 34.6%, with an average of 27.2% and a standard
deviation of 4.9%. U concentration of these layers varies
between 42 ppm and 130 ppm, with an average of 94 ppm
and a standard deviation of 20.3 ppm.
The values of P2O5 contents, U concentration, and nat-
ural radioactivity of the 63 core analyzed samples have been
used in order to establish cross-sections related to these
parameters, as shown in Figure 5. Two clear anomalies are
observed by analyzing these cross-sections. The first one is
concentrated between wells S6 and S7 at 70 m deep, where
P2O5, U, and natural radioactivity reach 32%, 115 ppm, and
360 c.p.s., respectively. The second one is concentrated
under S2 at the depth of 78 m, where P2O5, U, and natural
radioactivity reach 32%, 115 ppm, and 360 c.p.s., respec-
Fig. 5. Cross-sections of P2O5 content, U concentration and radioactivity of the phosphatic layers in the study area.
65
tively. The measured gamma ray intensities in the phos-
phatic layers are related directly to uranium concentration,
where Th and K values in the analyzed phosphatic samples
are below the lower limit of detection (which is 0.1%).
It is worth mentioning that relationships among P2O5
content, uranium concentration, and total radioactivity are
well known in most worldwide phosphatic deposits (Atfeh,
1967; Gavshin et al., 1974; Altschuler, 1980; Abbas, 1987;
Asfahani and Kamarji, 1996; Jubeli, 1998; Asfahani, 1999;
Asfahani and Abdul-hadi, 2001). These mutual relationships
have been demonstrated in the Khneifiss region as shown in
Figure 6. The regression analysis indicates the presence of
strong relationships between natural gamma ray count rates
in c.p.s. and phosphate content (c.p.s., P2O5) and between
phosphate content and uranium (P2O5, U), where R2 is equal
to 0.66 and 0.81, respectively.
The main radioactive characteristics of both phos-
phatic rocks and phosphatic sands are investigated and
outlined by the application of a statistical approach as
indicated in Table 1. Uranium concentration in the phos-
phatic rocks varies between 58 ppm and 114 ppm, with an
–
average X of 82.7 ppm and a standard deviation of 15.5
ppm. The phosphatic sands are characterized by higher
uranium concentration in comparison with phosphatic
rocks, where this concentration varies between 79 ppm
–
and 130 ppm, with an average X of 106.8 ppm and a stan-
dard deviation of 13.7 ppm. The coefficient of variability
(CV) of uranium in phosphatic rocks and phosphatic
sands (Table 1) is 18.75 and 12.8, respectively. Table 1
66 Explor. Mining Geol., Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, 2002

Fig. 6. Relationships between (c.p.s., P2O5), (c.p.s., U) and (P2O5, U).

 Phosphate Prospecting Using Natural Gamma Ray Well Logging • J. ASFAHANI 67

also shows that uranium in the phosphatic rocks is
slightly more variable. These figures provide quantitative
measurements of the degree of homogeneity in the distri-
bution of uranium. The higher the coefficient of variabil-
ity, the lower the degree of homogeneity. This slight dif-
ference in CV could be explained by the fact that
phosphatic sands are more enriched with P2O5 than phos-
phatic rocks, due to its high porosity, friability, and its
high absorbtion capacity. Consequently, these character-
estics will be accompanied by increasing U and other
trace elements.
Radioactive equilibrium is likely to exist in the Syrian
phosphatic regions. Abbas (1987) found such equilibrium
through geochemical and isotope studies in the phosphatic
formations of the Palmyrides as a whole. Asfahani and
Abdul-hadi (2001) found similar equilibrium in wells in
the phosphatic formations of the south Al-Abter region,
using alpha spectrometry and U234/U238 ratio. This equilib-
rium is found to be very useful for forecasting U concen-
tration from natural gamma ray borehole logging mea-
surements. Computation of mean, standard deviation,
threshold (mean +2σ) have been conducted for the phos-
phatic samples (Table 1) in an attempt to detect the pres-
ence of anomalous values of the different elements stud-
ied in this work. This computation indicates that the
content of P2O5, U, c.p.s., and other trace elements are
generally higher in phosphatic sands than in the phos-
phatic rocks.
The correlation between these elements for both phos-
phatic sands and phosphatic rocks was computed to charac-
terize any inter-relationships (Tables 2 and 3). High affinity
of uranium to some trace elements, especially V, Sr, and Pb,
has been observed in the study area. The good correlation
between phosphorus and uranium and between phosphorus
and other trace elements (Pb, V, Sr) may provide other
important indicators. These elements and uranium are con-
tained within apatite, so the formation of these elements
may also occur with apatite in the sedimentary basin,
through organo-metallic complexes (Baturin, 1973, 1982;
Gavshin et al., 1974). The correlation of uranium with other
elements is very poor.
A comparison study between the phosphatic deposits
in the regions of Khneifiss, south Al-Abter (Asfahani and
Abdul-hadi, 2001) and Al-Sharquieh, has been carried
out for uranium concentration and P2O5 content. Uranium
concentration decreases gradually northward from
Khneifiss toward Al-Sharquieh. This difference in ura-
nium concentration could be attributed to two factors: 1)
the formation environment, and 2) the degree of alter-
ation. The formation environment of Khneifiss is differ-
ent from that of Al-Sharquieh deposits, by being more lit-
toral, more carbonatic, and more detrital in Al-Sharquieh
than in Khneifiss. The degree of alteration is also greater
in Al-Sharquieh than in the Khneifiss deposits (Asfahani
and Abdul-hadi, 2001). This alteration might remove
entirely a part of the uranium adsorbed in the phospho-

Table 2. Linear inter-elements correlation matrice for phosphatic rock samples

Elements Ba Co Cr Cu Mo Ni Pb Sr V Zn c.p.s. P2O5 U

Ba 1
Co -0.1 1
Cr 0.38 0.47 1
Cu 0.06 0.29 0.33 1
Mo -0.24 0.09 0.4 0.44 1
Ni 0.35 0.49 0.44 0.33 0.14 1
Pb -0.08 -0.17 0.1 -0.07 -0.12 -0.42 1
Sr -0.22 -0.34 -0.05 0.33 -0.033 -0.18 0.62 1
V -0.26 -0.3 -0.26 -0.03 -0.2 -0.48 0.71 0.69 1
Zn 0.55 0.47 0.78 0.28 0.23 0.76 -0.28 -0.31 -0.51 1
c.p.s. -0.05 -0.14 0.23 0.24 0.05 -0.34 0.69 0.73 0.74 -0.27 1
P2O5 -0.29 -0.28 0.33 0.01 0.56 -0.41 0.8 0.74 0.76 -0.2 0.82 1
U -0.2 -0.26 0.21 0.29 0.59 -0.62 0.73 0.71 0.72 -0.62 0.83 0.8 1

Table 3. Linear inter-elements correlation matrice for phosphatic sand samples

Elements Ba Co Cr Cu Mo Ni Pb Sr V Zn c.p.s. P2O5 U

Ba 1
Co -0.06 1
Cr 0.31 0.55 1
Cu 0.04 0.34 0.4 1
Mo -0.18 0.18 0.54 0.51 1
Ni 0.31 0.52 0.46 0.41 0.23 1
Pb -0.04 -0.22 0.17 -0.06 -0.21 -0.44 1
Sr -0.12 -0.38 -0.07 0.39 -0.041 -0.24 0.71 1
V -0.24 -0.35 -0.34 -0.01 -0.32 -0.55 0.79 0.77 1
Zn 0.51 0.55 0.8 0.32 0.26 0.79 -0.33 -0.28 -0.64 1
c.p.s. -0.03 -0.21 0.31 0.28 0.01 -0.31 0.75 0.76 0.79 -0.31 1
P2O5 -0.31 -0.25 0.39 0.03 0.61 -0.43 0.82 0.77 0.81 -0.29 0.85 1
U -0.2 -0.24 0.23 0.33 0.61 -0.65 0.74 0.69 0.77 -0.6 0.86 0.84 1
68 Explor. Mining Geol., Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, 2002
rite. In the Khneifiss deposit, part of the uranium is still
related to organic matter in the interior of phosphatic
grains. It is also found that the relationship between P2O5
and U is indirect and not linear in south Al-Abter phos-
phatic deposit (Asfahani and Abdul-hadi, 2001), while
this same relationship is direct and linear in Khneifiss
deposit (Fig. 6). Thus, the difference between these two
deposits could probably be related to the difference in
sedimentological and geochemical conditions.
Conclusions
Geophysical surveys including natural gamma ray
well logging and spectrometry techniques enabled identi-
fication of some of the characteristics of the subsurface
phosphatic layers in the Khneifiss region. The phosphatic
sands and phosphatic rocks have an average uranium con-
centration of 106.8 ppm and 82.7 ppm, respectively.
Regression analysis indicates good correlation between
P2O5 content and U concentration. It is also found that
total count gamma logs correlate reasonably well with the
U core analysis, suggesting that radioactive equilibrium
exists in the U decay series. The gamma ray intensities of
the phosphatic layers in the studied wells are related
directly to uranium concentration, where the Th and K
values in the analyzed phosphatic samples are below the
lower limit of detection. As a result, gamma logs can be
used to quantitatively map the distribution of P2O5 and U.
The affinity of uranium and phosphate to some trace ele-
ments has been demonstrated through the statistical analy-
sis and correlation matrix results.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank I. Othman, general director
of the Syrian Atomic Energy Commission (SAEC), for his
continuous encouragement and permission to publish this
paper. Special thanks are due to A. Abdul-hadi and H.
Arssan from the SAEC chemistry department for conduct-
ing the spectrometric gamma ray measurements on samples.
A.R. Saadeh and Ihsan Layyous are acknowledged for geo-
logical map preparation. Special thanks to the reviewers for
their constructive suggestions and comments which improve
considerably the quality of this paper.
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