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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science

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SYNOPSIS

of the Ph.D. thesis titled

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND THE CONSEQUENT LOCALIZED

CORROSION RESISTANCE BEHAVIOUR OF HTHAZ OF UNS S32760
SDSS TIG WELDS PREPARED USING NITROGEN ADDITIONS TO
ARGON SHIELDING GAS

Proposed to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

of the

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

By

Rahul Khandagale

(Roll No. 99411401)

Supervisors:

Prof. R. Raman
and
Prof. I. Samajdar

July 2006
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------

Second generation duplex stainless steel contains nitrogen as a crucial alloying

element specifically added to enhance reaustenitization of the HTHAZ in the limited time
available as the weld cools. In the absence of nitrogen a highly ferritized [greater than
80% ferrite] can be obtained in the consequent loss in the expected physico – chemical
properties1. During arc welding there is an inevitable dynamic interaction between the
molten weld pool/arc atmosphere, molten weld pool/inert gas atmosphere and arc
atmosphere/inert gas interfaces leading to exchange of the metallurgically active nitrogen
species. The above leads to loss/gain of nitrogen from the metal depending upon the
partial pressure of nitrogen [diatomic] in the shielding gas and the monotonic nitrogen in
the arc atmosphere. The proposed model is shown in Figure 1.

FZ HTHAZ
PN PN2

LOSS GAIN
(LOSS if PN2 in
shielding gas mixture
is below a critical
value)

Figure 1: A schematic indicating the involvement of HTHAZ via FZ in the process of

exchange of nitrogen species due to the dynamic interaction between arc plasma/shielding
atmosphere and highly convecting molten weld pool (FZ) during arc welding

2
 The nitrogen plays two contradictory roles during the evolution of HTHAZ
microstructure i] Encouragement of reaustenitization which is beneficial ii] Formation of
Cr2N which is harmful. Based on the CCT curve for the above two reaction2 it is seen that
beyond a particular level of nitrogen in the HTHAZ reaustenitization will dominate
leading to efficient trapping of nitrogen as it gets rejected from the ferrite phase, in which
the solubility of nitrogen is very low as compared to that in austenite. This leads to non
linearity of the effect of nitrogen contain in the HTHAZ on the formation of Cr2N. This
has been confirmed by several weld simulation study on super-duplex stainless steels3, 4, 5
in the absence of adequate reaustenitization there is also a good possibility of forming
sigma phase in the HTHAZ in SDSS which contain higher levels of Cr and Mo as
alloying elements. Formation of both the above deleterious phases can lead to loss of
localized corrosion resistance.
The success of duplex stainless steel as a material with excellent pitting and SCC
resistance relies on i] Maintaining nearly 50 : 50 ferrite (δ): austenite (γ) balanced
structure ii] Prevention of deleterious precipitates and phases forming during processing
in ferrite. The deviation from optimum performance can also occur due to loss of phase
balance either towards ferrite direction or austenite direction. The former occur when
effective nitrogen level is below critical level and latter when the level is above a
threshold value.
The above clearly suggests that while welding second geration DSS it is necessary
to maintain adequate nitrogen activity in the arc atmosphere so that an optimum property
of HTHAZ is obtained. Note that, in the case of fusion zone the above problem can be
offset by choosing a suitable filler metal [Ni rich].
The main objective of the present work is to determine the amount of nitrogen
that need to be added to the argon shielding gas while welding super-duplex stainless
steels [SDSS] using range of heat input normally required for these materials. Although it
is known that nitrogen needs to be added while welding second generation DSS there has
been no reported systematic investigation on the effect of nitrogen additions to the
shielding gas from the localized corrosion properties of the HTHAZ formed. Most of the
reported work on the effect of nitrogen on the response of DSS and SDSS to thermal
cycle have been limited to weld thermal simulation studies. However due to practical

3
limitations these studies do not properly capture the events which actually occur during
arc welding. This is especially true for those materials in which there is a possibility of
metallurgical interaction between the arc and the weld pool.
In the present work studies on localised corrosion resistance of the HTHAZ
formed during TIG welding of UNS S32760 super-duplex stainless steels (12.5mm thick
plates in solution annealed followed by water quenched condition) have been carried out.
Bead-in-groove welds were prepared using the recommended Ni rich (9%Ni, 2.5mm
diameter) filler wire. To vary the effective nitrogen activity in the HTHAZ controlled
amount (0 to 5 vol. %) of nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas was made. To vary
the weld cooling rate and hence the HTHAZ cooling rate a range of heat inputs was
selected (0.33 to 1.21 kJ/mm). The above heat input corresponded to the HTHAZ cooling
rate to, as represented by ∆t12/8 , 0.37 to 4.9 s which is wide enough range to represent the
weld cooling rates normally encountered. The HTHAZ of different welds were subjected
to different characterization techniques for the purpose of evaluating the evolved
microstructure with respect to γ:δ phase balance and presence of deleterious phases such
as σ and Cr2N and the consequent localised corrosion behaviour.
This thesis consists of eight chapters.
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the present project and states the objective and the
scope of work.
Chapter 2 presents the detailed and critical literature survey related to the
evolution, the metallurgy, mechanical properties and corrosion characteristics of wrought
duplex stainless steel in general and super duplex stainless steel in particular. Aspects
related to formation of various deleterious precipitates and phases such as sigma [σ],
Cr2N, secondary austenite (γ’), chi (χ), R, pi (π), carbides etc. have been particularly
discussed in greater detail6. A separate section, related to welding metallurgy of these
materials to bring about the effect of the weld thermal cycle on the metallurgy of
evolution of microstructure of HAZ with particular reference to high temperature heat
affected zone [HTHAZ] which is the zone of interest in the present work, conclude this
chapter3,4,5.
Chapter 3 is related to the important topic of the interaction of the metallurgically
active nitrogen with the molten weld pool during arc welding of DSS. The crucial point

4
of increased solubility of nitrogen in the molten metal under arc much above that
expected from Severt’s law considerations has been discussed. The chapter concludes
with the effect of welding parameters on the nitrogen pick up [or loss] by the molten weld
metal during arc welding.
Chapter 4 presents the available information on the effect of nitrogen, a strong
austenite stabilizer but can also encouraged formation of Cr 2N precipitates in the ferrite
phase [in which the solubility of nitrogen is extremely low as compared to austenite
phase] on the evolution of HTHAZ microstructure. Conditions favouring ferrite rich
unbalanced structure with the attendant deleterious precipitates and phases and those
favouring nearly balanced precipitate free balanced structure have been discussed. The
importance of suitable combinations weld heat input [which affects the weld cooling rate
as represented by ∆t12/8] and the nitrogen content of the material to ensure acceptable
HTHAZ microstructure has been brought out.
Various electrochemical techniques for evaluating localized corrosion resistance
of passive metal/alloys such as cyclic pitting scan, electrochemical reactivation potentio-
dynamic test[EPR,DLEPR],rapid scratching electrode ,galvanostatic, electrochemical
noise analysis [ECNA] and the novel micro-electrochemical Ecorr corrosion potential
noise probing technique [a new technique under development in this laboratory]11
have been describe in chapter 5. a discussion on the rescaled range analysis7 [R/S][Hurst
analysis], a mathematical tool for appropriately analyzing the essentially non linear Ecorr
vs time noise data has also been included in this chapter.
Various experimental procedures adopted related to preparation of welds,
metallurgical characterization of the HTHAZ of the welds produced by optical and
electron microscopy, preparation of appropriate test specimens for different
electrochemical corrosion tests to evaluate the localized corrosion resistance of the
HTHAZ of the welds have been presented in chapter 6. The chapter also includes brief
description of various experimental set ups used for corrosion studies. The results
obtained from each of the above experimental procedure are also included in this chapter.
For the purpose of convenience results obtained have been presented in the form of
tables, figures, micrographs etc. immediately after each type of experiment. Some
representative results are shown in Figures 1 to 5 and Tables 1 to 3.

5
 HTHAZ
(a) (a’)
WZ σ

HAZ
γ

δ
500µm
50µm

HTHAZ
(b) (b’)
WZ δ

HAZ
σ
γ

Base metal

Figure 2: Low (25X) and high (250X) magnification optical micrographs respectively
showing the composite zone [(a),(b)] and HTHAZ [(a’),(b’)] of welds prepared with 0
vol.% nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas and ∆t12/8 of 0.41 s [(a),(a’)] and 3.0
vol.% nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas and ∆t12/8 of 0.37 s [(b),(b’)]{Figure
2 (a): weld 30(W30),(b): weld 48(W48)}.[Note the significant amount of σ phase
formation in the ferrite phase in the case of weld prepared with 0 vol.%
nitrogen(a’).Cr2N although present can not be revealed by optical microscopy.]

6
 0 0.01

-0.01 0 FZ
FZ/HAZ
-0.01
-0.02
Ecorr(v) SCE

Ecorr (V) SCE

-0.02
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
HTHAZ -0.04 HTHAZ FZ/HAZ
-0.05
-0.05

-0.06 FZ -0.06

-0.07 -0.07
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time(Sec) Time (Sec)

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Ecorr vs time noise data obtained with the novel micro-electrochemical
corrosion potential noise probing (90 µm diameter probe) technique (under development
in this laboratory) on the welds with defective HTHAZ [W30](a) and defect free
HTHAZ [W48](b).[The above curves corresponds to the same welds shown in Figure
2. Note the active and negative going trend of the Ecorr vs t noise signal obtained
from the defective weld (a).]

0.8

0.8 AR W48 W9
0.7
0.6 W1
0.6
W30 AR
E (V,SCE)

E(V,SCE)

0.4

0.5
0.2

HT HT
0 0.4 W30 W48
W33
-0.2 0.3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time (Sec) Time (sec)
(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) E vs t response anodic galvanostatic current density of 10µamp/cm2 in 0.85
M NaCl solution at 500C for good weld [W 48] and bad weld [W30].The response of as
received material [AR] and thermally aged [HT] [8500C+3hrs.] to this test have been
included in the Figure (b) E vs t response anodic galvanostatic current density of

7
 10µamp/cm2 in 0.1 M Na2O3 solution at room temperature of 250C for good weld [W 48],
bad weld [W30] and several other welds [W33:Weld No.33, ∆t12/8=0.47s(0.5%nirogen),
W1:Weld No.1, ∆t12/8=1.33s(0%nitrogen),W9: Weld No.9, ∆t12/8=1.74s(1%nitrogen),
W30:Weld No.30, ∆t12/8=0.41s(0%nitrogen), W48:Weld No.48, ∆
t12/8=0.67s(3%nitrogen)] with different ∆t12/8 / vol.% nitrogen additions combinations [see
Table 2]. The response of as received material and thermally aged [8500C+3hrs.] to this
test have been included in the figure.
[the galvanostatic test is based on the suggestions made by Newman et al 9,10 The test
in chloride media [Figure 4 (a)] is a clear indicator of good and bad passive material
which has been confirmed with other electrochemical tests [see Table 1] Figure 4 (b)
shows the presence of Cr2N [assuming the hypothesis put forward by Newman et
al10] shows the non linear behaviour of Cr2N formation with respect to vol.%
nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas and combinations.]

80

∆t12/8
70
1.33 sec
1.992sec
1.33 sec
60 1.60 sec

1.992 sec
50
3.4 sec
% ferrite

40 4.92 sec
1.60sec
30
4.92sec 3.4sec

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vol.% nitrogen in the shielding gas

Figure 5: Dependence of vol.% ferrite [estimated by image analyzer] in the HTHAZ on

vol.% nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas and HNet [as represented by ∆t12/8 ].

8
[ the Figure clearly brings out the complex interdependence of the reaustenitization
process which depends on the effective nitrogen available in the HTHAZ [which in
turn depends on vol.% nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas and HNet latter
of which decides the weld pool size and weld pool/arc/inert atmosphere interface
area] and ∆t12/8 which depends only on the HNet for a given plate thickness and if
preheat temperature if any. This result also brings about an important fact of
inadequacy of results obtained in weld simulation studies on materials which are
capable of metallurgically interacting with the arc during welding.]

Chapter 7 is the penultimate chapter of the present thesis. Discussion of the

various results related to HTHAZ of different welds prepared namely degree of
ferritization, formation of sigma, Cr2N and localized corrosion resistance is presented in
this chapter. Before analyzing the actual results basis for expected variation in different
microstructural features of the HTHAZ and its consequent localized corrosion resistance
in response to the experimental input of HNet [hence ∆t12/8]8 combinations has been
formulated. Due recognition is given to the fact that the kinetics of evolution of HTHAZ
microstructure is far different from that associated with CCT diagram determination and
weld thermal simulation study the latter of which has limitation with respect to maximum
temperature, heating and cooling rates that can be simulated.
The final chapter 8 of the thesis presents conclusions related to a] the localized
corrosion resistance of HTHAZ of the various welds depending upon the combination of
the heat input HNet [which determines the ∆t12/8] and vol.% nitrogen addition to the argon
shielding gas [which together with HNet decides the effective nitrogen activity in the
HTHAZ] combination. b] The evolution of HTHAZ microstructure with respect to alpha
gamma balance and presence of deleterious precipitates such as sigma and Cr 2N. c] The
satisfactory performance of the novel micro-electrochemical corrosion potential noise
probing technique [under development in this laboratory] for evaluating local localized
corrosion resistance [the exposed area limited to 90 micrometer diameter] of passive
surfaces and encouraging results using galvanostatic technique suggested by Newman9, 10.
The chapter also includes practical suggestions levels of nitrogen additions to be made to
argon shielding gas while TIG welding of UNS S32760 super duplex stainless steels

9
using a range of heat input normally used. While making this suggestion it is kept in
mind that not only has good localized corrosion resistance but also has reasonably
balanced microstructure with respect to alpha (δ) and gamma (γ).

Table 1: Basis for evaluation of HTHAZ of different welds using various

electrochemical tests

Sr.
Corrosion Test Basis for evaluation of localized corrosion resistance
No.
1 DLEPR  Based on ir / if ratio.
(2M H2SO4 + 0.01M KSCN  Acceptable : < 10 X 10-3
+ 0.5M NaCl, RT)  Unacceptable : >10 X 10-3

2 Rapid scratching electrode  Based on repassivation tendency ∆Erepass =Emax –

(3.5% NaCl, RT) (Ecorr+ 50mV)
 Acceptable : >800 mV
 Unacceptable : < 800 mV

3 Galvanostatic (0.85 M NaCl,  Based on E vs Time curve

500C )9  Acceptable: rapidly attaining noble potential
without significant noise towards active potential.
 Unacceptable: noisy and tendency to attain active
potential.

4 Galvanostatic (0.1M Na2CO3,  Based on E vs Time curve

RT )10
5 Micro-electrochemical
corrosion potential noise
probing (3.5% NaCl, RT)
[Under development in this
laboratory]11
 Has been used for precipitate phase identification
only because transpassive dissolution in mild
alkaline solution is not stable because of
formation of stable Fe+++ oxide or
oxyhydroxide.
 Cr2N starts dissolving at lower potential (hence
earlier) than χ than σ.
 Based on Hurst exponent (H) along with whether
the Ecorr vs t tends to go +ve or –ve.
 Acceptable: H > 0.8 with +ve going tendency.
Unacceptable : H > 0.6 with –ve going tendency

10
11
Table 2: Consolidated localized corrosion resistance test results of HTHAZ of various welds [42 in all]
[AR: As received UNS S32760, HT: Thermally aged UNS S32760 at 8500C +3hours, Gal-Nacl: Galvanostatic studies in 0.85 M NaCl]
[Results of pitting scan have not been included]

0 vol.% nitrogen 0.5 vol.% nitrogen 1.0 vol.% nitrogen 3.0 vol.% nitrogen 5.0 vol.% nitrogen
∆t12/8 Ir/If Hurst Gal- Ir/If Hurst Gal- Ir/If Hurst Gal- Ir/If Hurst Gal- Ir/If Hurst Gal-
(s) X (H) NaCl X (H) NaCl X (H) NaCl X (H) NaCl X (H) NaCl
3
10 103 103 103 103
AR 1.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
HT 100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.365 15.0 - - - - - - - - 2.65 0.6+ - - - -
0.387 - - - 24.2 0.7- - - - - - - - - - -
0.411 30.6 0.7- Bad -- - - - - - - - - - - -
0.435 - - - - - - 60 0.8+ Bad - - - -- - -
0.459 - - - - 0.6- Bad - - - - - - 4.69 1.0+ Good
0.592 20.0 0.8- - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
0.680 - - - 1.22 0.6- - 23 - - 0.26 0.9+ Good - - -
0.711 20.5 0.6- - - - - 12.9 0.7- - - - - 1.63 1.0+ -
1.054 - - - 18.2 0.7- - 11.1 0.7- - - - - 2.79 1.0+ Good
1.170 - - - - - - - - - 0.82 0.6- - - - -
1.289 - - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - -
1.334 23.2 0.7- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.377 27.6 - - - - - - - - 4.52 0.8+ - - - -
1.420 - - - 21.4 0.5+ - - - - 3.92 - - 1.29 1.0+ Good
1.600 24.3 - Bad - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.644 - - - - - - - - - 5.5 0.6+ - 1.96 1.0+ -
1.742 - - - 20.7 0.8- - 0.54 0.7- Bad - - - - - -
1.941 - - - 14.2 0.8+ Good - - - - - - - - -
1.992 11.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2.041 - - - - - - 1.05 0.8+ Good - - - - - -
2.598 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.04 0.7+ -
2.778 - - - - - - - - - 1.96 0.6+ Good - - -
3.360 - - - 12.2 0.7- Bad - - - - - - 1.66 1.0+ Good
3.428 21.5 0.7- Bad - - - - - - - - - - - -
3.635 - - - - - - 0.85 0.8+ Good - - - - - -
4.368 - - - - - - - - - 0.12 0.5- Good - - -
4.445 - - - 25.9 0.8- Bad - - - - - -
4.921 24.4 - - - - - 0.48 0.8- - - - - - - -
12
 It is seen from the result [Table 2] that welds prepared with 0, 0.5 and 1 vol. %
nitrogen addition to the argon shielding gas have been associated with poor localized corrosion
of the HTHAZ. This can be ascribed to the formation of sigma phase and Cr 2N which precipitate
ferrite phase leading to Cr/Mo depleted regions. The non linear behaviour of formation of Cr2N
with respect to the input parameters namely vol.% nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas
and HNet [which determines the ∆t12/8 ] as well as weld pool /arc/atmosphere interface area and
interaction time has also been observed. Limited TEM studies have been done on the HTHAZ
with respect to Cr2N formation. The extent of Cr2N formation has been assessed on the basis of
galvanostatic studies in 0.1 M Na2CO3 has recommended by Newman et al9, 10. It is seen from the
result that the HTHAZ of the welds prepared with 3.0 and 5.0 vol. % nitrogen additions to the
shielding gas too contain Cr2N. However the HTHAZ of these weld shave shown good localized
corrosion resistance. This means that Cr2N by itself need not lead to drop in localized corrosion
resistance. Hence the loss of localized corrosion resistance of HTHAZ should be ascribed mainly
to formation of sigma phase with Cr2N formation enhancing this effect. This has been the case
welds prepared with none or zero addition of nitrogen in the argon shielding gas and low heat
input.
It is thus advisable to keep the nitrogen additions to around 3.0 vol. % in welding
UNS S32760 super duplex stainless steels [SDSS]. Also, to ensure adequate effective nitrogen
activity in the HTHAZ higher values of nitrogen addition [but still around 3.0 vol. %] should be
used with higher heat inputs. Too higher value of nitrogen additions will lead to the problem of
loss of phase balance in the HTHAZ towards austenite side that should be avoided. Finally
reference to be made to the Table 3 which gives conditions for obtaining welds acceptable both
with respect to localized corrosion resistance of HTHAZ and its phase balance while welding
UNS S32760 SDSS.
Before concluding it is interesting to note that the novel micro-electrochemical corrosion
potential noise probing technique [under development in this laboratory]11 appears to be quiet
efficient in assessing local localized corrosion resistance of the passive materials. Galvanostatic
9, 10
technique suggested by Newman et al appear to be very promising and can found a good
economic alternative to the normally employed electrochemical techniques involving
potentiostats.

13
 Table 3: Acceptable HNet range and vol. % nitrogen additions to the argon shielding gas while TIG welding UNS S32760
(12.5mm thick, without preheat)

HNet range 0 vol.% N2 0.5 vol.% N2 1 vol.% N2 3 vol.% N2 5 vol.%N2

Sr. No.
(kJ/mm)
LCR BM LCR BM LCR BM LCR BM LCR BM

1 0.30-0.40 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A MOD A A A A

2 0.41-0.50 N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A A A A A A

3 0.51-0.65 N.A N.A N.A N.A MOD N.A A A A N.A

4 0.66-0.80 MOD N.A N.A N.A A MOD A A A N.A

5 0.80-1.21 N.A N.A N.A N.A A MOD A A A N.A

( LCR: Localised corrosion resistance of HTHAZ ; BM : Balanced microstructure ; N.A : Not Acceptable ;
MOD : Moderate ; A : Acceptable.)

14
REFERENCES
1. J. O. Nilsson, “Super duplex stainless steels-Overview”, Material Science and Technology,
vol.8, pp. 685-700 (1992).
2. B.Joseffsson, J.O.Nilsson, and A.Wilson, “Phase transformation in duplex steels and the
relation between continuous cooling and isothermal heat treatment”, Proc.Conf. “Duplex
stainless steels’91”, p.67, Les Ulis, France, Les Editions de Physique (1991).
3. A.J.Ramirez, J.C.Lippold, S.D.Brandi, Metallurgical and Materials transactions A, vol.34A,
p.1575 (2003).
4. H. Hoffmeister and G.Lothongkum, “Quantitative effects of nitrogen contents and cooling
cycles on δ → γ transformation, chromium nitride precipitation and pitting corrosion resistance
after weld simulation of duplex stainless steels.” Vol.2, paper 55, Jacques Charles, Welding in
the World, vol.36, pp.43-54(1995).
5. E.I. Kivineva and N.E.Hannerz: “The properties of Gleeble simulated heat affected zone of
SAF 2205 and SAF 2507 duplex stainless steels.” .Vol.2 paper 7, Proc. Conf. Duplex 94,
Glasgow, 1994.
6. J.O Nilsson and P.Liu, Mater. Sci. Technol., 7,(9), pp.853-862 (1991
7. J.Feder, “Fractals”, Plenum, New York, 1988.
8. Bjorn E. S. Lindblom, Berthold Lundqvist and Nils Erick Hannerz, Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy, 20, pp.305-315 (1991).
9. M.A. Domninguez-Aguilar, R.C.Newman, Corrosion Science (2005) (article in press).
10. M.A. Domninguez-Aguilar, R.C.Newman, Corrosion Science (2005) (article in press).
11. R.Raman, DRDO sponsored project on “The development of micro-electrochemical corrosion
potential noise probing technique for evaluating local localized corrosion resistance of passive
materials in aqueous solution” (June2003 to August 2006). Being carried out in the Department
of Metallurgical Engg. and Material Science, I.I.T. Bombay (India).

15
Publication resulting from the Ph.D work:
1) Ramesh P , R.Khandagale, R.Dalvi, Depashree Nage, R.Raman “Repassivation Studies by
Rapid Scratch Technique on Super Duplex Stainless Steel, Steel Welds in non-deaerated
3.5% NaCl Solution”, published in NACE India, conference held in Goa(India), from 28th –
30th November 2002.

2) R.Raman, R.Khandagale, “Development of micro electrochemical Ecorr noise probing

system to study degradation or enhancement of localized corrosion resistance of passive
materials.”, published in NACE India, conference held in Goa (India), from 28th – 30th
November 2002.

3) R.Raman, R.Khandagale, “GTAW of UNS S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel using
Nitrogen additions in the shielding gas – microsturctural and localized corrosion
resistance aspects of fusion zone / heat affected interface”, one day seminar on ‘Advance
in Welded Fabrication’, held in BARC, Mumbai (India)on 18” January 2003.

4) R.Raman, P.Raju, P.J.Antony, R.Khandagale, “Analysis of corrosion potential noise by

R/S analysis and wavelet transform methods” International conference on corrosion
(CORCON2003) in Mumbai(India), Dec. 1 to 4, 2003.

………………………………….

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