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C) Darcy-Weisbach resistance eqn. V = (8g / f ) RS0 where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor the
4RV 4R
variation of which is given by the Moody Diagram=
as: f fn
= Re ,
ν ε s
1 1/ 6 R 1/ 6 f R 1/ 6
3. Relationship between n, c and
= f: C =
8g / f R= ; n = ;n
n 8g C
1
4. Uniform flow Computation: Q = AR 2 / 3S01 / 2
n
5. Maximum velocity and discharge (for circular channel, for max. discharge, R = 0.29D, y = 0.95D)
6. Hydraulically efficient channel section: For a given n, S0 and c/s A, a minimum perimeter channel section
represents the hydraulically efficient section that will convey maximum discharge. For a hydraulically efficient
section A = Constant, and dP/dy = 0.
Of all the various possible open channel sections, the semi-circular has the least amount of perimeter for a
given area.
ye
For a rectangular section : Be = 2ye and Re =
2
B
= e 2ye 1 + m 2 − m Ae = 2 1 + m 2 − m ye2 Re = ye / 2 , If the side slope can also be varied then the
1
optimum values of m = gives the most efficient section.
3
V2
i. Specific energy: E= y + α
2g
3
Q 2 Ac
ii. Critical depth: = , at critical depth Froude no. F = 1. At any other depth Froude no. is given by
g Tc
V V
=F =
gy (
g A/T )
1/ 3 1/ 5
q2 2Q 2
(a) Rectangular channel: yc = (b) Triangular channel yc =
g gm 2
− Q2 − Q2
i) Hydraulic jump: General expression to determine y1 and y2: A1 y1 + = A2 y2 + E=
L E1 − E 2
gA1 gA2
( )
3
y 1 V y2 − y1
a) 2 = −1 + 1 + 8F12 =, F1 = Froude no. of approaching flow , E L = E1 − E2 = for F1 > 4.5 , length
y1 2 gy1 4y1y2
dy S0 − S f dE
9. Gradually varied flow: = , in terms of specific energy = S0 − S f ,
dx QT2 dx
1−
gA3
3.33
y
1− 0
dy y
For a wide rectangular channel: = c
dx yc
3
1−
y
dE
12. Computation of GVF profiles: Direct step method = S0 − S f is written in finite difference form as:
dx
∆E − ∆E − Sf 1 +Sf 2
S0 − S f or, ∆x =
= −
, where S f = = average friction slope for the reach
∆x S −S 2
0 f