A. .

Excretory System in Invertebrata

1. Protozoa
Unicellular living beings emit traces of metabolism by diffusion .
Carbon dioxide from cellular respiration results released by diffusion . Also, it
can form the contractile vakoula contain residual particles for subsequent
metabolism dumped out of the cell . Vacuole is usually found in protozoa that
live in fresh water . Additionally excretion contractile vacuole also serves as a
regulator of osmotic pressure ( osmoregulator ).

2. Planaria

Simple excretory organs can also be found in planarians . The organ is

protonefridia , in the form of a pipeline which ramify throughout the body . The
pipeline is nefridiofor . The tip of the branch nefridiofor called flame cells
equipped with cilia . The body fluid passing through the cell will fire filtered, then
substances remaining in the womb to be absorbed by the cells fire . feathers
vibrating movement within the fire cell lines would push the water towards the
agent channel , through this channel eventually residual substances excreted out
through the hole of excretory .

3. Aneliida
Anellia have nephridium organ called metanefridium.
Metanefridium has 2 holes which nefrostom and nefridiofor. Nefrostom ciliated
and empties into the body cavity (pseuddoselom). The body cavity serves as the
digestive system. Funnel (nefrostom) will continue to channels that meander and
swell like a bubble that lead to the hole (funnel) to two and called nefridiofor. The
body fluid is pulled into the funnel nefrostom enter sillia nephridium by
movement and muscle. When fluid flows through a long slit nephridium, useful
materials such as water, food molecules and ions will be taken up by specific cells
of the tube. These materials are then penetrate the capillary sekitr and circulated
again. Trash nitrogen and residual water nephridium excreted out. Metanefridium
act like filters that move the trash and restoring useful substance into the
circulatory system. The liquid in the body cavity of earthworms contain
substances and waste products. There are two forms of waste products, namely
ammonia and other substances that are less toxic, ie urea. because earthworms
live in the soil in a moist environment, anadelida diffuse the residual ammonia in
the soil but urea is excreted through the excretion system.
4. Insect
Ecretory tool on locust is Malpighi vessel is a tool that functions like
kidney expenditure in vertebrates . Malpighi a collection vessel gossamer
threads are yellowish white and the base is attached to the base of the
intestinal wall . Malpighi vessels located between the midgut and hindgut .
Blood flowing through the vessel Malpighi . When fluid moves through the
proximal portion of vessels Malpighi , nitrogen -containing material will be
deposited into uric acid , while water and various salts reabsorbed by osmosis
and active transport . Uric acid and residual water entering into the small
intestine . The rest of the water will be absorbed again while the crystals of
uric acid excreted through the anus along degan fases . In addition to the
vessels Malpighi , insects also have a trachea to excrete waste products of
oxidation such as carbon dioxide trachea lung in vertebrates .
B. Excretory System in Vertebrata

1. Pieces (Fish)

Fish utilize kidneys to filter out the wastes (urine) from their blood and then
use their skin to excrete mucus and gills to excrete nitrogenous wastes, ammonia,
carbon dioxide excess water (they rely a lot on diffusion). Fish have a different
kidney to adaptation toward environtment. They continuously keep a homeostasis
of water and ions that differs between salt and fresh water fish. Freshwater fish
maintain a hypertonic environment in their body: they gain water and lose ions
(through diffusion) because their body has a lower concentration of water
compared to their environment. To compensate that they produce a dilute urine
and the gills actively take up irons. This means that they have a high filtration rate
in their kidneys and therefore their kidneys have a high amount of glomeruli. On
the contrary saltwater fish maintain a hypotonic environment: they lose water and
gain ions like Na+, Cl- and K+ (through diffusion) because they have a higher
water concentration compared to their environment. To compensate that they
produce a very concentrated/salty urine and the ions get actively transported
(away) through the gills ( desilation is eliminating the concentration of salt by
relasing through the gills). Fish do not have a loop of Henle in their nephron
since they do not face the problem of water shortage in their aquatic habitat, but
rather having a too high concentration of water in their body (especially
freshwater fish). Different with shark, shark excrete their urine by skin surface.

2. Amphibians ( Frog)
In amphibians the nephrons in the kidneys filter out the nitrogenous wastes
and excess water that get transported away along the ureter. Their waste products
include ammonia and urea. The kidneys of amphibians function similarly to those
of a freshwater fish. When they are in the water, they absorb specific salts through
their skin, and the kidney then produces very dilute urine. When amphibians are
on land they conserve water by reabsorbing water across the epithelium of the
urinary bladder. Frog has a renal tract and genital tract were united and ends in
cloaca. Frog have a thin skin so if he is too long in water it make frog excess fluid
and if he too long in shore it make frog dehydrate, water easily fit into frogs tissue
by osmosis.
3. Reptiles
Reptiles have very small kidneys and in diapsids the main nitrogenous
waste product is uric acid. Many reptiles live in arid or hot environments and
therefore need to be able to conserve water very well. They have adapted to this
by their kidneys working very efficiently. They are specially adapted to be able to
concentrate their wastes into uric acid, which has very low amounts of water in it.
They additionally do not loose a large amount of water when excreting their waste
because the uric acid does not absorb and requires very little water when expelled
from the body. Reptiles do not have the ability to produce liquid urine that is
more concentrated than their own body fluid because they lack a structure in their
nephron called the loop of Henle. Therefore they sometimes use their colon to
help in the reabsorption of water. The reason why they are able to produce such
concentrated uric acid is because the glomerulus is situated in the medulla, which
means that not so much water gets filtered out initially out of the blood. Therefore
 no loop of Henle is required to reabsorb any excess water.

4. Aves ( Birds)
Birds require everything to be much lighter to assist them in flying more
easily. Therefore they do not have a bladder, as it is too heavy. Instead the excretory
system joins the digestive system by connecting the cloaca and the ureter, which
results in a liquid excrement (urine and feces are mixed). Birds seem to be the first
animals to possess a loop of Henle, which assist in more efficient usage of water by
reabsorbing some of it back into the blood. Skin birds do not have sweat glands but
have oil glands that function as to prevent bird feathers to not get wet when it rains, it
contained in the tail.
The Process Formation Urine in Kidney
There are 3 process to formed urine from kidney it is filtration, reabsorpsion
and augmentasion.

A. Filtration
Fitration occurs in glomerulus capillary in bowman capsule. In glomerulus
there are endothelium cells. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells are porous it
to facilitate the filtration process. Factors that facilitate the filtration process is
the hydrolic pressure and high permeability to the glomerulus. In addition
filteration in gromerular there are rebinding blood cells, trombocyte, and plasma
protein. The first part of the process of urine formation occurs in the glomeruli,
which are small clumps of blood vessels. The glomeruli act as filters, allowing
water, glucose, amino acid salt and another salt to pass through to the Bowman's
capsule, but preventing protein to pass through to bowman’s capsule. The
product of filtration called as primary urine.
B. Reabsorption
Materials that are still needed in the primary urine will be reabsorbed in
proximal colvolunted tubule. There are two ways become absorbed by in
proximal colvolunted tubule if glucose and amino acid become absorbed by
difusion and if waterbecome absorbed by osmosis. The water arbsorption
occur in proximal colvolunted tubule and distal colvolunted tubule. The
usefull substance such as glucose and amino acid returned into blood.
Amonia substance, excess of salt, and another substance in filtrate issued with
urine. After reabsorption tubule producted secondary urine. In secndary urine
the subtances that usefull for our body cannot be found, but toxic substance
will be increase.
 C. Augmentation
augmentation is the process of adding waste products and urea incipient in
proximal colvolunted tubule. Urine will be heading toward the cavity and then
kidneys bladder pass through kidney channels. If the bladder is full of urine fills the
bladder wall will be suppressed so that the resulting feeling to urinate. Urine will
come out through the urethra, the composition is water , salt, urea and another
substance. example bile pigments.

Things that Effect to Urine Production

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that helps your kidneys manage

the amount of water in your body. ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It’s a
hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary
gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates
and balances the amount of water in your blood. Higher water concentration increases
the volume and pressure of your blood. Osmotic sensors and baroreceptors work with
ADH to maintain water metabolism. smotic sensors in the hypothalamus react to the
concentration of particles in your blood. These particles include molecules of sodium,
potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide. When particle concentration is not balanced,
or blood pressure is too low, these sensors and baroreceptors tell your kidneys to
store or release water to maintain a healthy range of these substances. They also
regulate your body’s sense of thirst.
Excess ADH when there’s too much ADH in your blood, syndrome of
inappropriate ADH (SIADH) may be the cause. It make urine concentrated, and If the
condition is acute, you may have a headache, nausea, or vomiting. In severe cases,
coma and convulsions can occur. ADH deficiency is often seen with one of two types
of diabetes insipidus. Central diabetes insipidus is a decrease in the production of
ADH by the hypothalamus or in the release of ADH from the pituitary while
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a decrease in the kidney's response
to ADH. Both types of diabetes insipidus lead to the excretion of large quantities of
dilute urine.
Drinking too much water can also make increased urine production. This is
because when too much drinking water will decrease the concentration of proteins
that can cause protein colloid pressure decreases , so that the filtration pressure is
decreasing or less effectively, and the result is a lot of urine produced . In addition,
stimulation of the renal nerves causes a narrowing of the duct efferen thus reduced
blood flow to the glomerulus . Filtration consequently less effective due to decreased
blood pressure.