Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
71 DE LA UNIDAD
Pág. 1
Página 107
PRACTICA
( 8 16 4 ) ( 4 8 )
e) 6 x + 1 – 2x – 3 = 3 3 x – 1 – 3 (3x – 2)
a) 1 + 12x + x – 4 = 3(x + 1) – (1 – x)
4 2 8
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por 8:
2(1 + 12x) + 4(x – 4) = 3 (x + 1) – (1 – x) → 2 + 24x + 4x – 16 =
= 3x + 3 – 1 + x
24x – 16 = 0 → x = 16 = 2
24 3
b) 3x – 2 – 4x + 1 = – 2 – 2(x – 3)
6 10 15 4
Multiplicamos la ecuación por 60:
10(3x – 2) – 6(4x + 1) = –2 · 4 – 15 · 2(x – 3)
30x – 20 – 24x – 6 = –8 – 30x + 90
c) 2x – 3 – 3(x – 1) – 2(3 – x) + 5 = 0
6 4 6 8
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por 24:
4(2x – 3) – 6 · 3(x – 1) – 4 · 2(3 – x) + 3 · 5 = 0
8x – 12 – 18x + 18 – 24 + 8x + 15 = 0
–2x = 3 → x = – 3
2
Pág. 2
d) 2 (x + 3) – 1 (x + 1) = 1 – 3 (x + 3)
3 2 4
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por 12:
4 · 2(x + 3) – 6(x + 1) = 12 – 3 · 3(x + 3)
8x + 24 – 6x – 6 = 12 – 9x – 27
11x = –33 → x = – 33 = –3
11
( 8 16 4 ) ( 4 8 )
e) 6 x + 1 – 2x – 3 = 3 3 x – 1 – 3 (3x – 2)
( 8 16 4 ) ( 4 8 )
3 x + 1 – 2x – 3 = 3 3 x – 1 – 3 (3x – 2)
6x + 6 – 6x + 9 = 18x – 6 – 9x + 6 → 15 = 9x → x = 15 → x = 5
9 3
a) (x + 1) 2 + (x – 2) 2 = (x + 2) 2 + (x – 1) 2
x 2 + 2x + 1 + x 2 – 4x + 4 = x 2 + 4x + 4 + x 2 – 2x + 1
–2x + 5 = 2x + 5 → –4x = 0 → x = 0
b) 4 (x – 3)(x + 3) – (2x + 1) 2 = 3
4(x 2 – 9) – 4x 2 – 4x – 1 = 3
4x 2 – 36 – 4x 2 – 4x – 1 = 3
–4x = 40 → x = 40 = –10
–4
Pág. 3
c) (x – 3) 2 + 1 = (x + 2) 2 – 4x – 3(x – 1)
x 2 – 6x + 9 + 1 = x 2 + 4x + 4 – 4x – 3x + 3
–3x = –3 → x = 1
26x = 13 → x = 13 = 1
26 2
5 4
2
4 2 ( )
b) x + 3 + (x – 1) = 1 x 2 – x + 2
2
c) 1 [1 – (x + 2)2] = –x – x – 1
2 2
Para comprobar que son ecuaciones de primer grado, simplificamos las ecua-
ciones al máximo antes de resolverlas:
2 2
a) (x – 3) – (2x – 1) = 35
4 16 16
4(x 2 + 9 – 6x) – (4x 2 + 1 – 4x) = 35 → 4x 2 + 36 – 24x – 4x 2 – 1 + 4x = 35
–20x = 0 → Ecuación de primer grado
20x = 0 → x = 0
5 4
2
4 2 ( )
b) x + 3 – (x – 1) = –1 x 2 – x + 2
Pág. 4
2
c) 1 [1 – (x + 2) 2] = –x – x – 1
2 2
1 – (x 2 + 4 + 4x) = –2x – x 2 + 1 → 1 – x 2 – 4 – 4x = –2x – x 2 + 1
–3 – 4x = –2x + 1 → Ecuación de primer grado
–3 – 4x = –2x + 1 → 2x = –4 → x = –2
2 2 [
d) 1 [2(x + 1) – (x – 3) 2] = 1 3(x – 1) – 2 (x + 1) 2
3 ]
2x + 2 – (x 2 + 9 – 6x) = 3x – 3 – 2 (x 2 + 2x + 1)
3
6x + 6 – 3x – 27 + 18x = 9x – 9 – 2x 2 – 4x – 2
2
–x 2 – 25x – 10 = 0 → x 2 + 25x + 10 = 0
–x 2 + 19x – 10 = 0 → x 2 – 19x + 10 = 0
19 + √ 321
x1 =
19 ± √ 361 – 40 2
x=
2 19 – √ 321
x2 =
2
a) 1 – 2x = 1 – x + 4
9 6
Quitamos los denominadores, multiplicando por 18 en ambos miembros:
2(1 – 2x) = 18 – 3(x + 4) → 2 – 4x = 18 – 3x – 12 → x = –4
b) 3x + 2 – 4x – 1 + 5x – 2 = x + 1
5 10 8 4
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por 40:
8(3x + 2) – 4(4x – 1) + 5 (5x – 2) = 10(x + 1)
24x + 16 – 16x + 4 + 25x – 10 = 10x + 10 → 23x = 0 → x = 0
Pág. 5
4x 2 + 9 – 12x + x 2 + 4 – 4x = 3x + 3 + 5x 2 – 5x → 14x = 10 → x = 5
7
Inecuaciones
5 ( E S T Á R E S U E LTO E N E L L I B RO ) .
a) 3x – 7 < 5
c) 7 ≥ 8x – 5
8x ≤ 7 + 5 → x ≤ 12 → x ≤ 3 →
8 2 (–∞, 3
2 ]
d) 1 – 5x ≤ –8
–5x ≤ –9 → x ≥ 9 →
5 [ 9 , +∞
5 )
7 Resuelve las siguientes inecuaciones:
a) 2(x + 2) < 2x b) x – 1 > x + 1
3 2
c) x – 4 + 1 ≤ x + 4 d) 1 – x ≤ x
4 8 3
a) 2(x + 2) < 2x
3
2x + 4 < 6x → 4x > 4 → x > 1 → (1, +∞)
b) x – 1 > x + 1
2
x – 1 > 2x + 2 → x < –3 → (–∞, –3)
c) x – 4 + 1 ≤ x + 4
4 8
2x – 8 + 8 ≤ x + 4 → x ≤ 4 → (–∞, 4]
Pág. 6
d) 1 – x ≤ x
3
3 – 3x ≤ x → –4x ≤ –3 → x ≥ 3 →
4 [ 3 , +∞
4 )
8 Traduce a lenguaje algebraico:
a) El cuadrado de un número es menor que el doble de ese número más 15.
b) Si creciera 15 cm, superaría la estatura que se requiere para entrar en el
equipo de baloncesto, que es 1,80 cm.
a) x → número
x 2 < 2x + 15
a) 4x 2 – 64 = 0
4x 2 = 64 → x 2 = 64 → x 2 = 16 → x = ±4
4
Soluciones: x1 = 4, x2 = –4
b) 3x 2 – 9x = 0
x=0
3x(x – 3) = 0
x–3=0 → x=3
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = 3
c) x 2 – 2x – 3 = 0
2 ± √ 4 + 12 2 ± √ 16 2 ± 4 3
x= = = =
2 2 2 –1
Soluciones: x1 = 3, x2 = –1
d) 2x 2 – 7x – 4 = 0
4
7 ± √ 49 + 32 7 ± √ 81 7 ± 9
x= = = = –2 1
4 4 4 — = –—
4 2
Soluciones: x1 = 4, x2 = – 1
2
Pág. 7
a) 3x(x + 4) – x(x – 1) = 15
3x 2 + 12x – x 2 + x = 15 → 2x 2 + 13x – 15 = 0
x1 = 1
–13 ± √ 169 + 120 –13 ± 17
x= = 30 15
4 4 x2 = –— = –—
4 2
b) (x + 4) 2 – (2x – 1) 2 = 8x
x 2 + 8x + 16 – 4x 2 + 4x – 1 = 8x → –3x 2 + 4x + 15 = 0
–4 ± √ 16 + 180 –4 ± 14 x1 = –5/3
x= =
–6 –6 x2 = 3
c) 2x + 3(x – 4) 2 = 37 + (x – 3)(x + 3)
2x + 3x 2 – 24x + 48 = 37 + x 2 – 9 → 2x 2 – 22x + 20 = 0 →
→ x 2 – 11x + 10 = 0
11 ± √ 121 – 40 11 ± 9 x1 = 10
x= =
2 2 x2 = 1
Página 108
11 Resuelve:
a) (x – 3) (x + 3) + (x – 4) (x + 4) = 25
b) (x + 1) (x – 3) + (x – 2) (x – 3) = x 2 – 3x – 1
c) 2x (x + 3) – 2(3x + 5) + x = 0
a) (x – 3)(x + 3) + (x – 4)(x + 4) = 25
x1 = 5
x 2 – 9 + x 2 – 16 = 25 → 2x 2 = 50 → x 2 = 25
x2 = –5
b) (x + 1)(x – 3) + (x – 2)(x – 3) = x 2 – 3x – 1
x 2 + x – 3x – 3 + x 2 – 5x + 6 = x 2 – 3x – 1 →
→ x 2 – 4x + 4 = 0 → (x – 2) 2 = 0 → x = 2
c) 2x(x + 3) – 2(3x + 5) + x = 0
2x 2 + 6x – 6x – 10 + x = 0 → 2x 2 + x – 10 = 0
–1 ± √ 1 + 80 –1 ± 9 x1 = 2
x= =
4 4 x2 = –5/2
Pág. 8
a) (3x + 1)(3x – 1) + 1 (x – 2) 2 = 1 – 2x
2
2
9x 2 – 1 + x – 4x + 4 = 1 – 2x → 18x 2 – 2 + x 2 – 4x + 4 = 2 – 4x
2
19x 2 = 0 → x = 0
2 2
b) x + 2 – x + 1 = 1 – x + 7
3 4 12
4x 2 + 8 – 3x 2 – 3 = 12 – x – 7 → x 2 + x = 0 →
x1 = 0
→ x(x + 1) = 0
x2 = –1
2 2
c) (2x – 1)(2x + 1) + (x – 2) = 3x + 4 + x
3 4 6 3
4x 2 – 1 + x 2 – 4x + 4 = 3x + 4 + 2x 2 → 16x 2 – 4 + 3x 2 – 12x + 12 =
3 4 6
= 6x + 8 + 4x 2 → 15x 2 – 18x = 0 →
x1 = 0
→ x(15x – 18) = 0 6
x2 = —
5
c) (x + 1) (x – 3) + x = x
2 4
d) x + 3x + 1 – x – 2 = x 2 – 2
2 3
e) x (x – 1) – x (x + 1) + 3x + 4 = 0
3 4 12
Pág. 9
a) (x + 1) 2 – 3x = 3
x 2 + 2x + 1 – 3x – 3 = 0 → x 2 – x – 2 = 0
1 ± √1 + 8 1 ± 3 x1 = 2
x= =
2 2 x2 = –1
b) (2x + 1) 2 = 1 + (x – 1)(x + 1)
4x 2 + 1 + 4x = 1 + x 2 – 1 → 3x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0
–4 ± √ 16 – 12 –4 ± 2 x1 = –1/3
x= =
6 6 x2 = –1
c) (x + 1)(x – 3) + x = x
2 4
x 2 – 2x – 3 + x = x → 2x 2 – 4x – 6 + 4x = x → 2x 2 – x – 6 = 0
2 4
1 ± √ 1 + 48 1 ± 7 x1 = 2
x= =
4 4 x2 = –3/2
d) x + 3x + 1 – x – 2 = x 2 – 2
2 3
6x + 9x + 3 – 2x + 4 = 6x 2 – 12 → 6x 2 – 13x – 19 = 0
13 ± √ 169 + 456 13 ± 25 x1 = 19/6
x= =
12 12 x2 = –1
e) x (x – 1) – x (x + 1) + 3x + 4 = 0
3 4 12
4x(x – 1) – 3x(x + 1) + 3x + 4 = 0
4x 2 – 4x – 3x 2 – 3x + 3x + 4 = 0
x 2 – 4x + 4 = 0
4 ± √ 16 – 16
x= =2
2
Solución: x = 2
Pág. 10
2 2
a) x + 1 – 1 = x – 4 + x
3 6
2x 2 + 2 – 6 = x 2 – 4 + 6x → x 2 – 6x = 0 → x(x – 6) = 0 x1 = 0
6 6 x2 = 6
2 2
b) x – x – 4 = x + x – 2
4 2
x 2 – x – 4 = 2x 2 + 2x – 4 → x 2 + 3x = 0 → x(x + 3) = 0 x1 = 0
4 4 x2 = –3
c) x(x – 3) + (x + 4)(x – 4) = 2 – 3x
x1 = 3
x 2 – 3x + x 2 – 16 = 2 – 3x → 2x 2 = 18 → x 2 = 9
x2 = –3
Otras ecuaciones
x – 2 = 0 → x1 = 2
a) (x – 2)(x + 3)(2x – 5) = 0 x + 3 = 0 → x2 = –3
2x – 5 = 0 → x3 = 5
2
x 2 = 0 → x1 = 0
b) x 2 (x – 7)(4x – 1) = 0 x – 7 = 0 → x2 = 7
4x – 1 = 0 → x3 = 1
4
c) (x + 2)(x 2 + 4) = 0 → x + 2 = 0 → x = –2
El factor x 2 + 4 es siempre distinto de 0, para cualquier valor de x real.
Pág. 11
a) x 4 – 5x 2 – 36 = 0
x2 = y → x4 = y2
5 ± √ 25 + 144 5 ± 13 y1 = 9
y 2 – 5y – 36 = 0 → y = =
2 2 y2 = –4
x 2 = 9 → x = ±3
→ Soluciones: x1 = 3, x2 = –3
x = –4 → no hay solución
2
b) x 4 – 5x 2 + 4 = 0
x2 = y → x4 = y2
5 ± √ 25 – 16 5 ± 3 y1 = 4
y 2 – 5y + 4 = 0 → y = =
2 2 y2 = 1
x 2 = 4 → x = ±2
→ Soluciones: x1 = 2, x2 = –2, x3 = 1, x4 = –1
x 2 = 1 → x = ±1
c) 36x 4 – 13x 2 + 1 = 0
x2 = y → x4 = y2
18 1
y1 = — = —
13 ± √ 169 – 144 13 ± 5 72 4
36y 2 – 13y + 1 = 0 → y = =
72 72 8 1
y2 = — = —
72 9
1 1
x2 = — → x = ±—
4 2
1 1
x2 = — → x = ±—
9 3
Soluciones: x1 = 1 , x2 = – 1 , x3 = 1 , x4 = – 1
2 2 3 3
d) x 4 – x 2 = 0
x2 = 0 → x = 0
x 2 (x 2 – 1) = 0
x 2 – 1 = 0 → x 2 = 1 → x = ±1
Soluciones: x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = –1
17 Resuelve:
a) x – √x = 2 b) x – √25 – x 2 = 1
c) x – √169 – x 2 = 17 d) x + √5x + 10 = 8
a) x – √x = 2
(x – 2) = √x → Elevamos al cuadrado ambos miembros:
x 2 – 4x + 4 = x → x 2 – 5x + 4 = 0
Pág. 12
5 ± √ 25 – 16 5 ± 3 x1 = 4
x= =
2 2 x2 = 1
Comprobación: x1 = 4 → 4 – √4 = 2
x2 = 1 → 1 – √4 = 0 ≠ 2
Solución: x = 4
b) x – √25 – x 2 = 1
x 2 – 2x + 1 = 25 – x 2 → 2x 2 – 2x – 24 = 0 → x 2 – x – 12 = 0
1 ± √ 1 + 48 1 ± 7 4
x= =
2 2 –3
Comprobación: x1 = 4 → 4 – √25 – 16 = 4 – 3 = 1
x2 = –3 → –3 – √25 – 9 = –3 – 4 = –7 ≠ 1
Solución: x = 4
c) x – √169 – x 2 = 17
x2 = 5 → 5 – √169 – 25 = 5 – 12 = –7 ≠ 17
No tiene solución.
d) x + √5x + 10 = 8
√5x + 10 = (8 – x) 2 → Elevamos al cuadrado ambos miembros:
5x + 10 = 64 + x 2 – 16x → x 2 – 21x + 54 = 0
21 ± √ 441 – 216 21 ± 15 x1 = 18
x= =
2 2 x2 = 3
Comprobación: x1 = 18 → 18 + √5 · 18 + 10 = 18 + 10 = 28 ≠ 8
x2 = 3 → 3 + √5 · 3 + 10 = 3 + 5 = 8
Solución: x = 3
Pág. 13
c) 3x +3 1 + x + 1 = 1 + 2x +2 3
x x x
d) x + 1 + 3 = x2 – 2
x–1 x+1 x –1
Comprobación: x = 3 → 3 – 3 + 3 + 3 = 6 = 2
3 9 9 3
Solución: x = 3
2
b) (x – 22) – 2 = 8 + 3x – 2
x 2x 2x 2 x
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por 2x 2 :
2(x – 2) 2 – x = 8 + 3x – 2 · 2x → 2x 2 – 8x + 8 – x = 8 + 3x – 4x
x1 = 0 → No es válida.
2x 2 – 8x = 0 → 2x(x – 4) = 0
x2 = 4
c) 3x +3 1 + x + 1 = 1 + 2x +2 3
x x x
Pág. 14
Comprobación
x1 = 1 → 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 + 2 = 6; 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 + 5 = 6 →
1 1 1
→ x1 = 1 es solución.
x2 = –1 → –3 + 1 + –1 + 1 = –2 = 2; 1 + –2 + 3 = 1 + 1 = 2 →
–1 –1 –1 1
→ x2 = –1 es solución.
d) x + 1 + 3 = x2– 2
x–1 x+1 x –1
Multiplicamos toda la ecuación por x 2 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1):
(x + 1) 2 + 3(x – 1) = x – 2 → x 2 + 2x + 1 + 3x – 3 = x – 2 → x 2 + 4x = 0
x1 = 0
x(x + 4) = 0
x2 = –4
Comprobación
x1 = 0 → 1 + 3 = –1 + 3 = 2; –2 = 2 → x = 0 es solución.
1
–1 1 –1
x2 = –4 → –4 + 1 + 3 = –3 + 3 = 3 – 1 = –2
–4 – 1 –4 + 1 –5 –3 5 5 x2 = –4 es
solución.
–4 – 2 = –6 = –2
16 – 1 15 5
P I E N S A Y R E S U E LV E
19 Averigua qué ecuaciones no tienen solución:
a) (5x – 3)2 – 5x (4x – 5) = 5x (x – 1)
b) 1 x 2 – 2x + 5 = 0
2 2
2
c) (x + 3) – 2(3x + 6) = 0
d) x + 1 = x – 2x + 3
2 4
a) (5x – 3) 2 – 5x(4x – 5) = 5x(x – 1)
25x 2 + 9 – 30x – 20x 2 + 25x = 5x 2 – 5x → 9 = 0 → No tiene solución.
b) 1 x 2 – 2x + 5 = 0
2 2
4 ± √ 16 – 20 4 ± √ –4
x 2 – 4x + 5 = 0 → x = = → No tiene solución.
2 2
Pág. 15
c) (x + 3) 2 – 2(3x + 6) = 0
—
x1 = √ 3
x2 + 6x + 9 – 6x – 12 = 0 → x2 – 3 = 0 → x = ± √3 —
x2 = –√ 3
d) x + 1 = x – 2x + 3
2 4
2x + 2 = 4x – 2x – 3 → 2 = –3 → No tiene solución.
x = 12 – y
0,65(12 – y) + 0,35y = 5,7 → 7,8 – 0,65y + 0,35y = 5,7
–0,3y = –2,1 → y = 7 → x = 5
Obtuvo un 5 en el examen escrito y un 7 en el examen oral.
Página 109
Pág. 16
24 Las amigas de María le han comprado un regalo por el que tienen que pagar
3,15 € cada una. Como tres de ellas no tienen dinero, deciden ponerlo entre
las demás, pagando 3,60 € cada una. ¿Cuántas son? ¿Cuánto vale el regalo?
☛ Consulta el ejercicio resuelto de la página 106.
x = 10,80 = 24
0,45
Son, en total, 24 amigos y amigas, y el regalo cuesta 3,15 · 24 = 75,60 €.
( )
2
x 2 = 3 x + (x – 5) 2 → x 2 = 9 x 2 + x 2 + 25 – 10x →
5 25
→ 25x 2 = 9x 2 + 25x 2 + 625 – 250x
3 x
—x
5 9x 2 – 250x + 625 = 0
x–5
Pág. 17
x1 = 25
250 ± √ 62 500 – 22 500 250 ± 200
x= = 50 25
18 18 x2 = — = — < 5
18 9
Para que la longitud de los lados sea positiva, se ha de tener x > 5, luego la so-
lución es x = 25.
Perímetro = 3 · 25 + 25 – 5 + 25 = 15 + 20 + 25 = 60 cm
5
(18 – x) 2 = (16 – x) 2 + (9 – x) 2
324 + x 2 – 36x = 256 + x 2 – 32x + 81 + x 2 – 18x → x 2 – 14x + 13 = 0
14 ± √ 196 – 52 14 ± 12 x1 = 13
x= =
2 2 x2 = 1
x = 13 no puede ser, porque nos quedaría una longitud negativa (9 – 13 < 0).
Solución: x = 1 cm es la cantidad restada.
48 + 24 √ 2
x1 = = 40,97
2
48 – 24 √ 2
x2 = = 7,029
2
x1 = 40,97 no puede ser porque el perímetro es 24.
x2 = 7,029 → y = 9,942
Los lados iguales miden 7,03 cm y la hipotenusa mide 9,94 cm.
Pág. 18
30 Un grupo de estudiantes alquila un piso por 700 € al mes. Si fueran dos más,
cada uno pagaría 40 € menos. ¿Cuántos son?
☛ n-º de estudiantes = x; si fueran 2 más: x + 2
Dinero que paga cada uno = 700
x
( )
(x + 2) 700 – 40 = 700
x