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Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
ABSTRACT
The experiment is about the determination of the viscosity of a number of normal saturated
alcohols by means of an Ostwald viscometer. It studies the effects of salt concentration on the
viscosities of aqueous solutions and of temperature on the viscosity of water. The reagents used
are distilled water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-butanol, NaCl, and chromic acid. Several materials
are used I the determination of viscosity such as Ostwald-Fenske viscometer, constant
temperature bath, stopwatch, 10-mL pipettes, and 250-mL beakers. The viscosity of pure liquids
is determined with the use of the Ostwald viscometer. The constant A of the viscometer is
determined using water which has known density and viscosity. With this constant, other
viscosities are computed. The experiment studies some factors affecting the viscosity of fluids.
Salt concentrations increase the viscosities of aqueous solutions. Viscosity of liquids is greatly
affected by the temperature. Viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature. As the
temperature of a fluid increases the viscosity of that fluid decreases. When the liquid is heated,
the cohesive forces between the molecules reduce thus the forces of attraction between them
reduce, which eventually reduces the viscosity of the liquids.
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
magnitude of the force. The effect is 1. Newtonian: fluids, such as water and
expressed as: most gases which have a constant
viscosity.
2. Shear thickening: viscosity increases
with the rate of shear.
𝑭 𝒅𝒖 3. Shear thinning: viscosity decreases with
∝ 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏
𝑨 𝒅𝒙 the rate of shear. Shear thinning liquids
are very commonly, but misleadingly,
described as thixotropic.
where u is the velocity (m/s), du is the 4. Thixotropic: materials which become
less viscous over time when shaken,
difference in velocity between two layers
agitated, or otherwise stressed.
(m/s), dx is the difference in position normal 5. Rheopectic: materials which become
to the flow between two fluid layers (m), more viscous over time when shaken,
and A is the area of contact (m2). The ratio agitated, or otherwise stressed.
F/A is termed the viscous shear stress (𝜏). 6. A Bingham plastic is a material that
Introducing of a proportionality constant behaves as a solid at low stresses but
flows as a viscous fluid at high stresses.
makes equation 1 to:
7. A magnetorheological fluid is a type of
"smart fluid" which, when subjected to a
magnetic field, greatly increases its
𝒅𝒖 apparent viscosity, to the point of
𝝉 = 𝝁 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐 becoming a viscoelastic solid.
𝒅𝒙
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
known density. It uses a small-diameter tube viscometer to fall from the upper to the
(capillary). The fluid’s time of flow of a lower fiducial mark.
specific volume through the capillary is
measured. There is a constant pressure drop
across the capillary. Ostwald viscometers Equation 4 can be reduced having ΔP is
must be calibrated with a known material. equal to ρgh:
METHODOLOGY
𝒅𝑽 𝝅𝒓𝟒 ∆𝑷
= 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑
𝒅𝒕 𝟖𝝁𝑳
Materials
where dV/dt is the rate of liquid flow The reagents used in the experiment are
through a cylindrical tube of radius r and distilled water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-
length L, and ΔP is the pressure difference butanol, NaCl (table salt), and chromic acid.
between two ends of the tube. The following equipment and glassware are
used namely Ostwald-Fenske viscometer,
constant temperature bath, stopwatch, 10-
When ΔP is constant, equation 3 becomes mL pipettes, and 250-mL beakers.
𝒕 Methods
𝝁 = 𝝅𝒓𝟒 ∆𝑷 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟒
𝟖𝑽𝑳
The experiment is about the determination
of the viscosity of a number of normal
saturated alcohols by means of Ostwald
where t is the time required for the upper viscometer. It also tends to determine the
meniscus of the liquid in the left arm of the effect of salt concentration on viscosities of
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
Page 4
Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
To determine the viscosity of each liquid, respectively. Using these values, the
this equation is used: viscosities of the liquids are computed and
determined.
𝜇 = 𝐴𝜌𝑡
The computed viscosity and the literature
value of viscosity have small percentage of
where μ is the viscosity, ρ is the density of error. One possible cause of error is the
the liquid, t is the time required for the upper recording of time. It is very difficult to start
meniscus of the liquid in the left arm of the and stop the timer on how the sample liquid
viscometer to fall from the upper to the would pass the markers. Another source of
lower fiducial mark, and A is a constant for error is the temperature. The viscosity of a
a given viscometer which can be determined fluid is greatly affected by the temperature.
through calibration with a liquid of known The effects of temperature to the viscosity
viscosity and density. will be discussed on the later part of the
discussion.
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
increases compared to the time of pure This means that viscosity is inversely
water. With this, the viscosity of water proportional to temperature. As the
increases when salt is added. temperature of a fluid increases the viscosity
of that fluid decreases.
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
APPENDICES
Figure 1. Flow of Some Liquids
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
Sample Computation:
Water at 32°C:
𝜇 = 𝐴𝜌𝑡
𝑘𝑔
.𝑠
(. 85 𝑐𝑝)(0.001 𝑚 )
𝜇 𝑐𝑝
𝐴= = = 𝟓. 𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝜌𝑡 (995.026)(15)
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Experiment No. 4
Measurement of Viscosity of Liquids by Capillary Flow Method
Ethanol:
𝜇 = 𝐴𝜌𝑡 =
𝜇 = 𝐴𝜌𝑡 =
𝜇 = 𝐴𝜌𝑡 =
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