SP-289.

22

Application of Packing Concepts to High

Performance Self-Consolidating Mortar
(SCM) Systems
by Syed Ali Rizwan, Sajjad Ahmad, and
Thomas A. Bier

Synopsis: This study reports the effects of packing of aggregate phase on the fresh and
hardened state properties of high performance self-consolidating mortar (SCM) systems.
The sands of five different gradings were utilized in this study. The final grading curves
were obtained using Modified Andreassen model by varying its distribution modulus (q)
from 0.20 to 0.50 so as to find its optimum value for maximum packing density of aggregate
phase. The experimental results showed that the maximum packing density of sand used
in research occurs when the distribution modulus (q) has a value of 0.35 in the Modified
Andreassen model and that the total flow of the self-consolidating mortar (SCM) formula-
tions increased with the increase in the packing density of sand in the SCM formulations
while the V-funnel time reduced. The strength results showed improvement with higher
packing degrees of mixes.

Keywords: Andreassen and Modified Andreassen model, Optimized

grading curve, SCM
299
300  Rizwan et al.

ACI member Syed Ali Rizwan is a Professor at the National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. He received his B.Sc. in Civil Engineering
from the UET, Lahore, Pakistan; his M.Sc. in Structural Engineering from University
of Surrey, UK; and his PhD from the Technical University, Freiberg, Germany. He is a
member of ACI committees 237, 234 and 232. His current research interests include SCC
and ultra-high early strength self-leveling grout systems.

Sajjad Ahmad is a PhD student at Department of Structural Engineering at Politecnico

di Torino, Italy. He received his Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from Military
College of Engineering (MCE), NUST and Master’s Degree from NUST, Islamabad, Paki-
stan. His current research interests include Self-Consolidating Concrete and application
of packing concepts in self-compacting cementitious systems.

Thomas A. Bier is a Professor and Chair of Construction Materials Technology at

the Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany. He received his PhD
on Carbonation of Concrete in 1982. He has extensive research experience in USA
and France. His research interests include microstructure, hydration and Rheology of
hydraulic binders, high performance concrete and mortars, monolithic castables and
sophisticated dry mortars.

INTRODUCTION
A commercially available ordinary Portland cement of Grade 53 was utilized in the
research work. The mortar mixes were made with mixing water equal to the water demand
of the system. Self-compacting concrete technology was originally discovered by Okamura1
and some practical mixes used in its application in a German tunnel of a teaching mine are
given in Reference 2. Andreassen and Andersen3 presented a semi-empirical study of the
packing of continuous PSD for the granular materials and determined the PSD with the
densest packing. Funk and Dinger4 modified this PSD to account for the smallest particle
size (known as modified A&A method). There seems to be a positive relationship between
rheological properties and packing density of concrete mix: for a given mixing water
content, the better the packing, the more is the effective water available to lubricate solids
and hence better the fluidity.5It appears that a fine sand is a useful component in optimizing
the PSD and increases the stability and flow ability of the concrete mix and percentage of
sand/coarse aggregates in the range of 40-60 gives an optimized voids fraction of around
23%5 in compacted state. Fuller curve suits normal concretes with particle size larger
than 500 microns while it is not suited to SCC which contains high amounts of solids in
form of powders and ideally, the grading curve of all solids should follow the modified
Andreasen and Andersen curve.5The SCM systems find their applications in self-leveling
underlayments and repairs of structures. Such formulations are usually characterized by
the high powder content, high flow-ability, low yield stress and adequate viscosity. These
systems possess excellent filling and passing abilities without bleeding and segregation.
Different secondary raw materials (SRMs), when used in these systems, give different
fresh and hardened state response.6 It is also stated that suitable blends of different SRMs
can also enhance the response of such systems.7 There is limited literature available on
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  301

the utilization of packing density concept in self-consolidating mortar (SCM) systems

and self-consolidating concrete (SCC) systems; which incorporate high powder content to
make sufficient quantity of paste available in the mix. The paste performs two functions in
fresh state including filling the voids of the aggregate phases and serving as a vehicle for
the transport of aggregate phase.8 The flow of the mixes increases with increase in paste
content.9 Extra paste translates in higher costs and possibly higher shrinkages. To optimize
the paste content, it is desirous to minimize the void content of the aggregates in the mix
resulting in durable and economical self-consolidating mortar system.

Particle packing optimization methods

The term packing density or packing degree of a material (aggregates, particles etc) is
defined as the ratio of volume occupied by the solid particles to the unit volume of the
mix.10

α = Vs Vt = Vs (Vs + Vv )
(1)

Here ‘a’ is the packing density, Vs is the volume of solids, Vv is the volume of voids and
Vt is the total volume of the mix. The concept of particle packing gained its importance
with the advent of the concrete technology in 19th century. The concept of particle packing
optimization takes into account the factor of selecting the right small sized particles that fill
up the voids of larger sized material resulting in higher packing density. There are several
methods for the selection of particle sizes and their proportioning in the mix to produce
dense or desired degree of packing. Furnas11 proposed a model, with some assumptions,
for predicting the packing density of the binary mixes. Thereafter he utilized the model for
the production of particle size distribution curve for proportioning the mixes with higher
packing density. Füller and Thompson in 190712 and Andreassen and Andersen in 19303
and Funk et al4 proposed continuous particle size distribution curves for the purpose of
achieving higher workability of mixes. A Füller curve is utilized for designing Portland
cement concrete and asphalt mixes by minimizing the internal voids content. ASTM also
provides particle distribution curves, declaring lower limit and upper limit of particles sizes
to be used in mix13 possibly to ensure stability of mixes without bleeding and segregation.
Several commercial software programs are now available, developed on the basis of
above mentioned models, to predict the packing density of the mix such as 4C-Packing
developed by Danish Technological Institute, DTI,14 Europack15 by Idorn, and EMMA and
Elkem material mix analyzer.16 Generally packing density optimization methods can be
divided into three groups: Particle packing models, discrete element models and Optimiza-
tion curves.

Particle packing models

Particle packing models result in set of mathematical expressions which can predict the
packing densities of the mixes composed of two or more size classes of particles. Because
of inherent assumptions, such techniques are just theoretical approach for designing
the granular mixes for higher packing densities.17 The packing models may or may not
302  Rizwan et al.

consider the interaction between the particles of the different sizes and shapes. The basic
mathematical equations of almost all particle packing models are the same and are based
on the geometry of the particles. These models can be utilized to design granular mixes but
a major limitation is that they consider spherical shape particles and at a time only material
of two sizes can be considered.

Discrete element models

Discrete element models (DEMs) are computer generated models which produce virtual
particle structure for a given particle size and shape. There are two types of DEMs i.e.
static and dynamic. In the static model simulation, the particles are placed randomly in
a two or three dimensional space and afterwards they are not allowed to move, addition-
ally the contact between the particles is also not given consideration. A software package
“Hymostruc” developed by the researchers at TU Delft is an example of static type discrete
element model.18 In the dynamic type discrete element models, the particles are generated
randomly in a specific volume and then some force is applied to the particles so that they
occupy the most stable place in that volume. This ensures the stable contact between the
particles and shows higher virtual packing as compared to the static type discrete element
model.

Optimization curves
In self-consolidating concrete mixes, the particle size ranges from several millimeters
to some microns. The particle density depends upon the particle size distribution (PSD)
shown in form of curve. It presents the particle sizes and their respective quantities present
in the mix. The PSD of a mix is related to the packing density of mix which can be opti-
mized. Some researchers tried to improve the relation for obtaining better performance,
Andreassen an Andersen proposed that the Füller model gives better results if the distribu-
tion modulus (q) is less than ‘0.5’ as Füller used it as 0.5 (Eq.2). They proposed that the
distribution modulus ‘q’ (Eq.3) should be in the range of ‘0.33’ to ‘0.50’.

CPFT = ( d d max ) 0.5

(2)

CPFT = ( d d max ) q
(3)

Here CPFT is the Cumulative Percentage of material Finer Than the sieve/particle size‘d’
and dmax is the maximum size of the particle available in the mix.
The distribution modulus (q) for the optimized grading curve depends upon the charac-
teristics of the aggregate particles and can vary for the aggregates from different sources
and origins. Angular particles give poor packing due to their sharp edges. The sharp edges
restrict the particles from coming close and thus cause more voids in the mix; such that a
larger proportion of fine particles is required to fill the space between large angular parti-
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  303

Table 1–Chemical composition of portland cement

Properties/ Oxides Cement (mass %)
CaO 63.84
SiO2 16.95
Al2O3 6.40
Fe2O3 5.27
SO3 3.89
MgO 2.18
K2O 1.47
Loss on Ignition (%) 1.77
Specific Gravity 3.18

cles; hence the suitable value of distribution modulus will be lower than that required for
spherical particles.19
The main limitation in the Füller or Andreassen model is the requirement of the parti-
cles of infinitely small size to complete the particle size distribution curve. These models
pay attention only to the maximum size of the particle in the mix and do not take into
account the minimum size limits of the aggregate used in the mix. This issue was later on
addressed by modifying the Andreassen model and including a factor to take into account
the minimum size available for the mix.4
The packing density varies as the proportions of different size classes in the mix are
varied, so PSD curve is an effective tool for controlling the proportions of different size
classes in the mix in a sequential way. Optimizing curves are easy to use as they require
limited input parameters. If distribution modulus is fixed then only parameters required
are the maximum and minimum average size of particles. Commercial computer program
EMMA developed by Elkem is based on the Andreassen and modified Andreassen model
and can be utilized to optimize the particle size distribution of the mix.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Self-consolidating or self-compacting cementitious systems (SCCS) incorporate a rela-
tively large quantity of powder (cement plus SRMs) material to provide adequate paste for
the flow and consistency of the mixes. Hence for achieving the economy and environment
friendliness, it is desirable to reduce the cement content of the mix by adding SRMs so that
all the functional requirements of the self-consolidating cementitious system are met with
and PSDs are also optimized. A systematic aggregate optimization method is to minimize
the void content that will enable the production of durable and environment friendly self-
compacting concrete systems. This paper addresses this area and gives satisfactory results.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Normal Portland cement of grade 53 having 95% clinker and 5% gypsum content was
utilized in the research work. EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis was carried out to
investigate the chemical composition of the Portland cement. Table 1 gives the chemical
304  Rizwan et al.

Table 2–Glenium ACE-30 super plasticizer properties

Property Manufacturer’s Specifications Actual Properties
Appearance Brown, free flowing liquid Brown and free flowing
Specific gravity 1.210 at 25oC 1.210 at 25oC
PH value 6.5–9.0 6.54
Solid content 38%–48% 42%
Dosage 0.5–1.0 liter per 100kg cement
Note: 1kg = 2.204lbs

Fig. 1–Particle Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate and

ASTM Limits

and physical properties of the cement. The selected mix proportions of self-consolidating
mortar systems were 1:1.33 by mass (cement: sand) with water cement ratio of 0.30. The
mortar mix proportion consisted of sand with five different grading curves. The sand was
obtained from natural sand deposits at Lawrencepur in Pakistan. It was fine sand having
fineness modulus of 2.059. A commercially available polycarboxylate, liquid type super
plasticizer Glenium ACE 30 meeting ASTM C494 type ‘A’ and ‘F’ was used to give a
Hagerman’s mix slump flow of 31±1cm (12.5 ± 1/2.5 inch). The super plasticizer was
tested for its properties and results are shown in Table 2.

Grading of fine aggregate

The sand obtained from source was first oven dried at 105°C for 24 hours and then sieved
through ASTM standard sized sieves. The distribution curve of the sand is shown in Fig.
1. The PSD curve of sand was compared with the ASTM C-33 limits and it was found that
the PSD curve of sand remains within the ASTM limits between size range of 1-300mm
and after this size range the PSD curve show that the sand contains more fine material than
the ASTM limit.
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  305

Fig. 2–PSDs of Blended Sand Mixes with Different Distribu-

tion Moduli

Five particle size distribution curves were selected for composing the SCM formulations.
These PSD curves were obtained from modified Andreassen model by varying the distribu-
tion modulus (q).

CPFT = ( dq − d min q ) ( d max q − d min q )  × 100

(4)

Where‘d’ is the particle size for which CPFT parameter is being considered, dmin is the
minimum size of particle and dmax is the maximum size of particle in the mix.
Eq 4 shows the Modified Andreassen model. The five different distribution moduli used
were 0.50, 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.20. The mix composed with the sand of distribution
modulus of 0.50 was taken as the base mix. The particle size distribution curves obtained
from the model are shown in Fig. 2.
For manufacturing the sands, out of the given natural sand, according to the PSD curves
shown in Fig. 2, the as available sand was sieved and separated into five different size
ranges. The size ranges were marked as S1 to S5. The average size of sand classes decreased
as the number in the subscript increases from 1 to 5. The size range of the each size class
is given in Table 3.
These sand ranges were mixed in the required proportions to produce the sand mix
with desired PSD curve as dictated by the Modified Andreassen model. The resultant
blended sand mixes were named according to the distribution modulus on which they were
composed (i.e. S0.50, S0.40 and so on).

Packing density of fine aggregate mixes

The five blended sand mixes were analyzed for their packing density in two conditions
as per BS -812 (D1: Dry un-compacted packing density and D2: Dry compacted packing
306  Rizwan et al.

Table 3–Different size classes (ranges) obtained from sieving

Notation Upper Size Limit Lower Size Limit
Passing Sieve # Opening (mm) Retained Sieve # Opening (mm)
S1 #8 2360 #16 1180
S2 #16 1180 #30 600
S3 #30 600 #50 300
S4 #50 300 #100 150
S5 #100 150 #200 74
Note: 1in=25000mm

Fig. 3–Dry Loose Packing Density (D1) of Blended Sand

Mixes

density) to determine the effects of particle size distribution curve/distribution modulus on

the packing density using the following equation.

α = Mp ρp × V (5)

Here packing density is denoted by ‘a’, Mp is the mass of sand that filled the container
of volume ‘V’ and ‘rp’ is the density of the blended sand. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the results
of packing density of sand mixes in loose and compacted state.

Mixing regime
The mixing regime has a very significant effect on the fresh and hardened state proper-
ties of cement based systems.20 A special mixing regime was used with a view to reduce
the required super plasticizer content for the target flow and to ensure its activation as
suggested in.20 It consisted of dry mixing of previously weighed sand and powder for 30
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  307

Fig. 4–Dry Compacted Packing Density (D2) of Blended

Sand Mixes
seconds at slow speed in 5 liters Hobart mixer and then adding 80% of the total mixing
water and shearing for another 30 seconds at slow speed. Thereafter, one minute of mixing
at fast speed was done. The walls of mixer were then cleaned and the remaining 20% of the
mixing water, along with the super plasticizer was added and formulations were mixed for
another three minutes at fast speed. The total mixing time was, therefore, five minutes. The
target flow spread for all formulations was 31±1cm (12.5 ± 1/2.5 inch).

Flow response of SCM with different packing density

As the packing density changes, the paste content required to fill up the voids of the
aggregate mix also changes and for the mixes of higher packing density the minimum paste
content fills up the voids of the aggregate matrix in the SCM system by making more paste
available to aggregate particles to provide flow. To investigate the effect of packing density
on the flow of the self-consolidating mortars, five mortar mixes were used and the details
are given in Table 4. As a first trial, in all the formulations the mixing water content and
super plasticizer content were kept constant and the only variable was the packing density
of the sand mixes. The results of the flow tests are shown in Fig. 5 while Fig. 6 shows the
typical dimensions of the Hagerman’s mini slump cone.

SCM formulations for constant flow

In the second trial, the SP content for SCM formulations was then adjusted for providing
the target flow for the similar formulations mentioned in Table 4 and the response is given
in Table 5. The rheological parameters including T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) cone time as
suggested by Rizwan6 along with mini V-funnel times were also measured and results are
shown in Figs 7 to 10.

Strength response of SCM formulations

For assessing the effects of packing density on hardened state properties of the SCM
systems, 40 prisms of 4x4x16 cm3 (1inch = 2.5cm) were cast. The specimens were kept at
308  Rizwan et al.

Table 4–Composition of mortar for flow test at constant SP content

Cement Sand (gram) Water Flow SP
Mortar Mix
Designation gram S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Total gram cm %
MF-q50 300 142.56 98.76 71.88 50.84 35.96 400 90 27.25 1.00
MF-q40 300 129.44 96.04 74.84 56.72 43.00 400 90 30.50 1.00
MF-q35 300 122.93 94.38 76.12 59.72 46.86 400 90 31.00 1.00
MF-q30 300 116.48 92.56 77.24 62.76 50.96 400 90 29.25 1.00
MF-q20 300 103.92 88.40 79.00 68.80 59.76 400 90 28.00 1.00
Note: 1in=2.5cm, 1gm = 2.204x10-3 lbs

Fig. 5–Flow of SCM mixes as a function of packing density at

Constant SP Content

Table 5–Composition of SCM formulations for constant target flow

Cement Sand (gram) Water
Mortar Mix SP (%) for
Designation Gram S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 gram target flow
M-q50 300 142.56 98.76 71.88 50.84 35.96 90 1.20
M-q40 300 129.44 96.04 74.84 56.72 43.00 90 1.10
M-q35 300 122.93 94.38 76.12 59.72 46.86 90 1.00
M-q30 300 116.48 92.56 77.24 62.76 50.96 90 1.30
M-q20 300 103.92 88.40 79.00 68.80 59.76 90 1.50
Note: 1in=2.5cm, 1gm = 2.204x10-3 lbs

room temperature and humidity (18°C & 65%) for the initial 24 hours and then demolded.
The specimens were then immersed in water at 20°C until the test age. At the desired ages,
the specimens were taken out from curing tank and were wiped thoroughly by using tissue
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  309

Fig. 6–Typical Dimensions of Hagerman’s Cone

Fig. 7–T25 Time of SCM Formulation’s Flow by Hagerman’s

Cone

papers to bring samples around saturated surface dry (SSD) condition and then were tested
as per DIN EN 196-3. The results of the strength tests are show in Fig. 11 and Fig.12.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The sand mixes were prepared by mixing individual sand sizes S1 to S5 with the percent-
ages given by Modified Andreassen model for various distribution moduli. The packing
density of sand mixes increases with the distribution modulus and maximum packing
degree occurs at the distribution modulus of ‘0.35’ after which it starts decreasing. The
trend of packing density of sand mixes is similar for both cases i.e. loose and compacted.
The relationship of packing density with distribution modulus can easily be established
by correlating the fineness modulus of the sand mixes to their distribution modulus of
Modified Andreassen model (Fig. 13). The fineness modulus of sand mixes increases with
the distribution modulus. As the distribution modulus is increased the sand mix becomes
coarser. At distribution modulus of ‘0.20’ the sand is fine and contains more quantity of
fine particles as compared to the content of coarse particles. The individual packing density
310  Rizwan et al.

Fig. 8–V-Funnel Time for SCM Formulations

Fig. 9–V-Funnel Time and T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) Time

Relationship for SCM Formulations

of fine sand is lower as compared to the packing density of coarse sand. By increasing the
distribution modulus of the mix, the content of fine sand decreases and that of coarse sand
increases resulting in increased packing density of the mix. This happens until distribution
modulus approaches 0.35 after which an increase in “q” again results in lower packing
densities of the given mix.
The flow test results of self-consolidating mortars show that the flow of SCM systems
is directly related to the packing density of sand in the mortars (Fig. 5).The ‘MF-q35’
mix produced the highest flow as compared to other mixes at ‘1%’ SP and W/C of ‘0.30’
(which is the water demand of the systems and is a sum of Vicat demand of powders
plus SSD water requirement of aggregates). This is because higher packing density of the
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  311

Fig. 10–Total Cone Flow Time and T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm)

Time Relationship for SCM Formulations

Fig. 11–Compressive Strength of SCM Formulations at spec-

ified ages

‘MF-q35’ mix, the void volume is reduced and hence the effective available water/paste
content is increased. It may be stated that flow of self-consolidating mortar systems is
inversely related to the packing density of fine aggregate matrix in the mortar for a given
mixture formulation.
312  Rizwan et al.

Fig. 12–Flexural Strength of SCM Formulations at various

ages

Fig. 13–Relationship of Fineness Modulus with Packing

Density Sand Mixes

The mix ‘M-q35’ required the minimum amount of SP to produce the standard flow due
to its higher degree of packing. The SP demand increases as the packing density of sand
in the mixes decrease. The super plasticizer demand is highest for mix ‘M-q20’ because it
has fine sand and offers high internal resistance during flow. It can be concluded that the
 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  313

SP demand is larger for lower packing density of sand in the given mixture formulation or
vice versa.
Literature suggests that the T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) time is a function of both yield
stress and viscosity of a self-consolidating cementitious system while V-funnel times are
indicative of the viscosity of the SCM systems.6,20 The SCM formulations were tested for
T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) time, total cone spread time and mini-V-funnel time. It was found
that the T25 cm time increases as the distribution modulus decreases (finer sands) while
the V-funnel time show some relation with the packing density of the mixes. The T25 cm
(1inch = 2.5cm) time increases because higher fine sand content takes up higher water
to lubricate its particles and hence reduced water is available for paste manufacture. The
mix ‘M-q50’ carries least quantity of fine sand so the mix is not very cohesive and creeps
faster as compared to other mixes. The trend of V-funnel time shows that it is related to the
packing density of the sand in the mix. Higher packing density SCM mixes requires less
V-funnel time as expected and explained above.
The compressive and flexural strength tests were performed as per DIN standards to see
the effects of the packing density of fine aggregate on the mechanical properties of SCM
systems. The results show that the mixes with higher packing density give higher compres-
sive as well as higher flexural strengths. For quantification of flexural and compressive
strengths consider the mix ‘M-q50’ as a base line mix (coarse mix) or perhaps M-q20 may
also serve as baseline. At one day age, the mix ‘M-q35’ gives 24.48% higher compressive
strength than base line mix and at the age of 28 days the strength of ‘M-q35’ is about 8%
higher. It can be concluded that the SCM mixes (all having same proportions) with higher
packing density give higher strength.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on this research work, the following conclusions may be drawn.
1. The higher packing density of the fine aggregates in the SCM mixes enhances the flow
of SCM mixes having given mix proportions at constant SP content.
2. The effect of packing density on response of SCM systems without SRMs shows an
optimal result at maximum packing density when q=0.35 or more realistically when q is
the range of 0.3-0.4.
3. The flow of SCM mixes with given mix proportions increases at constant SP content
with the increase in the packing density of fine aggregates in such mixes.
4. Compressive strength of SCM given mix proportions increases at all ages when q
drops from 05 to 0.35 and thereafter it starts decreasing with decrease of q value from 0.35
to 0.20.
5. It is recommended to use T25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) time for SCM and SCP systems as
equivalent to T50 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) time for SCC as there exists an excellent relationship
between the total cone spread time and T 25 cm (1inch = 2.5cm) time (R2= 0.997, Fig.10).
6. The viscosity of SCM systems for the used mix proportion remains almost the same
within q=0.3-0.4(Fig. 8) thereby indicating the absence of segregation.
7. The strength graphs show that extreme fineness of sand M-q20 and M-q50 show least
strengths. The rate of gain of flexural strength is of consequence during first seven days.
314  Rizwan et al.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to Mr. Qamar uz Zaman, Master’s student at NICE (NUST) for
his help in applying modifications and corrections indicated by the authors and the referees
in this paper.

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 Application of Packing Concepts to High Performance SCM Systems  315

16. Trygve Hanssen, “EMMA: Elkem Material Mix Analyzer”, Version 3.4.1, Help File,
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