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Alejo O. Sfriso
FIUBA & SRK Consulting
asfriso@fi.uba.ar
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
1
Definiciones: Anclajes
• Un anclaje es una
estructura de fundación
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
2
Verificaciones necesarias
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
3
Clasificación según material
• Anclajes de barra
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
• Anclajes de cable
• Anclajes de placa
o hélice
• Anclajes temporales
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
4
Clasificación según técnica de
inyección (FHWA)
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
C: Posinyección en etapas
D: Con campanas
• Se instala el anclaje
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
10
5
Posinyección repetitiva global
Inyección Enjuague
Inyección
de pasta de agua
• Luego del endurecimiento
parcial de la pasta se inyecta
nueva pasta a alta presión
• La pasta nueva fractura la
pasta endurecida y clava sus
fragmentos en el suelo Válvulas Válvulas
abiertas cerradas
• Se lava la línea con agua
• No se conoce la zona inyectada
11
Válvulas de
retención Línea de
inyección
Inyección
Retorno
12
6
Posinyección repetitiva
selectiva (IRS)
• Se utiliza un tubo de manguitos
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
7
Anclajes pasivos vs activos
• Un anclaje pasivo es un
anclaje que se carga
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
cuando se deforma la
estructura que sostiene
To achieve a balanced design, all of the resisting components in a system should have comparable
margins of safety; no component should be significantly oversized or undersized. In the case of nail
15 tensile forces, a good design should balance the capacities of all resisting elements; therefore,
values of RP, RT, and RF should be reasonably similar.
The tensile force in a particular nail is a function of the location where the nail crosses the failure
surface. As shown schematically in Figure 5.14, the distribution of tensile forces in the soil nails
varies throughout the cross-section of the wall system. Due to the complexities of load transfer
within individual nails, the location of maximum nail tensile forces is close to, but generally does
not coincide with, the location of the critical failure surface found during global stability analysis.
The location of the failure surface is controlled by global limit equilibrium considerations. Strain
measurements in instrumented soil nail walls have indicated that in the upper portion of the wall,
• Un anclaje pasivo es un
anclaje que se carga
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Lp
16
Modified after Byrne et al., 1998.
Figure 5.14: Schematic Location of Soil Nail Maximum Tensile Forces.
88
8
Anclajes pasivos vs activos
• Un anclaje activo es un
anclaje que se carga
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
mediante técnicas de
postesado
17
• Un anclaje activo es un
anclaje que se carga
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
mediante técnicas de
postesado
• La carga máxima
llega a la cabeza del
anclaje
• Siempre requiere una
placa de cabeza FIGURE 11.20 Cross section showing tieback anchors for retaining walls. (Reproduced with permission
from AASHTO, 1996.)
2. Tendon. The tendon is usually made of prestressing steel wires, strands, or bars. The tendon
includes the following:
18 a. Bonded length. The bonded length is that part of the tendon that is fixed in the primary
grout and transfers the tension force to the surrounding soil or rock. The anchor bond length is
designed so that it can resist the required pullout load of the anchor. The bonded length is
often created by the pressure injection of a Portland cement-based mixture. As shown in
Fig. 11.20, the bonded length should be located well behind the active wedge or other crit-
ical failure surface.
Especially for cohesionless soil, the tieback anchors will need an adequate overburden pres-
sure to increase the bond stress at the grouted end. To accomplish this, the tieback anchors are
often installed at a downward angle as shown in Fig. 11.20.
b. Unbonded length. This is the part of the tendon that is able to elongate and hence transfers
the tension force to the bonded length. As shown in Fig. 11.20, the unbonded length is often
filled with grout, but because the tendon is contained within a sheath, the tension force is trans-
ferred to the bonded length. Grouting of the unbonded length will prevent cave-in of this por-
tion of the borehole and it will protect the tendon from corrosion.
3. Anchorage. The anchorage consists of a bearing plate and anchor head that permits stressing of
the tendon. Because tiebacks are often inclined, the anchorage must resist both horizontal and ver-
tical forces. If the anchorage is not adequately designed to resist these forces, deformation can
substantially reduce the effectiveness of the tieback anchor. For example, if the anchorage should
9
slide downward, the tensioning force will be reduced, allowing the retaining wall to deflect or fall
into the excavation.
Cómo reconocer los anclajes
activos y pasivos
• Anclajes activos:
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
P
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
rigidez
P diseño Menor
Anclaje activo: menos
deformación pero mayor carga
sobre la estructura
ez
id
P0 ig Anclaje pasivo: mayor deformación
orr
ay pero menor carga sobre la estructura
M
δ
δactivo δpasivo
20
10
Micropilotes
• Un micropilote es un
anclaje de barra (o
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
tubo), inyectado,
sometido a cargas
de compresión
• Una perforación
llena de hormigón
con 4ϕ12 es un
pilote chiquito,
no un micropilote
21
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
11
Factibilidad del uso de anclajes
• Consideraciones previas:
¿Es factible su uso?
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
– Características de estructura
– Obstáculos
– Instalaciones
– Propiedad del terreno
– Efectos en estructuras
adyacentes
– Legislación y servidumbre
23
Roca Si Si No
24
12
Selección: anclajes activos o
pasivos
• Extenso rango de
carga
• Mayor longitud
• Todo tipo de
terreno
• Menor deformación
• Más removibles
• Pero: Mayor carga
en la estructura
40.000
• Moderado rango de
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
cargas de servicio
30.000
• Más económicos
• Longitudes
limitadas
• Difíciles de remover
20.000
• Menor carga en la
10.000 estructura
• Pero: Mayor
26
deformación
0.000
Deformed Mesh
Extreme total displacement 26.23*10-3 m
(displacements at true scale)
13
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Mecanismos de transferencia
• La transferencia de carga se
produce a través de:
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
28
14
Análisis de interfase pasta-suelo
σ r = K0 ⋅γ ⋅ z Estado inicial
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
σ c = K0 ⋅γ ⋅ z
σr = 0
Estado inicial
σ c = 2K 0 ⋅ γ ⋅ z Perforación
σr = γ h ⋅z Estado inicial
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Perforación
σ r = 2K 0 ⋅ γ ⋅ z − σ r Llenado y fraguado
σ r ≅ 60%⋅ pi
σ c = falla plástica Estado inicial
Perforación
Llenado y fraguado
Posinyección
15
Análisis de interfase pasta-suelo
σ r ≅ 60%⋅ pi
σ c = falla plástica Estado inicial
Perforación
Llenado y fraguado
Posinyección
Ejemplo de cálculo de
resistencia unitaria
CÁLCULO DE LA RESISTENCIA AL ARRANCAMIENTO
do
PERFORACIÓN do := 0.15 ⋅ m r o :=
2
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
16
CÁLCULO DE LA RESISTENCIA AL ARRANCAMIENTO
do
PERFORACIÓN do := 0.15 ⋅ m r o :=
2
COEFICIENTE DE EMPUJE EN REPOSO Ko := 0.75
COTA MEDIA DE FUNDACIÓN z o := 12 ⋅ m
PRESIÓN VERTICAL DE CONFINAMIENTO σ z := γ h⋅ z o σ z = 228 KPa
PRESIÓN HORIZONTAL σ h := Ko⋅ σ z σ h = 171 KPa
Ejemplo de cálculo ( de
PRESIÓN NORMAL EN 1
⎡⎣
SUPERFICIE DE FALLA ) (
σ o.m:= ⋅ 1 + 3 ⋅ Ko − Ko − 1 ⋅ cos 2 ⋅ α ) ⎤⎦ ⋅ σ z σ o.m= 188 KPa
4
po σ o.m po := 1200 ⋅ KPa
resistencia unitaria⎡⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤⎥
PRESIÓN DE INYECCIÓN >
2 2
ro ⎛ ro ⎞
TENSIÓN RADIAL σ r (r ) := σ o.m⋅ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ + po⋅ ⎜ ⎟ σ r ( r o) = 1200 KPa
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
r ⎝ r ⎠
RESISTENCIA AL CORTE ( i)
τr (r ) := σ r (r ) ⋅ tan φ u + cu
i
τr ( r o) = 379 KPa
Ak (r ) := 2 ⋅ π ⋅ r Ak ( r o) = 0.471 m
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
PERÍMETRO
KN
Tr ( r o) = 179
RESISTENCIA ESPECÍFICA
AL ARRANCAMIENTO Tr (r ) := Ak (r ) ⋅ τr (r )
m
Tr ( r o)
RESISTENCIA AL CORTE MEDIA τmed:= τmed = 379 KPa
Ak ( r o)
RESISTENCIA AL
ARRANCAMIENTO NECESARIA TU := ν ⋅ Tnec TU = 1044 KN
TU
LONGITUD FIJA NECESARIA L nec :=
Ak ( r o) ⋅ τmed L nec = 5.8 m
33
34
17
Mecanismos de transferencia:
falla progresiva
• Pérdida de adhesión para
bajas deformaciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Eficiencia de un anclaje
36
18
Eficiencia de un anclaje
37
Eficiencia de un anclaje
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
10 m: f = 0.43
P = 0.43x10m = 4.3m
15 m: f = 0.34
P = 0.34x15m = 5.1m
38
19
Mecanismos de falla en
anclajes de placa
• La falla de un anclaje de placa es un
problema cinemático 3D
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
39
Mecanismos de falla en
anclajes de placa
• La falla de un anclaje de placa es un
problema cinemático 3D
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
• Hay soluciones
analíticas
aproximadas
40
20
Mecanismos de falla en
anclajes de placa
• La falla de un anclaje de placa es un
problema cinemático 3D
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
• Hay soluciones
analíticas
aproximadas
• Puede resolverse
mudline
por métodos
numéricos
(no es simple)
anchor
41
Fig. 10. Deformed mudline and soil flow around the anchor after
breakaway !H / B = 1.5, current depth= 1.05B, and su / !!B = 0.14"
soil !su / !!B = 0.14", the anchor was placed at three different em-
Fig. 8. Soil flow mechanism prior to breakaway !H / B = 2, current bedment ratios of 1.0, 1.3, and 1.5. For the two deepest embed-
depth= 1.9B, and su / !!B = 0.25" ments, the soil moved upwards with the anchor base until the
anchor reached an embedment of 1.12B, at which point separation
occurred. The separation depth is denoted as Hs. The separation
stopped when the maximum capacity is reached. For the soft soil
!su / !!B = 0.25", the discrepancy between the FE results and Eq. Índice depth was independent of the initial embedment provided the ini-
tial embedment is deeper than the separation depth. For the an-
!15" exists at a low embedment ratio H / B " 2. The flow mecha-
chor initially embedded at H / B = 1.0, which is lower than Hs / B
nism in the vicinity of the anchor is shown in Fig. 8, for an anchor
= 1.12, the soil separated from the anchor base immediately the
displacement of 0.1B. It is apparent that the soil overburden pres-
pulling force was applied, resulting in a much lower capacity than
sure causes the soil to remain attached to the anchor base even
the no-breakaway capacity. Soil heave shaped like an irregular
though breakaway is allowed. For the stiff soil !su / !!B = 2.5", the
• Definiciones
soil separates from the anchor base immediately even for deep
sphere formed at the soil surface as the anchor was pulled up
toward the mudline !Fig. 10", and the flow mechanism showed
embedment, H / B = 7. The FE results !Nc!" agree well with Eq.
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
12
• Anclajes de múltiple longitud fija 3D LDFE approach. The resulting separation depth ratios are
plotted in Fig. 11 against su / !!B. It is observed that, for a given
value of su / !!B, the separation depth becomes shallower with
9 • Diseño de excavaciones con anclajes increasing aspect ratio of the rectangular anchor. However, all
F/suA
0
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Soil depth/B 7 L/B=1
L/B=2
6
15 Hs /B=2.86 L/B=4
5 Fitted line
12 Strip (Song et al.)
4 21
Hs /B
9
F/suA
3
6
2
Consecuencias prácticas de los
mecanismos de transferencia
• La carga última:
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
these assumptions to develop a preliminary estimate of the anchor bond length, it must be verified
that for the required excavation height the minimum unbonded length can be developed.
Soil Anchors
Table 6. Presumptive ultimate values of load transfer for preliminary design of small diameter
straight shaft gravity-grouted ground anchors in soil.
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Anchor bond lengths for gravity-grouted, pressure-grouted, and post-grouted soil anchors are
typically 4.5 to 12 m since significant increases in capacity for bond lengths greater than
approximately 12 m cannot be achieved unless specialized methods are used to transfer load from the
top of the anchor bond zone towards the end of the anchor. For anchor bond zones that function in
tension, initial load increments transferred to the anchor bond zone are resisted by the soil near the
top of the anchor bond zone as strains occur in the upper grout body (figure 36). As additional
increments of load are transferred to the anchor bond zone, the strains in the top of the anchor bond
zone may exceed the peak strain for strain sensitive soils. In that case, the bond stress begins to
22
decrease at the top and the peak strain shifts down the anchor body. In strain sensitive soils, the
shape of the stress-strain diagram will determine the actual bond length where significant load is
Rock Anchors
For rock anchors, typical bond lengths range from 3 to 10 m with a minimum of 3 m. The ultimate
load transferred from the bond length to competent sound rock may be estimated from the rock type
(table 8). Lower values may be recommended after input from a geologist especially if the rock mass
strength is controlled by discontinuities. The maximum allowable anchor design load in competent
rock may be determined by multiplying the bond length by the ultimate transfer load and dividing by
a factor of safety of 3.0. This relatively high value of the factor of safety (compared to that for soil)
is used to account for uncertainties associated with potential discontinuities in the rock mass such as
joints, fractures, and clay-filled fissures. In weak rocks such as clay shales, bond stress transfer is
Diseño de la longitud fija
relatively uniform as compared to bond stress transfer in more competent rock. These weak rocks
may be termed “intermediate geomaterials” and have unconfined compressive strengths defined as
Sandstone 440
Typical ranges of ultimate bond stress values for the rock/grout interface which have been measured
45 are provided in table 7. Alternatively, PTI (1996) suggests that the ultimate bond stress between
Longitud < 12m
rock and grout can be approximated as 10 percent of the unconfined compressive strength of the rock
up to a maximum value for ultimate bond stress of 3.1 MPa.
In the calculation of bond length, the implicit assumption is that the bond at the rock-grout interface
is mobilized uniformly. This is unlikely to be the case unless the anchor bond zone is formed in soft
or weak rock. For conditions where the ratio of the elastic modulus of the grout to the elastic
modulus of the rock is less than one (e.g., in competent rock), load is transferred from the tendon to
the rock only in the upper 1.5 to 3 m of the anchor bond zone; any additional length of anchor bond
zone may be considered to provide an additional margin of safety. Therefore, use of average bond
stress values such as those provided in table 7 may result in calculated bond lengths significantly
greater than that which is required to resist the design load.
Granite and basalt 1.7 - 3.1 Gravity-grouted anchors 0.03 - 0.07 Gravity-grouted anchors 0.07 - 0.14
(straight shaft) (straight shaft)
Dolomitic limestone 1.4 - 2.1 Pressure-grouted anchors Pressure-grouted anchors
(straight shaft) (straight shaft)
Soft limestone 1.0 - 1.4 • Soft silty clay 0.03 - 0.07 • Fine-med. sand, 0.08 - 0.38
med. dense – dense
Slates and hard shales 0.8 - 1.4 • Silty clay 0.03 - 0.07 • Med.–coarse sand 0.11 - 0.66
(w/gravel), med.
dense
Soft shales 0.2 - 0.8 • Stiff clay, med. to 0.03 - 0.10 • Med.–coarse sand 0.25 - 0.97
high plasticity (w/gravel), dense -
very dense
Sandstones 0.8 - 1.7 • Very stiff clay, med. 0.07 - 0.17 • Silty sands 0.17 - 0.41
to high plasticity
Weathered 0.7 - 0.8 • Stiff clay, med. 0.10 - 0.25 • Dense glacial till 0.30 - 0.52
Sandstones plasticity
Chalk 0.2 - 1.1 • Very stiff clay, med. 0.14 - 0.35 • Sandy gravel, med. 0.21 - 1.38
plasticity dense-dense
Weathered Marl 0.15 - 0.25 • Very stiff sandy silt, 0.28 - 0.38 • Sandy gravel, dense- 0.28 - 1.38
med. plasticity very dense
Concrete 1.4 - 2.8
46 Diámetro
Note: Actual values for pressure-grouted anchors < the
depend on 0.20m, Longitud
ability to
T = π ⋅ Φ ⋅ L ⋅ qs
< 12min each soil type.
develop pressures ult
73
23
Diseño de la longitud fija
(verificar con ensayos)
Tult = π ⋅ (α ⋅ Φ ) ⋅ L ⋅ qs
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
47
48 Bustamante&Doix
24
Diseño de la longitud fija
(verificar con ensayos)
Tult = π ⋅ (α ⋅ Φ ) ⋅ L ⋅ qs
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
Tult = π ⋅ (α ⋅ Φ ) ⋅ L ⋅ qs
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
25
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
SMBA
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
52
26
SMBA
53
Índice
• Definiciones
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
27
Territoria: Pilas y anclajes
activos (seis niveles)
• Desde superficie: pilas de 18m de profundidad
• 4 etapas de excavación y colocación de anclajes
Seminario de excavaciones
55
56
28
Desplazamientos verticales
calculados
Línea 3
Línea 1 Línea 4
Línea 2
Seminario de excavaciones
A
Línea 5
B C
Línea 6
Final
57
Línea 4
Seminario de excavaciones
Línea 2
Línea 1
Línea 5
Línea 6 Final
58
29
Seminario de excavaciones Seminario de excavaciones
60
59
Análisis de seguridad final
30
Seminario de excavaciones Seminario de excavaciones
62
61
31
Seminario de excavaciones
63
Pre: Soil-nailing
Seminario de excavaciones
32
Antes o durante: siempre
confinando el terreno que queda
Seminario de excavaciones
65
40.000
20.00 25.00 30.00
9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27 .00 30.00 33.00 40.00
36.00 39.0 0 42.00
39.00
36.00
• Los modelos permiten
Seminario de anclajes al terreno
35.00
– Estimar deformaciones
33.00
constructivos
– Calcular la seguridad en
21.00
20.000 20.00
Axial forces
Extreme axial force 241.95 kN/m
Carga
Horizontal displacements
Extreme horizontal displacement 16.05*10-3 m
las diferentes etapas
en los anclajes – Estimar carga en anclajes
10.000
Deformed Mesh
Extreme total displacement 26.23*10-3 m
33
¿Qué es un diagrama
de empuje?
Un diagrama de empuje es una solución
simplificada del problema de interacción suelo-
Seminario de excavaciones
sistemas de contención
68
34
Ejemplo comparativo
35
FIN
36