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Introduction
Nowadays, we all know that hollow blocks are used in making houses.
Although, due to different calamities, a lot of houses were being destroyed most
think of ways on how to improve the stability of their houses and found out that the
hollow blocks that they usually use are not firm enough to make stable houses.
making hollow blocks. Mussel shells as additive in making hollow blocks were
found very effective by these students. Results show that hollow blocks with
mussel shells are sturdier compared to the common commercial blocks that we are
using nowadays.
The researcher then thought of an idea to add scylla serrata (mud crab)
shells and eggshells as additive in making hollow blocks. This is to test if mud crab
shells and eggshells are stronger and more fire resistive compared to the
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The researcher became interested in the study because she wants to find out
more ways in improving the structure of houses and buildings most especially in
adding mud crab shells and eggshells to the base of the hallow block’s composition
so that it could withstand greater compressive strength. This will also serve as
substitute for the regular commercial hollow blocks that are considered expensive
This chapter deals with concepts, research studies and literature of study.
The concepts are organized around major topics that are derived from the variables
Commercial blocks which are also called “concrete blocks” are made out of
cement and aggregate blocks. They are low-priced and commonsensical compared
to the traditional clay bricks and are often used in the construction of homes.
Unlike wood-frame houses, concrete block houses are less exposed to fire damage,
termite decay and destruction from high winds. On the other hand, there are also
disadvantages in using concrete blocks like water seepages and its unattractive
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look. This is the most common reason why houses and buildings easily collapse
eggs with soft outer coats. Bird eggshells contain calcium carbonate and dissolve
in various acids, including the vinegar used in cooking. While dissolving, the
calcium carbonate in an eggshell reacts with the acid to form carbon dioxide.
Eggshell strength has been measured by compression, impact and puncture, but
force and the induced deformation of the shell, and if the slope of this line is
related to force applied at failure of the shell, then a non-destructive test could be
blocks because they contain Calcium Carbonate that gives them hardness and
and sand in making hollow blocks, a dry block from each mixture was dropped
from a height of 2 feet. It was observed that the eggshell block got a crack while
the sand block broke into pieces (Cecilia et al., 2008). This indicates that eggshells
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are more effective than sand. Therefore, use of eggshells can be used to reduce
innovation is a must. As part of human nature, man continues to make life 'easier'
through inventions, discoveries and innovations hence, the assurance of the best
possible service and materials available for the daily lives of man. As an attempt to
'innovate', the researchers have decided to commit ourselves to a research that will
building tool. It is also known as concrete blocks, cement blocks and as foundation
blocks. These are made in several different ways such as, in Portland, cement and
either sand and fine gravel aggregates for high density-blocks or industrial wastes
for low density-blocks. Those that use cinders -fly ash or bottom ash- are called
cinder blocks in Canada, the US and New Zealand, breeze blocks -breeze is a
synonym of ash- in the UK. Hollow blocks in the Philippines and are also known
non-technical usage, the terms cinder block and breeze block are often generalized
to cover all of these varieties. Lightweight blocks can also be produced using
aerated concrete.
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Several environmentalist groups, researchers and students have
effectiveness of hollow blocks wherein lime soil, coconut coir, rice hull, plastic and
a few others were used as an additive. This, however, did the opposite wherein the
hollow block became less 'solid', making its building options lesser for instance,
After initial research, the researchers stumbled upon a common product that
could strengthen materials with its high calcium carbonate that will supposedly
strengthen cement. Mussel shells, the common product, are considered waste for it
is usually thrown out immediately after consumed. Mussel shells contain 95-99%
1-5%. The resulting composite has fracture toughness ~3000 times greater than
that of the crystals themselves. In the bio mineralization of the mollusk shell,
morphology, and growths dynamics and ultimately give the shell its remarkable
mollusk shell assembly and structure may help in fabricating new composite
(https://www.scribd.com/doc/128850974/Feasibility-of-Mussel-Shells-in-Making-
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Based on the study conducted by Armand John Yangat (2013), by observing
the analysis, tests and summary of findings, the researcher’s statement of the
hollow block making does in fact make the hollow block’s compressive strength
greater which can be basically summed up to: mussel shells additives increase the
compressive strength of hollow blocks. As seen at the results of the tests, the
amount of clam shells, particularly set-up B: the 60% mussel shell additive, is a
clear result that more mussel shells would make the hollow block stronger in terms
commercial hollow block, set-up B would appear superior. Same goes to set-up C:
50% mussel shell additive and set-up D: 40% mussel shell additive in contrast with
set-up A. These set-ups support the statement that the more mussel shell additive
added to the hollow block would make the hollow block’s compressive strength
greater wherein these set-ups determined that the less mussel shell additives made
the hollow block’s compressive strength lower. Therefore, the conclusion: mussel
shells used as an additive in hollow block making would make the hollow block
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Conceptual Framework
FEEDBACK
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to find out the significant difference of egg shells and crab
HO1 – Adding Eggshells in making hollow blocks does make the hollow
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Scope and Delimitation
to hollow blocks would either make the hollow block stronger or weaker. The
research would have seven set-ups; one commercial hollow block, three with
Scyclla serrata (Mud Crab) shells, and three with egg shells as an additive but with
different amounts of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells and egg shells; 20-80, 30-70
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Significance of the Study
The following group of people would greatly benefit from this study:
Society. with the help of this study, the people in the society can reuse the
shells as an additive instead of simply disposing them. Most especially now in its
hollow blocks. Stronger hollow blocks would mean a better, more reliable
foundation for infrastructures such as houses, buildings, bridges, towers and the
like.
surrounded by water, making this, if successful, an easier and more common way
to produce better hollow blocks. Ecology-wise, this would be beneficial due to the
reuse of empty mud crab shells and eggshells because these shells are not easily
decomposed. Burning these will harm the atmosphere, environment and the people.
Future Researchers. for this study to serve as their framework and that this
may inspire the future researchers to make an extensive study on this topic.
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Definition of Terms
For clearer understanding of the terms used in this study, below are their
meanings:
Hollow Blocks – rectangular shaped bricks made out of cement, sand and water
Mud crab shell – a large specie of crab with a smooth, broad carapace. The mud
Strength – the strength of the hollow blocks was tested by hitting each of it twice
using a hammer
Chapter II
Methodology
The four purposes of this chapter are (1) to describe the research
methodology of this study, (2) explain the sample selection, (3) describe the
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procedure used in designing the instrument and collecting the data, and (4) provide
Research Design
An experimental research design was used for this study. According to Mr.
Jayesh Patidar (2013), experimental research design are concerned with the
Treatment
This part deals with how the researcher administered the instrument or test
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Sample Crab Shells Commercial Block
Percentage (%) Amount (kg) Percentage (%) Amount (kg)
1 20% 2 kg 100% 7.5 kg
2 30% 3 kg 100% 7.5 kg
3 50% 4 kg 100% 7.5 kg
Table 2 shows the amount of crab shells per hollow blocks. In treatment 1,
sample 1 used 20% of crab shells which is 2 kilograms for one hollow block.
Second sample needs 3 kilograms or 30% of crab shells, while the third sample has
4 kilograms or 50% of one hollow block. Commercial block usually weigh 7.5
kilograms.
This treatment shows which amount of crab shells per hollow blocks creates
a strong hollow block. The researcher wants to determine if the amount of crab
This table shows the amount and percentage of egg shells that is used in
each hollow blocks. On the first sample, the researcher used 2 kilograms of
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eggshells which is 20% of the hollow block. The next sample used 3 kilograms of
eggshells that is 30% of the hollow block. In addition, the third sample used 4
kilograms of eggshells that makes up the 50% of one hollow block. Commercial
This means that the researcher used different amount of eggshells on each
hollow blocks with specific percentage to determine which sample shows good
durability. The researcher also used the commercial block to compare the variables
Materials
A. Materials
18 kg cement
9 kg egg shells
9 kg mud crab shells
9 kg sand
15 L water
B. Equipment/Apparatus
The researcher went to a factory to make the hollow blocks for proper
measurement of the materials and the process of making hollow blocks itself. For
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testing the strength of each hollow blocks, the researcher used a coin, a meter stick,
Procedure
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The research gathered the materials such as 9 kilograms of mud crab shells
and eggshells. These shells will be divided into 3 with different proportions. The
first sample has 2 kilograms, next is 3 kilograms and the third sample has 4
kilograms. The researcher will bring the materials in the factory to process the
hollow blocks. A simple hollow block normally has a specific amount of cement
(depending on how much are the mud crab shells and eggshells), 1.5 kilograms of
sand and 2.5 L of water. The factory will follow the usual process of making
hollow blocks. After mixing and forming the hollow blocks, it will be dried for 2 to
3 days. The researcher tested the strength of each hollow blocks by dropping a 5 lb
dumbbell on it until it reach its breaking point distance. Since the dumbbell’s edge
is concave, the researcher stuck a 5 peso coin on the dumbbell so that all of its
force will be exerted on the coin. To know the breaking point and constant height
of each hollow block, the researcher computed for the dumbbell’s mass, the hollow
block’s pressure and the area of the coin. The impact time of the dumbbell to a
Formulas:
m(vf −vi)
F= t
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Computation for Velocity:
vf = √ vi2−2 gd
F
P= a
a= π r2
N/cm2)
Chapter III
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher to be able to answer the
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Table 1. Strength of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells as Additive in Hollow Blocks
shells (N/cm2)
2 kg 0.75 m 869.41 N 163. 73 N/cm2
3 kg 0.75 m 869.41 N 163. 73 N/cm2
4 kg 1.5 m 1,230.34 N 231.70 N/cm2
The table shows that with the increasing amount of Scylla serrata (Mud
Crab) shells, there is also an increase in its Force Delivered and Pressure of
Breaking point. The 4 kg composition of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells was able
to reach the Maximum Distance Dropped of 1.5 m which makes it the highest
(N/cm2)
2 kg 1m 1,005.61 N 189.38 N/cm2
3 kg 0.75 m 869.41 N 163. 73 N/cm2
4 kg 1.25 m 1,123.65 N 211.61 N/cm2
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The table shows that with the increasing amount of Eggshells, there is also
1.25 m which makes it the highest distance among the three compositions.
(N/cm2)
0.5 m 710.51 N 133.81 N/cm2
reached until 0.5 m. The Force Delivered is 710.51N and its Pressure of Breaking
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Point is 133.81 N/cm2. This shows the standard measurement of a regular block’s
Chapter IV
Major Findings
Based on the data gathered and analyzed, the following are the major
findings:
1. Increasing the amount of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells increases the
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2. Increasing the amount of Eggshells increases the breaking point of hollow
blocks.
3. The addition of calcium carbonate to hollow blocks increases the breaking
Conclusions
1. As you increase the number of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells in the
composition of the hollow block, the stronger the hollow block will be.
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3. Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells can now replace a portion of cement in
Recommendations
1. The future researchers should pulverize the Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells
and Eggshells.
2. Devote larger amount of time in collecting Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells
and Eggshells.
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3. Planning and performing the process of making the hollow blocks and
References
Websites:
Nitto Kensetsu Co., Inc. (20). Development of Concrete Test Hammer. February,
2016,http://www.concretetester.com/download/DevelopmentoftheConcreteT
estHammer.pdf.
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Armand John Yangat, (2013). Feasibility of Mussel Shells in Making Hollow
Blocks .October,2015,https://www.scribd.com/doc/128850974/Feasibility-
of-Mussel-Shells-in-Making-Hollow-Blocks
A.M. King’ori, (2011). A Review of the Uses of Poultry Eggshells and Membranes.
January,2016,http://freejournal.umm.ac.id/files/file/A%20Review%20of
%20the%20Uses%20of%20Poultry%20Eggshells%20and%20Shell
%20Membranes.pdf
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Appendix A.
Computations
m(vf −vi)
F=
t
vf = √ vi2−2 gd
Computation for Pressure:
F
P= a
a = π r2
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Appendix B.
Experimentation/Documentation Report
Step 1: Pounding of Mud Crab shells Step 2: Putting out the crushed
Mud crab shells out
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Step 4: Mix all three materials Step 5: Add 2.5 L of water
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Step 8: Molding the mixture Step 9: Putting out the finished
using the machine product out of the machine
Finished Products
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II. Experimentation of Eggshells as Additive in Hollow Blocks
Step 1: Pour the egg shells Step 2: Add cement and sand
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Step 7: Molding the mixture using Step 8: Putting the finished
the machine product out of the machine
Finish Products
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III. Testing the strength of Scylla serrata (Mud Crab) shells and Eggshells
as Additive in Hollow Blocks
Setup:
A dumbbell with a coin in Wall with measurements
The middle of its flat surface (using meter stick & tape)
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Procedure:
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Curriculum Vitae
Eleanor O. De Ramos
Block 17 Lot 7 Unit C, Soldiers Hills Village, Putatan,
Muntinlupa City
eleanordr.green@gmail.com
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Educational Background:
Pre-school: - MCJCS (2004-2005)
Primary: - MCJCS (2005-2009)
- South Mansfield College (2009-2012)
Secondary: - South Mansfield College (2012-2016)
Personal Data:
Birthday: January 9
Height: 5’2 feet
Civil Status: Single
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