Académique Documents
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Volume Journal
II Number 2 2011for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation
[23-28]
Volume IV No. 1 2013 [1 – 16] [ISSN 0975 - 6272]
[ISSN 0975 - 6272]
Received: January 06, 2013 ⏐ Accepted: March 22, 2013 ⏐ Online: May 15, 2013
Abstract
Asan wetland is providing an important unique and maximum percentage i.e. (100 %) was
ecological aquatic habitat for its migratory found and exhibited that most infestation
avian diversity and rich endemic fish species. occurred in zone D. The abundance and
Asan wetland declared as conservation reserve presence of macrophytic species are also
in 2005 due to its rich biodiversity. The present correlated with the accumulated intake of
study revealed that the accumulation of nitrate and phosphate in water and sediments
nutrient load is increasing in the wetland from of wetland. The primary productivity was
different sources i.e. domestic sewage, forest recorded as (1.02 -8.26 g/m2/day) and
run off, agricultural practices in its catchment minimum was (0.02-4.10 g/m2/day) in zone A
basin and other nonpoint sources. The nitrate and macrophyte biomass was also calculated in
was recorded maximum in the range of (3.76 - the range (179- 183 kg/m2) and minimum was
5.15 mg/l) in zone D and phosphate was found (55-65 Kg/ m2). The present macrophyte
maximum in (2.31- 3.15 mg/l) in similar zone species, their biomass and productivity were
and the minimum concentration of nitrate and showed that Asan wetland is under
phosphate was found as 2.18 - 2.65 and 1.37 - mesotrophic state and has potential to enhance
1.92 (mg/l) in zone A respectively. The species its ecological productivity to restore the natural
composition and biomass of aquatic habitats for major faunistic diversity.
macrophytes from different zones of wetland Introduction
were estimates and their reference index was
Aquatic macrophytes serve as an important
also calculated to assess the ecological status
indicator of nutrient load in littoral zone of
Keywords: Asan wetland ⏐ Aquatic wetlands and play an active role in maintaining
macrophytes ⏐ Nitrate ⏐ Phosphate ⏐ Nutrients the ecosystem productivity of the ecosystem.
The occurrence of macrophyte species reflects
For correspondence: the degree of nutrient enrichment within a
shoreline or in littoral zones. Decomposition of
Deptt of Zoology and Environmental Sciences
Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar (Uttarakhand), India. dead aquatic plants and leaf litters could be an
Email: nidhijoshi.gku@gmail.com
important source of carbon, nitrogen and
Distribution pattern of aquatic macrophytes and their biomass in relation to some nutrients in Asan wetland, India
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Ritchie 2001).
2 Diffeerent macropphytes speccies Longgitude 77°40’-- 77°44’E
nutrient availability in wetland (Portielje and a Meaan depth (sea leevel) 403.3 m
Averrage Rainfall 250 cm
Roijackeers 1995). Therefore,
T a maiden field
based sccientific stu udy has beenb made to wettland attractts large num mber migraatory as
investigaate the maccrophyte com mposition and
a welll as local aqquatic birds as waterfow wl, both
their bioomass from different litttoral zones of wadders and divvers in winnter seasons for the
Asan weetland at Doon D valleyy of Garhwwal breeeding due to the avvailability of o food
Himalayaan region an nd contributeed to conservve , resoources and suitable naatural habitaats. The
protection and maanagement sustainable to fourr sampling zones
z were iddentified to evaluate
restore thhe natural haabitats. the aquatic maccrophyte staatus of wetlaand. The
cateegorization ofo the zoness is done acccording
Materialls and Meth
hods to the
t level maacrophytic innfestation coondition.
Zonne A, whichh is near the barrage has h open
Study arrea
watter area, Zonne B was loccated in midddle part
Asan wetland
w is now know wn as Assan of water
w reservvoir, Zone C contains thhe direct
conservaation reservee, geographhically situatted influux of the Asan
A River as
a inlet and Zone D
between latitude 30°
3 24’ – 30°
3 28’N and
a wass relatively more infessted by the aquatic
Longitudde 77 ° 40’ – 77 °444’ E, near the
t maccrophytes. EachE zone was
w categoriized into
confluence of river Asan and Yamuna
Y Hydel fourr sampling stations (Fig.. 1).
Canal at Doon valley y of Garhwaal Himalayaa in
Indian suub-continentt. Asan wetland is locatted
in the fooot hills of lesser Himaalayan zonee at
Doon vaalley .Wetlaand has bothh shallow and a
deep waater areas with
w large caatchment baasin
surroundded by foreest, agriculttural pasturres,
river bassin, and villlage inhabiitants. In thet
western side of wetland,
w a barrage
b (waater
regulatorr) is constru
ucted as 2877.5 m long and
a
the riverr bed is 3899.4 m abovee the sea levvel
with the water leveel of 403.3 m above sea s
level. Thhe maximu um rainfall was receivved
about 2500-275 cm. du uring rainy seasons.
s Asaan Fig.1: Geo-ggraphical locatioon and sampling
zoness of Asan wetlannd
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was categgorized acco ording to theeir macrophyyte freee floated typpe were recoorded duringg present
distributiion pattern (F
Fig. 2). studdy (Table 4). Thee distribution of
maccrophytes annd their classsification acccording
to their
t nature and presennce in the different
d
swam
mp, 17 open wateer zonnes of wetlaand. The em mergent com mmunity
% open connsists of Cerotophyyllum demmersum,
waater, 35% Heavy infeested
marshy Polyygonium, Tyypha, Carex sp, Cyperuss etc and
%
area , 16% moderatee
infested the large margiinal commuunities of LantanaL
mooderate Heaavy marshy arrea cammara whereaas, 6 percentt species arre taken
infeested, 1 infestted, 1 as the
t free floaating their rooots and som me roots
8% 4%%
are coming upsside the watter. Large coverage
c
of floating
f plannts are observved like Lemmna sp.,
The wetlland receiveed a numbers of nutrieents Vallisneria spp. were suubmerged in large
from diffferent poin nt and non--point sourcces nummber and 7 numbeer of speciies are
from its catchment basin and it i leads to thet subm merged in the differeent pockets of the
good groowth of aquatic macroophytes in the t wettland. All macrophytic speciess were
littoral zones.
z Diffferent macrrophytes were arraanged accorrding to thheir presennce and
grown inn different coonditions acccording to thheir abuundance and is divided into differentt groups
nature and
a availab bility of their
t growiing for developinng an asssessment system,
environm mental cond ditions. Nutrrients are thet maccrophytes sppecies are growing into different
d
importannt medium for f the grow wth of seveeral grouups. On the basis of most abundannt nature
macrophyytes in the wetlands.
w Thhe nitrates and
a of aquatic
a macrrophytes cllassified intto three
phosphattes are bind to the particcles of the soil
s grouups A,B,& C, mainly consisted district
and then it is availabble to the waater and servves gennera: Ipomooea, Polygoonium, Valllisneria,
as the nutrient
n medium for the t growth of Eiccchornia, Typpha in Groupp A, Ceratopphyllum,
aquatic plants.
p The present studdy showed thhat Eleoocharis, Laantana, Lem mna ,Phragm mites in
the valuue of nitraate and phhosphate was w Grooup B annd Cyperuus, Myriopphyllum,
maximum m in month h of the Juune- July and a Potaamogeton, Sphagnum
S spp. in Groupp C. The
minimum m in Augu ust – Septtember. T
The pressent vegetation number of differentt groups
phosphatte and nitratte content were
w maximuum fromm different sites
s of each zones menttioned in
0.720 annd 1.04 mg//l in the zonne D and was w Tabble -5. The reference inndex was caalculated
minimum m 0.66 and 0.67
0 mg/ in zone A (Tabble andd recorded ass ranged bettween 28.033-40.0%,
2 & 3). The successsion in the Asan wetlaand 37.55-62.96%, 40.0-62.96
4 % and 40.00- 100%
occurred and diffferent com mmunities of fromm different sampling sites of Zone A, B, C
emergentt, marginal, submerged aquatic plaants & D respectiveely. The ressulting indeex range
were gennerated. A tootal of 23 speecies of aquaatic fromm 29.03 - 100%. Thee present reeference
macrophyytes comprrising (7) emergents,
e (3) indeex revealed the present ecological status
s of
rooted flooated-leaf ty
ype, (7) submmerged and (6) wettland for thee proper rankking of the wetland
all the sites denoted that zone D is most 4.10) was observed in the Zone A and
infested by maximum species and highest similarly biomass (55-65 Kg/m3 )as each zone
biomass of macrophytes due to shallow depth contain four sites and the mean of four sites
and maximum load of nitrate and phosphate in was calculated, whereas the mean values of
water. The Zone C was infested moderately but productivity was recorded 0.11- 4.57, 0.80-
Zone D was recorded heavy infestation by 7.44, 1.04 - 8. 26 and biomass as 120-134,
maximum no. of macrophyte species (Fig.3). 156-162, 179-183 Kg/m3 in zones B, C and D
The primary productivity minimum (0.02- of Asan wetland respectively (Table 6).
Distribution pattern of aquatic macrophytes and their biomass in relation to some nutrients in Asan wetland, India 7
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Zone C of Asan wetland Zone D of Asan Wetland
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ecosystem productivity.Schnitzler et al. (1996) infested pockets of the wetland showed the
studied the response of aquatic macrophyte different rich vegetation and the productivity in
communities to levels of phosphorus and that area in small pocketed area of the lakes.
nitrogen in an old swamp on the upper Rhine The harvested biomass is calculated from
plain in eastern France and worked out the different sites and then the aggregate is
utility of some aquatic macrophytes as reported for that zone. The reduction of light
bioindicators of eutrophication. For each reaching the lake floor also inhibit submerged
zones of wetland, and unique assessment and rooted macrophytes, and sediments
system was developed based on different become anoxic as large amounts of planktonic
reference sites as well as non reference sites biomass are added to them (Kant & Raina,
were evaluated to determine the ecological 1990). The population and growth of Lemna
status of Asan wetland. The resulting index minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza were studied
(RI) value ranged from28.03-40.0% in zone A as a measure of eutrophication caused by
showed least macrophyte infestation as while household detergents (Ansari, 2005).
40.0-100% RI value exhibited dense Myriophyllum spicatum and E. canadensis
macrophyte infestation in Zone D. The average responded strongly and their biomass increased
of RI values occurring on reference sites was significantly (John et al., (2001). Many
defined as a bench mark for ecological quality ecologists of the world have been emphasised
class “High” (WFD; European Union, 2000). on the importance of the primary productivity
The degradation characteristics have to be as an important functional attribute of the
described by quantifying the deviation in biosphere because of its controlling effects on
species composition and abundance from these the rate of multiplication and growth of the
present as per reference index. Classification living organisms of the ecosystem (Westlake,
with aquatic macrophytes is restricted to 1963). In the present study, the productivity
sampling zones with sufficient macrophyte was calculated minimum in the range of 0.02-
cover and therefore fails to indicate extreme 4.10g/m2/day and maximum 8.26 g/m2/day.
eutrophication leading to sampling zone D in Wetzel (1975) also reported that a lake
Asan wetland, similar infestation pattern becomes eutrophic, when the daily production
noticed in many lakes and reservoirs (Melzer ranges from 600 to 8000mg Cm–2day–1
1999 and Stelzer et al 2004). Moen and Cohen equivalent to 1.2 to 16.0 g dry matter m–2 day–1
(1989) found a faster growing species lower values of annual net production were
(Potamogeton pectinatus) to suppress the reported by a number of workers viz.,
growth of a slower growing species (M. Shardendu and Ambasht (1991) in tropical
exalbescens) with a relatively dense biomass wetlands (179.00 gm–2 yr–1), Hillbricht
(300 gDW/m3). Schaumburg et al., (2004) also Illkowsha (1993) in Kikolajskie Lake, Poland
reported some species in German Lakes i.e. (130.66 gm–2 yr–1). Kumari and Kumar (2002)
Isoetes echinospora, Nitella opaca, in the different ponds of Jharkhand reported
Myriophyllum sp, Elatine hexandra etc. in low annual productivity values ranging from
Distribution pattern of aquatic macrophytes and their biomass in relation to some nutrients in Asan wetland, India 10
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4.52 gm–2 yr–1 in Hizlaghat to 54.11 gm–2yr–1 Asan wetland in relation to its rich
at Singhaara pond. Devi, (2008) also reported biodiversity.
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