Q

Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.
Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow
Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
 3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
 green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
 Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow

Q
Therapists find that treatment of those people who seek help because they are un
able to stop smoking or overeating is rarely successful. From these experiences,
therapists have concluded that such habits are intractable and that success in
breaking them is rare.As surveys show, millions of people have dropped the habit
of smoking, and many people have successfully managed a substantial weight loss
.If all of the statements above are correct, an explanation that resolves their
apparent contradictions is provided by the hypothesis that 1 there have been so
me successes in therapy, and those successes were counted in the surveys2 it is
 easier to stop smoking than it is to stop overeating 3 it is easy to break the
habits of smoking and overeating by exercising willpower 4 the group of peop
le selected for the surveys did not include those who failed to break their habi
ts even after therapy5 those who succeed in curing themselves do not go for tre
atment and so are not included in the therapists' data
Q
The greatest chance for the existence of extraterrestrial life is on a planet be
yond our solar system. This is because the Milky Way galaxy alone contains 100 b
illion other suns, many of which could be accompanied by planets similar enough
to Earth to make them suitable abodes of life.The argument above assumes which o
f the following?1 Living creatures on another planet would probably have the sa
me appearance as those on Earth. 2 Life cannot exist on other planets in our s
olar system. 3 If the appropriate physical conditions exist, life is an inevita
ble consequence.4 More than one of the suns in the galaxy is accompanied by an
Earth-like planet. 5 It is likely that life on another planet would require co
nditions similar to those on Earth.
Q
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-pa
nel problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned ea
rlier in a safetyinspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports of su
ch problems, and IndustryStandard No. 42 requires action on these problems only
when an accident is foreseeable.If the second sentence in the paragraph above is
factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is most relev
ant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated Industry Standar
d No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem? 1 Was the control
-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident is likely?
2 Since theaccident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?3 Did the safety inspector mentionmore than one problem in the same rep
ort? 4 How long was the control panel in use before the problem wasdiscovered?5
Was the accident serious?]
Q
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fo
ught bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. R
iothamus' activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those at
tributed to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for t
he legendary King Arthur.The argument above requires at least one additional pre
mise. Which of the following could be such a required premise?1 Modern historian
s have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those of any other fi
fth-century king.2 The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitio
us but are based on a historical person and historical events. 3 Riothamus' as
sociates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.4 Legends a
bout the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility. 5 Posterity usually remembers legends b
etter than it remembers the actual historical events on which they are based.
Q
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would pr
ovide only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already prod
uced, exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to pr
event these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further.Which of the followi
ng, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?1 It is impossible to m
easure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals that exist as co
olants in refrigerators. 2 In modern societies, refrigeration of food is necess
ary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening conditions. 3 Replac
ement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been developed and woul
d be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants in refrigerators.4
Even if people should give up the use of refrigerators, the coolants already in
existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric ozone. 5 The coolants in ref
rigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the useful life of the refrigera
tors and reused.
Q
A farmer plants only five different kinds of vegetables -- beans, corn, kale, pe
as, and squash. Every year the farmer plants exactly three kinds of vegetables a
ccording to the following restrictions:If the farmer plants corn, the farmer als
o plants beans that year.If the farmer plants kale one year, the farmer does not
plant it the next year.In any year, the farmer plants no more than one of the v
egetables the farmer planted in the previous year.Which of the following is a po
ssible sequence of combinations for the farmer to plant in two successive years?
1 Beans, corn, kale; corn, peas, squash2 Beans, corn, peas; beans, corn, squash3
Beans, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale4 Corn, peas, squash; beans, kale, peas 5
Kale, peas, squash; beans, corn, kale
Q
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight line, and
each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively 1
through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of the
balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have been
hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following conditions:The
purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.The r
ed ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup under which t
he magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.

Q Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in ord
er from 1 through 6 1 Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange 2 Magenta,
green, purple, red, orange, yellow 3 Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, or
ange 4 Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple 5 Red, purple, magenta,
yellow, green, orange
Q A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6?1 Green 2 Magenta
3 Purple 4 Red 5 Yellow
Question: If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup A
1 B 2C 3 D 5E 6
Question: If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be underA 1B
2 C 3 D 5 E 6
Question: Which of the following must be true?1 The green ball is under a lower-
numbered cup than the yellow ball.2 The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cu
p than the green ball. 3 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the
green ball. 4 The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball. 5
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
Question: If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following col
ors could be under cups immediately adjacent to each other1 Green and magenta 2
Green and purple 3 Orange and yellow 4 Purple and red 5 Red and yellow
Q uestion: If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following c
olors must be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?1 Green and orange 2
Green and yellow 3 Purple and red 4 Purple and yellow 5 Red and yellow