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Thermal Properties
0 T (K)
0 θD
Debye temperature
(usually less than T room )
• From atomic perspective:
-- Energy is stored as atomic vibrations.
-- As temperature increases, the average energy of
atomic vibrations increases.
Atomic Vibrations
Phonons: atomic vibrations in the form of lattice waves
Specific Heat (Cp): Comparison
Material cp (J/kg-K)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 1925
Polyethylene 1850
Polystyrene 1170
Teflon 1050
increasing cp
• Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 940
Alumina (Al2O3) 775
Glass 840
• Metals
Aluminum 900
Steel 486
Tungsten 138
Gold 128
Thermal Expansion
Materials size changes depending on temperature
Tinitial
initial Tfinal > Tinitial
Tfinal
final
linear coefficient of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/oC)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α :
Comparison
Material α (10-6/°C)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 145-180 Polymers have larger
Polyethylene 106-198 α values because of
Polystyrene 90-150 weak secondary bonds
Teflon 126-216
• Metals • Q: Why does α
increasing
Fourier’s Law
temperature
gradient
heat flux
(J/m2s) thermal conductivity (J/m K s)
T1 T2 T2 > T1
x1 x2
heat flux
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 atomic vibrations
Soda-lime glass 1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 vibration/rotation
Polystyrene 0.13 of chain molecules
Teflon 0.25
Thermal Stresses α
• Material’s tendency to expand/contract
• If a heated/cooled material is restrained to its
original shape, thermal stresses will develop
within the material
• For a solid material
E l / lo
• Where
Stress (MPa)
E Modulus of elasticity;
a.k.a., Young’s modulus (GPa)
l Change in length due to the applied force (m)
lo Original (unloaded) length (m)
Example Problem
A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20oC).
It is heated, but prevented from lengthening.
At what temperature does the stress reach -172 MPa?
Yang’s module (E) = 100 GPa
Linear coefficient of thermal
T0 expansion (α ) = 20 x 10-6/oC
0
Thermal Protection System
• Application: Space Shuttle Orbiter
Distribution
-- microstructure:
~90% porosity!
Si fibers
bonded to one
another during
heat treatment.
100 mm