CED 30403-Air Pollution Control Technology

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering
Technology

CEB 30403
Air Pollution Control Technology

Experiment 1
PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL BY DOUBLE CYCLONE
SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:

LECTURER: EN AHMAD NAIM AHMAD YAHAYA

&
MS NADIA RAZALI

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

It has been well known for years that air pollution does not remain at its source location.
Up to now scientists and politicians have by and large focused on the expansion of
pollutants within a continent. Movement of pollutants between continents has recently
become the focus of attention. Measurements and computational models have shown
that intercontinental movement of pollutants is not negligible. They also indicate which
joint efforts are necessary and possible to avoid this pollution.

Student shall be able to experiment using the following units:

a) To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon collection efficiency.

b) To study the effect of inlet velocity upon collection efficiency.

c) To compare the overall collection efficiency between single and double cyclone.

d) To verify he theoretical relationship between pressure drop, AP and inlet velocity,

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2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

2.1 Specifications

A double cyclone trainer capable of demonstrating single or double

cyclone operations constructed on a sturdy vertical frames fixed to a
movable base. Base and frames are epoxy coated for better appearance and
easy to clean. The unit comes with a high pressure blower, air flow meter,
feed container and outlet dust filter.

a) Cyclone:
3 units of high efficiency (Swift design, Figure 2) cyclones come with a
dust hopper each. It consists of essentially a vertical cylinder with a
conical bottom, a tangential inlet near the top, and an outlet for dust at the
bottom of the cone. Body diameters for the cyclones are 200 mm, 100 mm
and 78 mm, respectively.

b) Air Blower:
1 unit of 5 hp high pressure blower; maximum capacity @ 3,400 rpm:
280 m3/hr; withstand a static pressure of 80 inches of water; electrical:
415V/3-phase/50Hz.

c) Air Flow meter:

1 unit of venturi meter and pressure drop transmitter. Flowrate range: 10
to 130 m3/hr.

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d) Feed Container:
1 unit of clear PVC cylinder. The container capacity is approximately 1.5
liter.

e) Outlet Dust Filter:

1 unit of detachable filter hood made from stainless steel with gasket
and filter support. Dust filter is made from stainless steel measuring 250
mm x 250 mm.

f) Differential Pressure Gauge:

2 units of pressure drop transmitter. Range: 0 to 16 in. of water.

2.2 Requirements

Dust Particles Sample.

Digital Balance : 5,000 g; accuracy: 0.01g.
Ventilated Working Area : approximately 10 m 2.
Electrical : 415V/3-phase/50Hz.

2.3 Overall Dimensions

Height : 2.13 m
Width : 2.13 m
Depth : 1.22m

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3.0 SUMMARY OF THEORY

Cyclone separators are gas cleaning devices that employ a centrifugal force generated
by a spinning gas stream to separate the particulate matter (solid or liquid) from the
carrier gas. The separator unit may be a single large chamber, a number of small
tubular chambers in parallel, series or dynamic unit similar to a blower. Units in parallel
provide increased volumetric capacity, while units in series provide increased removal
efficiency (Wark, 1981).

As shown in Figure 3, the incoming dust-laden air travels in a spiral path around and
down the cylindrical body of the cyclone. The centrifugal force developed in the vortex
tends to move the particles radially towards the wall, and the particles that reach the
wall slide into the cone and are collected in the dust hopper bottle. The particulate
matter slides down in accordance with specific gravity. More specifically, that specific
gravity is the ratio of a material's density and a standard reference material (air) (Bill,
1966). The dean gas then forms a smaller spiral path and comes out from the top of the
cyclone. Actually, only the heavier particles are collected in the dust hopper bottle, while
the lighter particles will escape with carrier medium (air) through the vortex finder
located at the top of cyclone.

Dust Discharge In Collecting Bottle

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The cyclone is usually employed for removing particles 10µm in size and larger.
Regardless of the design, the fractional removal efficiency of any cyclone drops
rapidly beyond a certain particles size. This is illustrated by Figure 4, which shows
typical curves for several types of cyclones

Figure 4: Fractional collection efficiency as a function of particle size for

several types of cyclone. (source: Wart, 1981)

Typical data for commercial cyclones are given in figure 5, which shows the strong effects
of particles size and cyclone body diameter on collection efficiency

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While Table 1 represent the overall collection efficiency of conventional and high-
efficiency cyclone

Table 1. Overall cyclone collection e0iciency.(source: stem, 1955)

Particles Conventional High-efficiency

Pm cyclone cyclone
<5 <50 50-80
5 — 20 50 - 80 80 - 95
15-50 80-95 95-99
>40 95-99 95-99

centrifugal force VpPdp2

Collection efficiency , η ∞ dragforce
∞ Rug
(1)

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From equation 1, as a first approximation, the collection efficiency is found to

increase with increase in inlet velocity (Vp), particle density (ρp), and particle
diameter (dp); it is found to decrease with an increase in carrier gas viscosity
(µg), and cyclone diameter (R), (recall that gas viscosity increase with increase
in temperature).(Wark, 1981).

In addition, it is found experimentally that efficiency also increase with an

increase in cyclone body length (or number of vortex revolutions) and the
amount of dust loading. Smoothness of the inner cyclone wall is another
important parameter, since turbulence must be avoided, in the vicinity of the wall
(Wark, 1981)

In general, higher collection efficiency are related to higher pressure losses. This
is easily seen when empirical pressure loss equation are compared to an
efficiency relation such as equation 1. The pressure drop, AP, is given by the
following equation:
AP = 1 Vi Hp pp (2)
2
where, Hv = KA/De (i.e the column inlet velocity number)

ΔP = pressure drop, [N/m2 or Pa]

Vp = inlet gas velocity, [m/s]
ρg = gas density, [kg/m 3]
K = dimensionless cyclone configuration constant, [from Figure 6]
A = inlet cross-sectional area. H x W [m 2]
De = outlet pipe diameter, [m]

In practice, cyclones are designed with pressure drops less than 10 in. H 2O.

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1.5

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Experiment A
Objective: To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon collection
efficiency
1. Prepare the experiment for 200mm cyclone operation.
2. Weigh separately the empty feed container and dust hopper.
3. Weigh 50g of sample and pour slowly into the feed container.

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4. Connect the air pump to the feed container with the tubing provided and ensure
the needle valve is initially closed.

5. Attach the feed container to the holder and adjust so that the outlet of feed
container is just inside the inlet piping of cyclone.
6. Clean the outlet dust filter.

7. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened properly
before starting the experiment.
8. Switch on the Main Switch and push the START button to run the air blower.

9. Adjust the inverter controller to achieve inlet air velocity of m/s (Refer to Table
1 in appendix).

10. Switch on the computer (it will direct launch the DAS software) and then click
the EXPERIMENT button and choose EXPERIMENT Al.

11. Switch on the air pump and open the needle valve slowly until boiling
phenomena is observed.
12. Start the stopwatch simultaneously.
13. Click the RECORD button to record the airflow rates and pressure drop.
14. Run the experiment for 30 min.
15. Switch off the air blower after the experiment is completed.
16. Detach the feed container and the dust hopper and weigh them separately.

17. Determine the collection efficiency of the cyclone by key in the weight of
sample loaded and collected.

18. Repeat the experiment with the 100mm & 78mm body diameter cyclone
(EXPERIMENT A2).

Result:
Air flow rate, Q (m3/h)

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Inlet velocity, v; (m/s)

Pressure Drop (in water)
Initial weight of sample in feed container, Wci (g)
Final weight of sample in feed container, WCF (g)
Weight of sample collected in dust hopper, WH (g)
Collection efficiency, II(%)

Where,

Collection efficiency, η = 100% X WH / (WCI- WCF)

Experiment B
Objective: To study the effect of multiple cyclones (in series) upon collection
efficiency
1. Adjust the blower host accordingly.
2. Weigh separately the empty feed container and dust hopper.

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3. Weigh 50g of sample and pour slowly into the feed container.

4. Connect the air pump to the feed container with the tubing provided and ensure
the needle valve is initially closed.

5. Attach the feed container to the holder and adjust so that the outlet of feed
container is just inside the inlet piping of cyclone.
6. Clean the outlet dust filter.

7. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened properly
before starting the experiment.
8. Switch on the Main Switch and push the START button to run the air blower.

9. Adjust the inverter controller to achieve inlet air velocity of 10m/s (Refer to
Table 1 in appendix).

10. Switch on the computer (it will direct launch the DAS software) and then click
the EXPERIMENT button and choose EXPERIMENT B.

11. Switch on the air pump and open the needle valve slowly until boiling
phenomena is observed.
12. Start the stopwatch simultaneously.
13. Click the RECORD button to record the air flow rates and pressure drop.
14. Run the experiment for 30min.
15. Switch off the air blower after the experiment is completed.
16. Detach the feed container and the dust hopper and weigh them separately.

17. Determine the collection efficiency of the cyclone by key in the weight of
sample loaded and collected.

18. Repeat the experiment for the second time.

Result:
Air flow rate, Q (m3/h)

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Inlet velocity, v; (m/s)

Pressure Drop (in water)
Initial weight of sample in feed container, Wci (g)
Final weight of sample in feed container, WCF (g)
Weight of sample collected in dust hopper, WH (g)
Collection efficiency, II(%)

Where,

Collection efficiency, η = 100% X WH / (WCI- WCF)

- Make sure
before lab
start “lab
draft is
ready to be
used”.

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